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The severe epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) as a devastating disease of cereal crops has occurred on wheat in North and Northwest Iran in recent years. The in vitro production of Deoxynivalenol (DON) was qualitatively evaluated in 41 Fusarium isolates collected from wheat heads associated with the scab disease, in Moghan area/Northwest Iran. Infected wheat heads were collected during 2004-2007. The isolation of causal agents was carried out using standard methods. According to morphological characteristics and using valid descriptions, all isolates belonged to Fusarium graminearum species complex and F. culmorum of which the former was dominant. In order to evaluate the potential of DON production in isolates, this mycotoxin was extracted and qualitatively examined by TLC method. The quantification of DON was achieved using HPLC method. TLC results indicated that 54.5% of studied isolates produced DON but there was no significant relationship between this property and cultivars or sub-regions or years. Also based on HPLC analysis, maximum content of DON was detected in F. graminearum isolated from cv. Izen green from Moghan Agro-industry company fields in 2004 at the rate of 5827.11 µgkg^-1. The results of present study show that DON mycotoxin is produced at various contents by F. graminearum isolates on different cultivars and from different origins/ years. Since DON plays a role in pathogenesis and is of paramount importance in contamination of wheat grains, these results give a better insight into the significance of this disease in Northwest Iran.  

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The system of governing the country is the bedrock of the exercise of political power through which the distribution of power in the country and among the organs and organizations takes place. Since the management and allocation of resources in each country is done through the administration system, its function has a significant share in production, reproduction and protection of the foundations of national power. The indicators of the efficiency of the country's administration system are identified in the context of the rules, instructions and directives and are on the agenda of the executers in the form of sets of rules and regulations. If the indicators related to planning, preparation and formulation of budget allocation are prepared in accordance with the pattern of good governance, the country can be on the path of sustainable development and the natural and human dimensions of national power generation intermediaries are strengthened. With this approach, good governance narrates human-centered development and considers the provision of efficient public services, a reliable judicial system and an accountable administration system as the main pillars of the governance. From the other hand, most of the indicators of national power are related to the functioning of the structures and institutions of the country and the existed processes. With a descriptive-analytic method, this article seeks an answer to the question that “how the mechanisms of the country's administration system in the context of good governance are effective in changing the foundations of national power?”.

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We are aware of ten collections of verse under the title of Karnameh in the history of Persian literature.It is a collection of verse in the form of heroic couplet in which the poet reproaches the court members by using a parodied language. It is an independent literary genre used for less than two hundred and fifty years in Persian poetry. Some famous Persian poets have composed Karnameh. Because of its importance, mostly Sanâee Karnameh has been mentioned in books and articles on Persian poetry and other Karnamehs have been considered as a part of Shahrâshubs or an Ikhwani poem. There is no entry for Karnameh in dictionaries and encyclopedias. In this article, while introducing Karnameh in Persian, its form, theme, audience, structure and intertextual relations are investigated and it is shown that Karnameh is a special literary genre.

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In recent decades, obesity has turned into a public health problem worldwide due to its high prevalence, costs, and negative health effects. In 2014, over 1.9 billion adults (over 18 years of age) were overweight; of these, more than 600 million were obese [1, 2]. Adulthood-related health problems come from unhealthy behavioral patterns during childhood. Obese children are more likely to have obesity in adulthood, and even disability and premature death may threat them. In addition, obese children experience breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), insulin resistance, psychological disorders, depression and social isolation [3]. Childhood obesity is caused by excessive food consumption and drinking of high-calorie sweetened beverages, lack ofphysical activity, and genetic factors; other behavioral and environmental factors may also play a main role in this regard [4].
The rapidly rising rates of childhood obesity and subsequent increasing burden of disease and disability have grave social and economic consequences, contributing to the rising cost of health services, limiting economic growth and exacerbating health inequalities and inequities. Hence, control and prevention of childhood obesity is a vital issue, and the related interventions can guarantee these children’s health in future [5]. Obesity is preventable and solvable if people get acquainted with the disease and its consequences and perform the recommended preventive health behaviors. Although health education is the first step to change unhealthy behaviors, but health education programs merely are not sufficient. To combat obesity and its negative effects, comprehensive policies through coordinating and collaborating with other sustainable development sectors are required [6, 7].
The cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 416junior high-school students who
were selected using stratified random sampling in Khoy City, North West of Iran. The aim of the research was to evaluate the causes of obesity among children in the view of students. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods in the SPSS software (ver.22). The results showed that the prevalence of obesity in the studied was 19%, which is a high and alarming risk factor according to the available statistics in the world; also the main predictors of obesity were: 1) Sedentary life style due to watching screens of television and computer for more than two hours per day, 2) Eating high-fat and unhealthy foods, and 3) Drinking sweetened beverages instead of water. There was a statistically significant relationship between the above three factors and obesity in children (P<0.05).
It is required that several effective public health programs and urgent measures be utilized for the control of obesity in children. To prevent and control obesity in students, the following strategies are recommended: a) raising people’s knowledge and attitudes regarding obesity preventive lifestyle; b) limiting the consumption of unhealthy foods and beverages (sugary drinks) and choosing healthier foods (such as grains, fruits and vegetables, healthy fat and protein sources) for children; c) adding health-related educational contents in the schools’ curricula; d) be a role model (parents and teachers who eat healthy foods and participate in physical activity are good examples for the children and students to more likely do the same; e) limiting the time of viewing television, computer, and “sit time”; f) encouraging physical activity (children should have 60 minutes of moderate physical activity in most days of the week); g) providing specific places for walking and bicycling in the urban environments to promote physical activity; and h) advertising and promoting healthy lifestyle for people through mass media [8, 9]. In general, obesity should be considered as a health problem with high priority by health decision makers and policymakers, and steps should be taken to control and prevent it at both individual and community levels. In this way, effective strategies should be used with regard to the capabilities of the community and in accordance with the policies of the communities.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors had the major role in the following areas: study concept and design; acquisition of data; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; statistical analysis; and administrative, technical and material support.
Funding/Support
This study was supported by Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia/Iran
 

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Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the determinants of COVID-19 preventive behaviors among women of reproductive age in Urmia using a behavioral change model.
Instrument & Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study examined 400 women selected by the snowball and convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a valid and reliable electronic researcher-made questionnaire consisting of four sections (demographic characteristics, knowledge, model constructs, and preventive behaviors) and analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistical methods by SPSS 16.
Findings: There was a positive correlation between COVID-19 preventive behaviors with self-efficacy (p<0.001, r=0.68), knowledge (r<0.26, p<0.001), cues to action (p<0.001, r=0.29), perceived benefits (p<0.001, r=0.43), perceived susceptibility (p=0.002, r=0.15), and  perceived severity (p<0.001, r=0.20), and a negative and significant correlation with perceived barriers (p<0.001, r=-0.32). The constructs of the health belief model predicted 50% of the variance of preventive behaviors, and the self-efficacy construct (p<0.001, β=0.5388) was the strongest predictor.
Conclusion: Given the effective role of the research model in explaining the determinants of the COVID-19 preventive behaviors, the health belief model (HBM) and effective constructs can be used in educational planning and interventions.

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On the occasion of kings and commanders' victory over their opponents and congratulating the victory and success, the poets composed "victory verses". These poems which were in the form of ode can be found in divans and sometimes prose texts from the early times to the present. Although the phrase "verse of victory" has been used in various texts and some poets have mentioned it and there are several clues for distinguishing it from other types of poem, no study has been published about it and there is no trace of this kind of poems and its features and examples in dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias. In this paper, numerous examples of these poems, composed by the most famous Persian poets, have been collected and organized chronologically in order to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of this kind of poem? In which form and structure has it been manifested? What is the content of it? What are its relationships with other kinds of poem like book of victory, encomium and book of war? And finally how different poets did affect and were affected by each other in these poems?

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a significant global health threat. The host immune response determines the disease severity, with factors like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, age, sex, and nutritional status influencing outcomes. HLA genes, known for their genetic diversity, are implicated in determining susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases. This study investigated the association between HLA class I genotypes and COVID-19 severity in the Isfahan population, Iran.
Materials & Methods: Blood samples were collected from 34 COVID-19 patients with varying levels of disease severity (severe, moderate, and mild). HLA genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP), and in silico analysis assessed the affinity of viral peptides to HLA alleles.
Findings: Statistical analyses revealed that HLA-C07 was more prevalent in patients with severe COVID-19, suggesting a potential association between this allele and the disease severity. Furthermore, HLA-A01 was more prevalent among severe cases, while HLA-A02 and HLA-A03 were less frequent, indicating a possible predisposing role for HLA-A01 and protective roles for HLA-A02 and HLA-A*03.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the role of HLA molecules in COVID-19 severity and offer insights into genetic factors influencing outcomes. Understanding the association of specific HLA alleles, such as HLA-C07, HLA-A01, HLA-A02, and HLA-A03, with the disease progression lays a foundation for advancing personalized preventive and therapeutic approaches. These results contribute to knowledge on host genetics in infectious diseases, paving the way for further research and therapeutic strategies.

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Ice milk is a low-fat frozen dairy product, which is much cheaper than ice cream. The texture of low-fat products is one of the most important issues in the marketing of these products. There has been a lot of research on the use of surfactants in ice cream formulations, which shows the ability of these compounds to increase consistency and agitation and aeration, improve melting resistance, create a softer and creamier texture, and increase the overrun. The present study investigated the effect of adding Chubak root extract powder to ice milk on the quality of this product. Ice milk mixture was produced with different concentrations of Chubak extract powder (0, 0.015, 0.030 and 0.045 g/kg) and the changes in physicochemical and sensory properties of ice milk were investigated. The results showed that increasing the concentration of the extract in ice milk increased the consistency coefficient, overrun, melting resistance, creaminess and overall acceptance, while the values ​​of flow behavior index, hardness, adhesiveness, roughness and coldness decreased. These results can be related to increased water absorption, improved agitation, increased fat instability and smaller ice crystals. Sensory evaluation showed that ice milk containing 0.045 g/kg Chubak root extract powder had the highest overall acceptance and gained more scores. It can be concluded that the use of Chubak root extract powder in the preparation of ice milk can improve the functional characteristics of the product so that it can achieve a higher position in the group of frozen dairy products.

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In this study, first extraction from the C. dactylon rhizomes was performed with methanol solvent using maceration method, and total phenolic compounds in the extract were identified and determined. Then the antioxidant effects of the extract in different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 ppm) on the oxidative stability factors of soybean oil including peroxide value, acidity value, thiobarbituric acid index (TBA) and rancimat value during kept of oil in an oven at 60 °C for 72 hours was evaluated and compared with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (200 ppm). The identification results of phenolic compounds by GC/MS showed that the total amount of phenolic compounds in the C. dactylon rhizomes extract was measured as 917.08 mg/kg and the major phenolic compounds of the extract including Hydroquinone (66.89%), Thymol (1.23%), Levoglucosenone (2.48%) and Vanillic acid (1.35%) were identified. With increasing the concentration of the extract, the amount of polyphenolic compounds and as a result, the free radical scavenging activity of the extract increased. Evaluation of soybean oil stability against oxidation also showed that among the studied concentrations of methanolic extract, the concentration of 1000 ppm due to having the highest amount of phenolic compounds and therefore the highest antioxidant activity, was determined as the most effective concentration level of the extract in increasing the oxidative stability of soybean oil, so that better results were obtained than BHT synthetic antioxidant at a concentration of 200 ppm. Thus, the methanolic extract of the C. dactylon rhizomes can be used as a cheap and available antioxidant source in the edible oils industry.

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The basis for modeling the shelf life of snacks enriched with Spirulina platensis is the storage temperature. After production, the snacks were packed in polypropylene bags and stored at 25°C (room temperature) and 5°C (refrigerator) for a specified period of 180 days. Shelf life studies were performed by semi-educated and consumer panelists. During this period, microbial tests (total count of bacteria, mold, yeast and coliform), moisture content and hardness were examined. Weibull hazard analysis was used to estimate the shelf life of snacks enriched with Spirulina platensis powder based on sensory properties assessment. Considering the 25% and 50% probability of rejection, the shelf life at 5 ° C for enriched and control samples was 98, 67 and 184, 158 days and at 25 ° C for 189, 125,217 and 321 respectively Were estimated. Also, the equation of shelf life with the probability of rejection by consumers was presented. Finally, enriched and control snacks were microbiologically evaluated. The results showed that the enriched and control snack samples were completely microbiologically safe for consumption over a 360-day period.

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Oxidation of lipids in food is one of the most important factors in food degradation during processing, storage and distribution through adverse effects on aroma, color, nutritional value and also the production of toxic compounds. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effects of free grape pomace extract and nanoliposomes containing it on some oxidation parameters of soybean oil. In this study, 5 concentrations of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace extract (50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm), one level (200 ppm) of synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and one concentration (500 ppm) of free grape pomace extract were used and tests such as Acidity, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index, conjugate diene, oxidative stability and refractive index of oils were stored in a laboratory oven at 63 ° C for 7 days. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of nanoliposomes containing antioxidants of grape pomace extract up to 500 ppm, the increase in acidity, thiobarbituric acid index, peroxide, conjugated diene and refractive index was less intense, but at higher concentrations of nanoliposomes used in this oil, Increased more. On the other hand, it was found that with increasing storage time, the amount of acidity, thiobarbituric acid, conjugated diene increased, but the amount of peroxide and refractive index of oils increased until the fifth day and then decreased. The results also showed that the highest oxidative stability of oils (7.6 h) was related to the sample containing 500 ppm nanoliposomes containing antioxidant extract of grape pomace. Finally, it can be said that the use of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace antioxidant extract is a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants on the market.

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The use of local products in the food industry has become increasingly important in recent years, and jujube fruit is one of the most important garden products in South Khorasan. The high potential of jujube fruit due to the presence of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds can be used as an alternative to some of the industrial antioxidants in the field of edible oils. In the present study, the compounds in jujube fruit including meat and kernels were investigated. First, in order to extract jujube extract with better properties and efficiency, two types of aqueous and methanolic solvents were used.

. Then jujube extract at three concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 parts per million was compared with BHA industrial antioxidant. The results indicate the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, sterols, tannins, terpenoids and steroids. On the other hand, it was observed that jujube extract had antimicrobial properties against Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Aspergillus nigero Candida albicans.

Comparing the antioxidant properties of jujube extract with industrial antioxidant BHA, it was observed that jujube extract had less antioxidant activity and had lower peroxide, acid number, thiobarbituric acid index and DPPH (P> 0.05); But as an alternative, it can help prevent oil oxidation

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Extraction by the subcritical water method was studied as an efficient, economical, green, and environmentally friendly method to extract effective compounds of frankincense gum. For this purpose, subcritical water was used at temperatures of 120 and 160 ° C for 5 and 15 minutes. The amount of total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging ability, and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were investigated. The encapsulated powder of the extract obtained from the optimal conditions was also prepared by spray drying method and the particle size distribution and anti-aspergillus properties of that were also investigated. The results showed that the subcritical water extraction method significantly increased the extraction efficiency of frankincense gum extract. The amount of phenolic compounds extracted at 160 °C and time of 15 minutes was the highest among the extracts with 130.83 mg of gallic acid per 100g dry matter. The radical scavenging ability of the extracts from the subcritical water method was similar to that of the natural antioxidant ascorbic acid, and the extract from the maceration method as a traditional was less efficient at absorbing DPPH free radicals. Microbial results showed that the effects of extracts from maceration and subcritical water methods on Staphylococcus aureus were more than Escherichia coli. Encapsulated frankincense powder had no anti-aspergillus potency at concentrations less than 600,000 μg / ml.