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Showing 5 results for Dehqan
Volume 7, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 34), Fall Special, (Articles in Persian) 2016)
Abstract
The Quranic word “ʽilm” (knowledge) is one of the central concepts in the language of the Quran and the center of semantic field of knowledge. Because of this, understanding its historical formation is important not only for semantic approach to Quranic lexicology but also for anthropological approach to Quranic revelation context, and is helpful for interpretation of Quran. This paper studies various meanings of stem ʽILM in Arabic and the other Semitic languages such as Sabaic, Ethiopian, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Ugaritic, Akkadian; then whith dating these meanings and searching the possible semantic relations, explores the relations between meaning (know) and the other meanings. By this research, it becomes clear that firstly the meaning “conceal” that has a strong presence in the central north branch of Semitic languages is in opposition with the meaning “indicate” that is seen in south branches; And so, this Opposing pair is as old as ancient Semitic language; Secondly the meanings “sign” and “knowledge” have a powerful relation regarding sub branches like “indicate” in one hand And “take notice”,” teach” from the other; And because the meaning “sign” is older, the meaning “knowledge” is derived from it. Thirdly Occurrence of meanings like “write”, “seal” and “signature” in the south Peripheral branch; “scratch” in Akkadian; “see” and “look” in Afro-asiatic and also the kind of referents of the concept of “sign” in the Arabic Make the concept of sign in the Semitic-Arabic space far from auditory signs and near to visual signs. And so, we should conclude that the meaning “Ilm” (knowledge) is derived from the meaning “visual signs”.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (January & February 2023)
Abstract
In the holy Quran, several words have been used for the meaning of perception and knowledge. The verb "šaʕara" as one of the words in Persian translations more often is equated with words ‘know’ and ‘understand’; but its more detailed component is the issue of this essay that is devoted to two sections of etymological and contextual study. Etymology based on the methods of historical linguistics and sources of Semitic languages, a comprehensive contextual study of all applications alongside each other, content analysis of verses and use of the anthropological achievements in discourse analysis of Quranic verses are the methods used in this article. Etymological evidences suggest that this word dates back to the ancient Semitic language and is made up of the hypothetical root of the "šʕr" (to divide, break open) in the same language and this root is also derived from the Afro-Asian root (ĉaʕ), meaning "cut" but in the Pre-Islamic Arabic discourse it is influenced by the word šiʕr (poetry) by semantic contamination. Negative application, no application in descriptive phrases, devotion to the perception of hidden affairs are the functional features of the term šaʕara that make the definition of the Qur'anic meaning of šaʕara as a "non-process perception" justifiable. Non-process perception entails an increase in the role of imagination and reducing the role of time-consuming rational processes.
1. Introduction
In the Holy Qur'an, many words are used for the meaning of understanding and knowledge, "ʕalima", "šaʕara", "ʕaqala", "faqiha", "daraya", "ʕarafa" are verbs that specifically indicate the meaning of "understanding". In the translation of these words, words such as "understand, know, percept, feel, recognize" are equated, which are covered under the general title of perception and cognition, but what are the more detailed components and characteristics of each of these words, is the place of questioning and each of them requires a separate research, so the purpose of this paper is exclusively to research about the root of "šaʕara".
In the end, it is expected that this article can open a way to clarify the topics related to cognition and knowledge in the Holy Qur'an, topics that, in addition to being important for the intrinsic value of understanding the Holy Qur'an, also have double importance in some ways, and that is the ever-increasing effort about the question of "cognition" in the current era. In recent decades, a branch of science under the title of "cognitive interdisciplinary studies" has also emerged, which brings together the different fields of human knowledge around the issue of "cognition" and tries to solve the problems of this issue through the synergy of different fields of knowledge (Afrashi, 2015, p. 22).
1.2. Research Questions:
The two questions of this research are:
1. What is the meaning of the root of "šʕr" and the relationship between the different meanings derived from the three-letter root of "šʕr" based on historical linguistic methods and Semitic language sources?
2. What is the meaning of "šaʕara" in Quranic applications according to the context of the verses and the analysis of the content of the verses and using anthropological achievements in the discursive analysis of the verses of the Quran?
2. Literature Review
There are some efforts have been made in the Arabic dictionary and Quran commentary sources to clarify the meaning of this root. These efforts can be divided into two parts: a) etymology, which examines the relationship between different meanings derived from the three-letter root of the "šʕr"; and b) examining the meaning of "šaʕara" in the Qur'anic usage, which has been done according to the context of the verses and specifically the object of the verb "šaʕara". In the continuation of the article, this background will be quoted, examined, and criticized in detail. In today's studies, there is no background for this research, although it can be considered as a similar background to the research organized about words related to the semantic field of perception and knowledge, such as:
- Barooti, M., Akbarian, R., & Saidimehr, M. (2018). Tabatabaie on semantics of divine attributes. Contemporary Wisdom, 9(2), 23-45. doi: 10.30465/cw.2018.3448
- Hajikhani A, Roohi K, Dehqan A. “Etymology of “Ilm” (knowledge) as a Quranic word in the Semitic languages”. LRR, 7(5), 27-47; URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6733-fa.html
- Dehqan, A., Roohi, K., Pakatchi, A., & Parvini, K. (2018). Research on Components of Universal Concept of Wisdom in its Quranic Concept. Ketab-E-Qayyem, 8(18), 7-30.
- Tayyeb Hosseini, S. M., & Sharifinasab, H. (2015). Semantic analysis of "Poetry" and "Poet" in the Quran. Journal of Quranic Theological Exegesis, 2(4), 595-618.
- Falahpour, M. (2013). The semantics of science in the Holy Quran and human schools. Scientific Journal of Islamic Education, 21(20).
Therefore, the current research is organized in two directions: 1) the etymology of the word "šaʕara" based on historical linguistic methods and Semitic language sources, and 2) the study of the context of the word "šaʕara" in the Qur'an, with a comprehensive look at all the uses together, analyzing the content of the verses and usage among the anthropological achievements in discursive analysis of Quranic verses.
3. Methodology
The main research approach is linguistics (specifically lexical semantics), which is possible regarding Quranic words in two ways: diachronic and historical research (etymology) and synchronic research of word usages (in the context of Quranic verses). In this article, to provide a comprehensive and reassuring judgment about the meaning of the word, both historical and synchronic paths have been followed.
However, the innovation of this paper compared to the interpretive-lexical tradition is: 1. in the etymology section, relying on historical linguistics methods and Semitic language sources, and 2. in the context study section, a comprehensive look at all the uses of the word in the Qur'an, and an attempt to categorize them based on the common and different connotations of the word and finally a discursive analysis of the content of the verses, using anthropological achievements.
4. Results
The achievement of the present research in the field of two research questions can be expressed as follows:
- In terms of etymology, the word "šaʕara" (to perceive) is not very clear. The most probable analysis is that this word dates back to the ancient Semitic language, although there is little evidence of its presence in non-Arabic Semitic languages, and the Semitic word "šaʕara" (to know) is also from the supposed root "šaʕara" (to divide, break open) in the same language and that also is derived from the Afro-Asiatic root (ĉaʕ) meaning "to cut". In the pre-Islamic period, this word was influenced by the word "šiʕr"(poem) in the discursive atmosphere of the Arabs (by semantic contamination) and assigned to a special type of perception and knowledge, the characteristics of which can be seen in the Qur'anic usages.
Volume 16, Issue 1 (March & April (Articles in English & French) 2025)
Abstract
Sociocultural Theory (SCT) of second language learning puts the emphasis on social interaction and regards it as a pre-requisite for cognitive development (Vygotsky, 1978). Drawing on the SCT, the present study aimed to delve into the possible effect of ZPD-based teacher and peer feedback on reading comprehension and reading strategy use of EFL learners. In so doing, 75 Iranian EFL learners, who were randomly assigned into two experimental and one comparison groups, participated in a quasi-experimental study. The data were collected through Oxford Placement Test (OPT), reading comprehension test and reading strategy questionnaire. One of the experimental groups received teacher feedback based on Aljaafreh and Lantolf's (1994) regulatory scale while the other experimental group accomplished the reading task using the feedback provided by the peers. Results obtained from the one–way ANOVA and Tukey test demonstrated that both experimental groups, teacher and peer, gained significantly more and performed better than the comparison group in reading comprehension while there was no significant difference between teacher and peer feedback groups in reading comprehension. The findings of the strategy questionnaire indicated no statistically significant difference between experimental and control groups, leading to the conclusion that students’ grouping did not influence their use of reading strategy. Therefore, it is concluded that peer feedback can be as effective as teacher feedback, aiding teachers to have a learner–centered classroom by implementing peer feedback rather than teacher feedback.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (Autumn 2022 2022)
Abstract
The 2008 global financial crisis and the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have attracted interest in the issue of fiscal policy. Since fiscal policy plays an important role in alleviating the costs of these crises, understanding the relationships between fiscal policy components is crucial and has important implications for choosing fiscal policies in the field of public economics. This study aims to examine the causal links between the fiscal policy components, i.e., government expenditures (current and development) and government revenues (tax and oil) in Iran, using quarterly data for the period of 1990:2-2019:1. For this purpose, first, we employ the time domain Toda-Yamamoto causality test to check the causal relationship among these variables. Then, due to the various characteristics of variables in the frequency bands, we implement a dynamic analysis through wavelet coherence approach and wavelet phase-difference in order to explore the joint time-frequency domain causal relationship between government revenues and expenditure categories. The results of the wavelet analysis show that the linkage between the government revenues and expenditures pairs is not the same across all time horizons and a strong heterogeneity in the revealed interrelationships is detected over time and across scales. Overall, the results reveal various causal effects and confirm the expenditure dominance hypothesis for oil revenue, and revenue dominance hypothesis for tax revenue at different frequencies.
Volume 24, Issue 2 (summer 2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Despite the increasing debate around the role of alternative renewable sources of energy such as solar and nuclear power, oil still has a central role for a vast portion of the world’s countries. Therefore, oil price is one of the key prices in the international economy, and its effects and mechanisms on macroeconomic variables has been an important topic of economic research. In oil-exporting countries, oil price fluctuations have implications for all macroeconomic and prudential policies but due to the government ownership of natural resources, fiscal policy is especially important and can be a main mechanism for transferring these fluctuations to the economy. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the complex relationships and dynamic co-movements between international oil price movements and macroeconomic variables, emphasizing the role of fiscal policy in a time-frequency approach in the years 1978-2020. For this purpose, we implement two novel wavelet analysis techniques, namely, multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) and partial wavelet coherence (PWC), which are used to explore the real relationship between variables. The use of the wavelet tool is superior to traditional tools because it allows the analyst to determine how the series interact at different frequencies and how they evolve over time. To the best of our knowledge, the current is the first paper to implement the wavelet framework to analyze the effects of oil price dynamics on macroeconomic variables in Iran. Therefore, this study makes a modest contribution to the empirical literature by unveiling the main transmission mechanism of oil prices at different time horizons.
Methodology
The econometrics techniques that have been previously used are focused on time domain analysis. This analysis may return incomplete and ambiguous information on the relationship between economic variables. Therefore, this study is focused on time and frequency domain analysis using the wavelet transformation approach that has been left out for the relationship dynamics among these variables.
The origin of wavelets can be traced back to Fourier analysis, which is the foundation of modern time-frequency analysis. Fourier transform, examine the periodicity of phenomena by assuming that they are stationary in time. But most economic and financial time series exhibit quite complicated patterns over time. The wavelet transform approach was introduced to overcome the limitations of the Fourier transform. In fact, if the frequency components are not stationary traditional spectral tools may miss such frequency components. The wavelet analyses do not follow the initial checks to observe if the series have unit root or not. The superior feature of the wavelet analysis is related to its flexibility in monitoring several non-stationary signals.
Wavelet Analysis is a method that allows simultaneous decomposition of original time series according to both time and frequency domains. This is very important for economics and finance, as many of the variables in this field can operate and interact differently on dissimilar time scales. So, in this paper, we used two innovative wavelet approaches to study and compare the interdependence between oil prices, non-oil GDP, public expenditure, and trade balance. This approach implements the estimation of the spectral features of time series as a function of time, displaying how the various periodic components of time series vary through time. To check the relevance of the coherence of multiple independents on a dependent one, we use multiple wavelet coherence (MWC), a similar method to the multiple correlations. The partial correlation is one of the tools that can be used in a simple correlation concept. In the wavelet, the researchers can attain this using partial wavelet coherence (PWC). This approach is able to identify the partial wavelet coherence between the two-time series y and x1 after eliminating the influence of the third time series x2. Hence, we use partial wavelet coherence to identify the wavelet coherence between oil prices and government expenditure when canceling out the effect of non-oil GDP and trade balance.
Results and Discussion
The results of the wavelet analysis show that there is a strong coherence between oil prices and the macroeconomic variables at different frequencies. multiple wavelet coherence, shows a high coherency between the four variables in the short-run (1-4 years) and in the long-run horizons (8-16 years). In fact, multiple wavelet coherence between variables shows that there is always a relationship between variables over time and different scales with different coefficients.
Partial wavelet coherence between oil and non-oil GDP has been significant by removing the effects of government expenditure in the short term during the years 1988 to 1992 and also 2000 to 2012. In the scale of 6 to 8 years from 2010, the partial coherence shows an approximate value of 0.6, which is maintained at this frequency until the end of the period. This issue shows the greater correlation between oil price fluctuations and non-oil GDP by removing the effects of fiscal policy fluctuations in these years. Also, by removing the effects of the trade balance, there is a partial wavelet coherence between the pairs of oil price and non-oil GDP from 1996 to 2012 in the short-term time horizon.
The partial wavelet coherence between oil price and trade balance by removing the effect of fiscal policy and also by removing the effect of non-oil GDP indicates a limited relationship between the pair of oil price and trade balance by removing the effects of other two variables during the study period. In both cases, the relationship between the two variables is limited to the early years of the study period, and there is no independent relationship in other areas.
The results of the partial wavelet coherence between oil price and government expenditure showed that by removing the effect of non-oil GDP, the highest correlation of the variable occurred in the short-term and medium-term region. In the short-term time horizon, during the years 1979 to 1992, a strong wavelet coherence can be seen between the oil prices and government expenditure, which was repeated during the years 2010 to 2011. Also, by keeping the variable effects of the trade balance constant until the end of the 80s, there is a co-movement between oil price and government expenditure independent of the effects of the trade balance. This net correlation between the two variables well indicates the role of fiscal policy in the transmission of oil price fluctuations in multiple time scales.
Conclusion
The most important effective factor in increasing oil price fluctuations is the unforeseen and increasing risks related to oil and its related industries. Since the world has seen rapid and successive developments in recent years (including the spread of disease, war, etc.), severe fluctuations have been observed in the global oil markets during these years. Therefore, in a fluctuating environment, oil prices have forced governments and policymakers to formulate policies to deal with the uncertainty of oil prices. To implement such policies, it will be useful to examine the relationship between oil price dynamics and its transmission mechanisms in the economy. In this regard, the present article analyzes the relationship between oil price dynamics and macroeconomic variables, emphasizing the role of fiscal policy in Iran through time-frequency analysis and the new approach of multiple and partial wavelet coherence.
The results of multiple wavelet coherence show the co-movement between oil price and other variables of the model in different time scales. In such a way that this co-movement shows the greatest intensity in short and long-time horizons. Also, the partial wavelet correlation results between the variables of oil price and non-oil GDP as well as government expenditures showed that by removing the effects of other variables, the co-movement between the pair of variables can still be observed in all time horizons. While regarding the trade balance, this net relationship with oil price was not observed.
In general, based on the partial wavelet coherence results, it can be shown that fiscal policy and economic growth are the main channels of oil price fluctuations transmission in this period, which are in line with the studies of Hossein et al. (2008) and El Anshasi (2008) who showed that Fiscal policies are the main propagation mechanism that transmits the oil price shocks to the economy.
Therefore, the reduction of oil price correlation by removing the effects of fiscal policy and business cycles shows the importance of the channel of fiscal policy and GDP in the transmission of oil price fluctuations. Therefore, it is recommended that the policymakers who adjust various economic stabilization schemes for greater stability, while paying attention to the main channels of oil financial resources flowing into the economy, should consider different frequency bands as well.
Despite the increasing debate around the role of alternative renewable sources of energy such as solar and nuclear power, oil still has a central role for a vast portion of the world’s countries. Therefore, oil price is one of the key prices in the international economy, and its effects and mechanisms on macroeconomic variables has been an important topic of economic research. In oil-exporting countries, oil price fluctuations have implications for all macroeconomic and prudential policies but due to the government ownership of natural resources, fiscal policy is especially important and can be a main mechanism for transferring these fluctuations to the economy. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the complex relationships and dynamic co-movements between international oil price movements and macroeconomic variables, emphasizing the role of fiscal policy in a time-frequency approach in the years 1978-2020. For this purpose, we implement two novel wavelet analysis techniques, namely, multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) and partial wavelet coherence (PWC), which are used to explore the real relationship between variables. The use of the wavelet tool is superior to traditional tools because it allows the analyst to determine how the series interact at different frequencies and how they evolve over time. To the best of our knowledge, the current is the first paper to implement the wavelet framework to analyze the effects of oil price dynamics on macroeconomic variables in Iran. Therefore, this study makes a modest contribution to the empirical literature by unveiling the main transmission mechanism of oil prices at different time horizons.
Methodology
The econometrics techniques that have been previously used are focused on time domain analysis. This analysis may return incomplete and ambiguous information on the relationship between economic variables. Therefore, this study is focused on time and frequency domain analysis using the wavelet transformation approach that has been left out for the relationship dynamics among these variables.
The origin of wavelets can be traced back to Fourier analysis, which is the foundation of modern time-frequency analysis. Fourier transform, examine the periodicity of phenomena by assuming that they are stationary in time. But most economic and financial time series exhibit quite complicated patterns over time. The wavelet transform approach was introduced to overcome the limitations of the Fourier transform. In fact, if the frequency components are not stationary traditional spectral tools may miss such frequency components. The wavelet analyses do not follow the initial checks to observe if the series have unit root or not. The superior feature of the wavelet analysis is related to its flexibility in monitoring several non-stationary signals.
Wavelet Analysis is a method that allows simultaneous decomposition of original time series according to both time and frequency domains. This is very important for economics and finance, as many of the variables in this field can operate and interact differently on dissimilar time scales. So, in this paper, we used two innovative wavelet approaches to study and compare the interdependence between oil prices, non-oil GDP, public expenditure, and trade balance. This approach implements the estimation of the spectral features of time series as a function of time, displaying how the various periodic components of time series vary through time. To check the relevance of the coherence of multiple independents on a dependent one, we use multiple wavelet coherence (MWC), a similar method to the multiple correlations. The partial correlation is one of the tools that can be used in a simple correlation concept. In the wavelet, the researchers can attain this using partial wavelet coherence (PWC). This approach is able to identify the partial wavelet coherence between the two-time series y and x1 after eliminating the influence of the third time series x2. Hence, we use partial wavelet coherence to identify the wavelet coherence between oil prices and government expenditure when canceling out the effect of non-oil GDP and trade balance.
Results and Discussion
The results of the wavelet analysis show that there is a strong coherence between oil prices and the macroeconomic variables at different frequencies. multiple wavelet coherence, shows a high coherency between the four variables in the short-run (1-4 years) and in the long-run horizons (8-16 years). In fact, multiple wavelet coherence between variables shows that there is always a relationship between variables over time and different scales with different coefficients.
Partial wavelet coherence between oil and non-oil GDP has been significant by removing the effects of government expenditure in the short term during the years 1988 to 1992 and also 2000 to 2012. In the scale of 6 to 8 years from 2010, the partial coherence shows an approximate value of 0.6, which is maintained at this frequency until the end of the period. This issue shows the greater correlation between oil price fluctuations and non-oil GDP by removing the effects of fiscal policy fluctuations in these years. Also, by removing the effects of the trade balance, there is a partial wavelet coherence between the pairs of oil price and non-oil GDP from 1996 to 2012 in the short-term time horizon.
The partial wavelet coherence between oil price and trade balance by removing the effect of fiscal policy and also by removing the effect of non-oil GDP indicates a limited relationship between the pair of oil price and trade balance by removing the effects of other two variables during the study period. In both cases, the relationship between the two variables is limited to the early years of the study period, and there is no independent relationship in other areas.
The results of the partial wavelet coherence between oil price and government expenditure showed that by removing the effect of non-oil GDP, the highest correlation of the variable occurred in the short-term and medium-term region. In the short-term time horizon, during the years 1979 to 1992, a strong wavelet coherence can be seen between the oil prices and government expenditure, which was repeated during the years 2010 to 2011. Also, by keeping the variable effects of the trade balance constant until the end of the 80s, there is a co-movement between oil price and government expenditure independent of the effects of the trade balance. This net correlation between the two variables well indicates the role of fiscal policy in the transmission of oil price fluctuations in multiple time scales.
Conclusion
The most important effective factor in increasing oil price fluctuations is the unforeseen and increasing risks related to oil and its related industries. Since the world has seen rapid and successive developments in recent years (including the spread of disease, war, etc.), severe fluctuations have been observed in the global oil markets during these years. Therefore, in a fluctuating environment, oil prices have forced governments and policymakers to formulate policies to deal with the uncertainty of oil prices. To implement such policies, it will be useful to examine the relationship between oil price dynamics and its transmission mechanisms in the economy. In this regard, the present article analyzes the relationship between oil price dynamics and macroeconomic variables, emphasizing the role of fiscal policy in Iran through time-frequency analysis and the new approach of multiple and partial wavelet coherence.
The results of multiple wavelet coherence show the co-movement between oil price and other variables of the model in different time scales. In such a way that this co-movement shows the greatest intensity in short and long-time horizons. Also, the partial wavelet correlation results between the variables of oil price and non-oil GDP as well as government expenditures showed that by removing the effects of other variables, the co-movement between the pair of variables can still be observed in all time horizons. While regarding the trade balance, this net relationship with oil price was not observed.
In general, based on the partial wavelet coherence results, it can be shown that fiscal policy and economic growth are the main channels of oil price fluctuations transmission in this period, which are in line with the studies of Hossein et al. (2008) and El Anshasi (2008) who showed that Fiscal policies are the main propagation mechanism that transmits the oil price shocks to the economy.
Therefore, the reduction of oil price correlation by removing the effects of fiscal policy and business cycles shows the importance of the channel of fiscal policy and GDP in the transmission of oil price fluctuations. Therefore, it is recommended that the policymakers who adjust various economic stabilization schemes for greater stability, while paying attention to the main channels of oil financial resources flowing into the economy, should consider different frequency bands as well.
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