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This study explained the impact of indirect speech acts with interrogative constructions on the course of dialogue from the perspective of the Russian language. Successful dialogue requires matching the intentions of communicants, that each of them has made its communicative purpose. Meanwhile addressee's statements are related speech acts, located entirely under the influence of the speaker's remarks. But sometimes, in the structure of the dialogue text are used constructions having a special purpose - to carry out the impact on the course of the dialogue. Interrogative sentences are actively used as a response cues in the dialogue, in this case they are indirect speech acts, since they were not used in their intended purpose - to ask a question. But are these proposals affect the course of the dialogue, or serve as a signal of communication failure? In this study indirect speech acts that have interrogative constructions assembled from National Corpus of Russian language and literature are analyzed in the course of the dialogue. In this research, which has functional descriptive approach, as a tool for discourse analysis was used the theory of Speech acts. The results of this study can be used to translate of indirect speech acts from Russian into Persian and vice versa.

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The present investigation has been tried to study participles in the structure of the Russian sentences, the current translations and although it has been provided approaches for accurate matching this category of the grammatical area in the Persian Language.  In this study, the constructive method, analysis of examples and translations have been used. Regarding examining the hypothesis that the syntactic role of participles of the Russian language could be effective for correct interpreting of this case in the Persian language, 90 sentences including participles have randomly selected from novels interpreted from Russian into Persian. For instance; Home of the Gentry by Turgenev, War, and Peace by Leo Tolstoy and The Government Inspector by Nikolai Gogol were picked and the procedure of the translating was assessed, finally, the equivalents considered for the participles were examined. The principal hypothesis for the research is: could the participle, as a unit of translation in the Russian text, find a suitable equivalent among the linguistic units of the Persian language? Whether the provided translations reflect the exact meaning of the adjective verbs in the Russian language? What is the solution? The history of linguistic research in the field of the Russian language proves that the question of the lexical and grammatical characteristics of participles was very controversial. The existence or absence of this grammatical category in Persian also raises many questions, and a lot of research has been done in these areas. Despite the research done, there are still many problems in this area. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time it considers the Russian participle a translation unit when translated from Russian into Persian. Taking into account the basic rules include translating from Russian into Persian, further we will check the correctness of the hypothesis and proposals of our research. Some scholars believe that each of the morphological and syntactic structures used in the original language is an individual style of the author, and if we intend to make an original and correct translation, we must preserve the morphological and syntactic structure of the original text. In this study, it is assumed that the participle in Russian can be considered a unit of translation into Persian, and the translator can take into account the syntactic role of the participle in the sentence and choose a logical approach for its accurate translation. Based on the basic needs of translation, the following suggestions are provided for translating Russian language participles into Persian:

1. If we have the participial constructions in a Russian sentence, to translate it into Persian we must use an explanatory dependent sentence with the conjunction "که";
2. If a participle precedes a noun and serves a descriptive role, it must be translated using the adjective or adjectival phrases or the adjectives formed based on verbs;
3. In order to translate the substantive participles of the Russian language into Persian, we must use Persian nouns.
4. In order to translate a participle that has a propositional role, we must use a conjugated Persian verb.

Of the 90 examples reviewed, translation of 46 sentences matched the hypothesis of our study; however, in the translation of 44 cases, either the participle was not translated at all, or there was no exact equivalent for it, or words that do not exist in the original text were used to convey the meaning of the participle. Consideration of the research hypothesis showed that in the examples there are cases when their translation corresponded to the research hypothesis, and cases when the proposed rule was not used to translate them. We considered these cases and the possibility of correcting them using the hypothesis of our research. For example this Russian sentence   «Это топор, зажаренный вместо говядины» is passive, but for it translation in Persian was used active sentence »  «به¬جای گوشت گاو، تبر پخته¬اید (بازرس). Because of this, the structure and atmosphere of the Russian and Persian sentences are different. The proposed translation, corresponding to the hypothesis of our research, is as follows: «این تبری است که به­جای گوشت گاو، سرخ شده». Obviously, using these two sentences in conversational situations will have different consequences for listeners. Whereas the translation should be provoked a reaction similar to the original text. In this Russian sentence:  
«Без сомнения, проезжающий чиновник захочет, прежде всего, осмотреть подведомственные вам богоугодные заведения.» equivalent to the composition «проезжающий чиновник» was choose «مأموری که می­آید» can be replaced by a descriptive combination according to the research hypothesis «مأمور در حال عبور». We will have:
 «بدون شک، مأمور در حال عبور، قبل از هر چیز تمایل به بازدید از مؤسسات خیریۀ زیر نظر شما را خواهد داشت».
The participle was made of the verb «проезжать», and the concept of passing, which is at the root of the verb, must be reflected in the translation of the participle. An analysis of existing translations and a review of the translatability of examples in accordance with the hypothesis of our study confirms the effectiveness of this hypothesis in choosing equivalents for various types of participles in Russian. The participles of the Russian language can be considered as a unit of translation into Persian.
 By defining the syntactic role of participles and using the hypothesis presented from this study to translate different types of participles, a step can be taken to standardize the translation of participles. In addition, it is possible to use the achievements of this research in machine and electronic translation.

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Literary translation is an intercultural and interlinguistic discourse, one of the most difficult of which is the translation of classical plays. In this research, we are trying to provide solutions in the field of translation of classic Russian plays by analyzing the challenges in the translation of Alexander Pushkin's play written by Mikhail Bulgakov, a famous writer of the first decade of the 20th century Russia.  In other words, the purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the linguistic challenges faced by the translator when translating classical Russian plays. What are the most important challenges facing the translator in the process of literary translation? What methods should the translator use in dealing with specific realities of the source language? In this research, library research method and descriptive and analytical sample mining are used.  The results of the research indicate that the translator of the play needs to know the realities of the source language in order to be able to find an accurate equivalent for them.  The translator must have a good understanding of the speech situations in the writing and try to create the same effect as the source text on the reader of the target text. In addition, the translator must have the ability to analyze the discourses in the play and recognize the purpose of each of the characters in the discourse process in order to be successful in translating the illocutionary functions of the syntactic structures.  The results of this research can be effective in the accurate translation of literary works, especially the translation of classical plays from Russian language to Persian language.

1. Introduction
The historical play "Alexander Pushkin," by the esteemed Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov, depicts the final days of the renowned poet Alexander Pushkin. This play was translated into Persian and published by Bouka in Tehran in 2021, marking the first such translation from Russian to Persian. The translation faced numerous challenges typical of literary works. This research aims to identify and explain the difficulties encountered in translating "Alexander Pushkin" at various linguistic levels, including vocabulary, phrases, and sentences. The main research question addresses the challenges in literary translation, particularly plays, from Russian to Persian, and how to maintain the original text's essence. The study posits that translating plays between Russian and Persian involves complex cross-linguistic and cross-cultural discourse. Using library research and descriptive-analytical methods, it suggests strategies for translators to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for thorough research on the work, accurate identification of linguistic units, and discourse analysis to achieve precise translation.

Research Question(s)
What challenges do translators face in literary translation, especially in translating plays from Russian to Persian?
How can translators provide an accurate translation while preserving the original text's essence despite these challenges?

2. Literature Review
There have been various studies on the characteristics and difficulties of literary translation, in which the principles and methods of drama translation have also been discussed: see (Ремчукова, Недопёкина, 2020), (Кононенко, 2020), (Рафаель, 2019), (Модестов, 2009), (Чуковский К. Гумилев И., 1919), (Казакова, 2001).  In addition, the research shows that various studies have been done on the play "Alexander Pushkin" by Mikhail Bulgakov. See (Словьева, 2016), (Иваншина, 2012), (Masako, 2014), (Урюпин, 2015). 

The innovation of the present article lies in its analysis of the challenges specific to translating Alexander Pushkin's plays for the first time, as well as its examination of the broader issues involved in literary translation. Furthermore, it proposes solutions to address these challenges.

3. Methodology
In this research, translation is regarded as an interlingual and intercultural discourse. BarKhudarov (1975) defines translation as the process of transferring a verbal work or text from one language to another while preserving its original content. Translating "realities" constitutes a significant aspect of conveying the national and historical characteristics of each nation when moving between languages. The term "realities" was introduced in the 1930s by Bulgarian scholars Valakhov and Florin in their work titled "Untranslatables in Translation." Other translators also consider various equivalents such as untranslatable terms, exoticisms, nativisms, and more (Ilyushkina, 2015, p. 23). Valakhov and Florin categorize realities as a specific group of linguistic tools, defining them as: "Realities are words or phrases that denote objects, phenomena, and topics specific to the life, culture, or development of a nation, which are unfamiliar or unknown to other nations, and for which an exact equivalent cannot be found" (Valakhov, Florin, 1986, p. 45).
BarKhudarov suggests that realities are words, concepts, or situations absent from the practical experiences of speakers of another language (BarKhudarov, 1975). Therefore, translators must acquaint themselves with the narrative timeframe, as well as the author's feelings, perspectives, circumstances, and society. They must possess a thorough understanding of the contexts surrounding the time of writing and be capable of accurately representing them. Furthermore, any work translated from one language to another is rooted in a specific cultural, social, and historical system. Thus, familiarity with the cultural, social, and historical realities of a language is essential for translators.
According to Rafael Gómez Tirado (2020), successful interlingual communication necessitates not only linguistic and grammatical knowledge but also an understanding of the linguistic-cultural context of texts, as the importance a particular community attaches to a phenomenon or reality is always reflected in language (Rafael, 2020). Translating the specific realities of Russia during Alexander Pushkin's lifetime is considered a significant challenge in translating his works. Overall, this study focuses on translating Alexander Pushkin's plays into Persian, exploring and explaining issues related to the translation of realities, idioms, colloquial expressions, specific structures, and other challenges in literary translation, especially in drama. Here goes the text for your methodology. 

4. Results
The translation of a play represents a complex interlingual and intercultural discourse, requiring the translator to possess a thorough command of both the content and subtexts of the play. A translator must have a precise understanding of analogous discourses in the target language to offer successful equivalents based on functional-cognitive analysis of translation units in the source text. Translation units within a play encompass not only individual words but also idioms, and sometimes even entire sentences are considered translation units.
In this study, it became evident through examples from Alexander Pushkin's plays that one of the most challenging aspects of translating these works is rendering the realities specific to Pushkin's era: titles, positions, and epithets from the nineteenth century; specific names of individuals and geographical locations; socio-economic realities; idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms; religious and historical concepts, and more.
Additional challenges include dealing with specialized syntactic structures that serve secondary functions, as well as translating particles and interjections. Examination and analysis of examples demonstrated that a literal translation approach is not always suitable for conveying these realities. Footnotes play a crucial role as a communicative bridge between the translator and the reader, especially when dealing with archaic Russian terms. The play translator must ensure that the translated work is comprehensible to the reader, director, and ultimately the audience.
To achieve this goal, specific strategies can be employed. For instance, when translating terms related to military equipment and specific objects, the translator should provide explanatory footnotes. When translating diminutive or augmentative forms of specific Russian names, footnotes should clarify these forms to prevent confusion among Persian-speaking readers unfamiliar with Russian conventions.
Given that Russian is an inflected language, translators should transliterate uninflected Russian words or adjust transliterated words to adhere to Persian language rules during translation. In the translation of vulgarities, a literal equivalence is inappropriate; instead, a translation that respects the functional-cognitive meaning of the source text should be provided. When translating historical realities, attention should be paid to contextual hints in the original text, with necessary explanations provided in footnotes.
As mentioned, syntactic structures with secondary functions, as well as particles and interjections, present further challenges in literary translation, each constituting a translation unit in itself. Accurately translating these units requires discourse analysis of the source text and a precise understanding of their functional-cognitive meaning. A literary translator who successfully navigates these challenges will undoubtedly achieve a successful translation