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Pashto language is one of the Iranian languages about which little linguistic research has been conducted. Causation in Pashtu language needs more explanation because this issue is very important, but in Pashto grammar books and linguistics, no attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the investigation and research of causation in this language is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to describe the causative category of Pashto language. the data required for this research is based on the works and speakers of this language based on the research of Dabir Moghaddam (1399). In addition to the description of causation, the research method of this article is based on Pashto language examples that have been transliterated and interpreted. Examples of this text have been selected from hundreds of sentences and analyzed. The important issue is the representation of causative construction in Pashto language, and how it is done. Pashto language is one of subject-object -verb languages and causation exists in this language in the form of morphology and syntax. This research has analyzed the data based on the taxonomy theory. Language causation in Pashto is more complicated than in Persian; because it does not follow a specific principle. In causative conjugation, in addition to (aw) affix, prefixes (pӘ,pӘr) and (war bânde,pre) are used. The rate of generation of auxiliary causatives is higher in Pashto language because it comes with most verbs and makes the verb transitive.
 

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Background: Nocardia as a Gram-positive bacillus with a microscopic appearance of branching hyphae can produce considerable disease in an appropriable host. N. facinica is a member of genus Nocardia that is potentially life threatening; therefore, therapy of N. farcinica infection remains difficult.
Case presentation: This study is a case  report of disseminated N. farcinica infection in a 64-year-old man with a history of pneumoconiosis with brain, lung, and skin involvement in Labbafi Nejad hospital, Tehran, IR Iran in November 2013 with a discussion about diagnosis and management of this particular patient.
Conclusion: Due to the involvement of brain, triple therapy was started with meropenem, amikacin, and linezolid.

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Reduplication is a morphological process that is one of the most debatable linguistic issues being studied by various languages and many theories in different ways. Reduplication structurally divided into two parts: total reduplication and partial reduplication. In total reduplication a construction (a word or syntactic phrase) is repeated, but in partial reduplication some part of  base is repeated (Shaghaghi, 2000:525,528).The current study tries to deal with total reduplication in Persian language based on Heidarpour’s classifying (2011) which included three categories: total improper reduplication, total proper reduplication and total echoic reduplication in terms of morphological reduplication theory. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The aim of this study is to determine whether the morphological reduplication is more useful and efficient or phonological copying and to explore how extent total reduplication is explainable based on patterns of morphological reduplication theory. With respect to the previous studies, it is assumed that total reduplication is analyzable based on morphological reduplication theory. There are two approaches in reduplication process: phonological copying and morphological reduplication. The first was defined by Marantz (1982) that essentially is a phonological process, the second is defined by Inkelas and zoll (2005), the morphological approach, based on the theory semantic identity is more important than phonological similarity. Inkelas and zoll’s morphological reduplication model included “the collection of input semantic features and a kind of semantic adjunct” (p.6-7). By emphasizing semantic identity, they predict existence of empty morph (semantically), melodic overwriting and tier replacement that have semantic identity (p.36-46).
Total reduplication divided into: improper, proper, and echoic. In total improper reduplication, there is phonological identity relation among reduplicating factors and belonging to different categories. In total proper reduplication, besides two reduplicated bases, there is a grammatical morph between two sisters’ factors that placed between two bases or after the second base. With regard to the placement of grammatical morph, this process is divided into two parts: medial and ending. Each of them has different kinds and various structures. In total echoic reduplication, the reduplicated part has the same rhythm as base’s, but is meaningless. In this pattern, changing happening initial consonant or vowels of base is doubling in reduplicated part. (Heidarpour, 2011:145)
The results suggest that kinds of total reduplication are describable in terms of morphological reduplication theory, whereas partial reduplication with suffix and prefix is analytical by phonological copying; therefor, morphological reduplication theory is more efficient than phonological copying theory. Findings of the study help us find out a universal view about reduplication process to classify world languages by linguistic typology.

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Although the research on small clauses ages over 30, the syntactic nature of small clauses is still a challenging and controversial issue among linguists. In this paper, we start with a brief discussion of the background of the works and approaches related to the nodes governing small clauses. We continue with some arguments in rejecting or accepting some of these approaches. Finally, we describe the construction of secondary Predicative Structures (small clauses) in Persian based on Bower's Minimal Approach (1993, 2001). Based on this approach, these structures consist of [NP XP] and are Tense-less, and their XP is non-verbal. This study assumes a binary-branching structure for small clauses. According to the authors' analyses, in all languages,​​ small clauses which include the subject and the predicate are the functional projections of the predicate, and their difference is only in the concept of the predicate head and its characteristics.

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The movement of the subject from the embedded clause to the matrix clause has fanned the flames for more and more arguments among Persian linguists. In this article, two main questions are discussed: (1) is that the aforementioned movement A-movement or A-bar movement? and (2) what is the association of the movement with phase theory. The method adopted to answer these questions is analytic-descriptive. The first question is dealt with on the basis of freezing principle and successive movement which show that the embedded subject undergoes a-bar movement regardless of the kind of the matrix verb. On the one hand, on the basis of the freezing principle, the subject case feature is checked in the embedded clause, so, it can undergo A-bar movement. On the other hand, successive movement also shows that the subject undergoes A-bar movement to the matrix clauses having so-called raising predicates on the grounds that A-movement leads to improper movement. However, whether the verb is transitive or the so-called raising or passive restricts the movement. If the verb is transitive the displaced subject must appear with ‘ra’, if the matrix verb is so-called raising, it must appear without ‘ra’ and if the matrix verb is passive, it cannot appear in the matrix clause with or without ‘ra’. The appearance of ‘ra’ shows that not only the subject undergoes A-bar movement, but also v is a phase head in Persian, because the moved subject must go to the specifier of the transitive matrix vP and receives ‘ra’, then moves to a functional node, which can be either focus phrase or topic phrase. The passive matrix vP doesn’t allow the subject to move through its specifier and on the basis of induction, it can be claimed that the subject moves through the specifier of the so-called raising predicates. As a result, it seems that vP is a phase phrase in Persian.
 

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Abstract: In seismic areas, a majority of old RC buildings have only been designed for gravity loads or according to outdated seismic codes. Before1970s, smooth rebars were also extensively used in RC structures. As these buildings are still functioning, they need to be reassessed against seismic demands. Load bearing behaviour of concrete structures reinforced with smooth rebars is considerably affected by the slip deformation of the plain rebars. In this study, a specific finite element model has been proposed for evaluating the seismic performance of these structures. The slipping characteristics of smooth rebars have been incorporated in this model. For this purpose, a tailored stress-strain property has been assigned to the steel fibers in tension. The model has then been calibrated/verified against several sets of experimental results from others. In general, satisfactory correlations have been noticed between the experimental results and the predictions from the proposed fiber element model. The model has also been used for a full seismic assessment of an existing RC building, having smooth rebars. In addition, the structure has been retrofitted with steel bracing, viscose dampers and base isolators' schemes and their nonlinear seismic performance has been evaluated using the proposed model.

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Electrical Kindling is one of the most popular epileptic model techniques that cause seizures such as temporal lobe epilepsy. So far, various therapies have been used to treatment of epilepsy. Among these treatments, low-frequency stimulation (LFS) has been widely considered for improving effect on drug-resistant epilepsy, but its mechanism is not well understood. Since calcium entering to the cytoplasm and increasing its concentration is one of the reasons for seizure, metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1), dopamine receptor (D1) and ADPR cyclase (CD38), which increased calcium in the cytoplasm from different pathways, were selected. With this aim that by examining the change in the expression of these genes, we help to clarify the LFS improvement effect.  In this study, the hippocampus of rats was used and the changes in genes expression were investigated using real-time PCR technique. The results showed that the expression of all selected genes  increased significantly after kindling and then after the LFS the expression of all was returned to sham value. Hence, one of the ways in which LFS interferes may be related to the pathway for calcium entering to the cytoplasm.

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Fibrinogen is a major component of the coagulation cascade following tissue damage and rapidly forms an insoluble fibrin scaffold. Fibrin is a filamentous biopolymer that naturally forms from fibrinogen polymerization during blood clotting. After tissue damage and coagulation cascade initiation, soluble fibrinogen polymerization by thrombin enzymebegins and forms an insoluble fibrin network and blood clots with platelets. This fibrin network is crucial for the development of homeostasis after tissue damage. This biopolymer also plays a key role in the wound healing as a temporary scaffoldand due to its unique structural properties and physiological function; it is used in reconstructive medicine. Fibrin is able to absorb extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) such as fibronectin and growth factors. The main types of fibrin scaffolds like platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are being used as autologous biomaterials in reconstructive medicine, wound healing, orthopedics and skin reconstruction and cosmetic sciences. Fibrin derivatives and degradation products also play an important role in the process of wound healing by stimulating cell infiltration and tissue regeneration and they are being widely used in developing new products as a biological material for over a century.

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The present paper is about the syntactic verb movement in Sanandaji within the minimalist program. To achieve this goal, verb movement can be considered from two approaches: a) strong or weak agreement system based on Pollock (1989), Belletti (1991), and Chomsky (1995), B) the split inflectional system based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998). The movement of the main verb based on the strong and weak agreement system in the Kurdish language has been investigated using the ellipsis of the verb phrase as diagnostic. In recent studies, however, the ellipsis of the verb phrase has been challenged in Persian languages. Having studied briefly linguistics’ view, we argue in favor of verb ellipsis in Sanandaji Kurdish and use it to show verb movement in this language. But verb movement in the Kurdish language has not been studied based on the second approach, which is the split inflectional system. Based on this approach in languages ​​that have a split inflectional system, there is an obligatory verb movement. Thus, not only do we review the previous view on the main verb movement, but we study from a new point of view. In this study, based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, we will show that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish and the structural position of the main verb in this language is the head of the tense phrase. 
Introduction
The present paper is about the syntactic verb movement in Sanandaji within the minimalist program. In Iranian languages, the verb appears at the end of the sentence; hence it is not easy to show verb movement. Before turn to the main topic, this question comes to mind why we should believe in verb movement? The answer seems to be, nothing, except that Chomsky (19995) argues that uninterpretable categorical features on a head are checked under the syntactic relation of sisterhood. Unlike English, In the Kurdish language, the valued tense feature of little v is strong, so it must be local to the feature it checks by. To achieve this goal, verb movement can be considered from two approaches: a) strong or weak agreement system based on Pollock (1989), Belletti (1991), and Chomsky (1995), B) the split inflectional system based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998). We will show that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish and the structural position of the main verb in this language is the head of the tense phrase. 
Literature Review
There have been many studies on Kurdish. The majority of these studies are traditional descriptive studies on the language. The review of these studies on Kurdish shows that there is indeed a serious lack of theoretical analysis on verb movement. The only works devoted to the analysis of verb movement in Kurdish is Osmani (2015). He provides some empirical evidence, including the position of VP-ellipsis and confirmatory tag questions favoring verb movement out of vP in Kurdish. Darzi and Anooshe (2010) is an important work on this topic in Persian. To the extent that Iranian languages have had some close ancestors, we mention this work here. Darzi and Anooshe (2010) provide several empirical evidence, including the position of lower adverbials, VP-ellipsis, confirmatory tag questions, and the interaction between tense and perfect aspect, favoring verb movement out of vP in Persian.
Methodology
Approaching the question of verb movement in Kurdish from previous works will be the issue that I will take up and explore first. The rest of the research will be devoted to applying a novel approach in favor of the proposed analysis of verb movement in Kurdish. The data reported in this paper are drawn from Sanandaji Kurdish which is a variety of the Sorani Kurdish, spoken mainly in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province of Iran. These data are also mentioned by the author whose native language is Kurdish as well. 
Result
The movement of the main verb based on the strong and weak agreement system in the Kurdish language has been investigated using the ellipsis of the verb phrase as diagnostic. These analyses in the Persian language including (1) the v-stranding verb phrase ellipsis, (2) the null argument, (3) the DP/NP Ellipsis. Considering the affinity between Persian and Kurdish languages, many of the generalization in the ellipsis of the verb phrase construction in the Persian language can be applied in Sanandaji Kurdish language. Therefore, in this article, we consider verb phrase ellipsis in Persian language and then, use the result in the analyses of Sanandaji Kurdish language data. Finally, it appears that based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, the findings of the research indicate that the ellipsis of the verb phrase construction exists in Sanandaji Kurdish language. However, verb movement in the Kurdish language has not been studied based on Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998), which is the split inflectional system. Based on this approach languages with obligatory verb movement must have a split IP structure. Conversely, languages in which the verb remains in the VP must have a simple IP. Thus, the architecture of the IP complex correlates with the position of the finite verb. 
Bobaljik & Thráinsson(1998) support their claims by two types of empirical evidence. First, they predict that data showing that the split-IP languages have more specifier positions in the IP complex than languages with a simple IP. This is expected since the additional functional projections in the split IP languages provide additional specifiers. This prediction born out in Kurdish –Kurdish data is representative of object shift which is taken to mark the left edge of VP. This data has constituted one of the major empirical motivations for the existence of split IP. Second, they predict that the languages with only a simple IP are restricted to having maximally one inflectional morpheme attached to the inflected verb. Conversely, languages with a split IP will allow distinct markers of tense and agreement to co-occur on finite verbs. This prediction is correct in Kurdish. We provide some Kurdish data that allows the expression of both tense and agreement by discrete morphemes. Thus, not only do we review the previous view on the main verb movement, but we study from a new point of view. In this study, based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, we showed that there is verb movement in Sanandaji Kurdish language and the structural position of the main verb in Sannadaji Kurdish is the head of the tense phrase
 

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Discourse markers determine how the addressee’s perceptions are different from or similar to each other. Considering the importance of discourse markers in increasing children’s verbal and linguistic skills and increasing the coherence level of their discourse (Gerhardt, 1990), the purpose of this study is to use the Hansen model (1998) to study the production process of Discourse Markers in the narrative discourse of 7 and 10 –year-old Persian-speaking children and adults. The present research is descriptive and analytic. 37 of the children were 7 years old and 40 were 10 years old. Children were selected purposefully from elementary schools of Tehran. Also, 18 adults were selected in order to compare children’s performance with theirs. The retelling experiment was performed according to the method of Choi (2007) and Kyratizis and Ervin Tripp (1999). The results showed that the subjects were able to use different types of discourse markers in their narrative discourse. The total use of discourse markers in children was more than that of the adults. It seems that sometimes coherence compensates cohesion and sometimes logical and semantic relationships based on prior knowledge play a role instead of discourse markers.
1. Introduction
Discourse Markers are a non-propositional linguistic element whose primary role is to connect different parts of the discourse and their scope is quite diverse and variable. Considering the importance of discourse Markers in increasing children's language and verbal skills and, consequently, raising their level of reasoning about world phenomena, the present research aimed to use Hanson’s model (1998) to study the process of producing discourse markers in the narrative discourse among 7 and 10-year-old Persian speaking boys and girls, and finally to compare their performance with an adult male and female performance.
 
.Research Hypotheses
1. Seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers use various types of discourse marekers that cause coherence in the narrative context retold by them.
2. with the development of language skills, the use of discourse markers in seven, ten-year-old and adult Persian-speakers will increase in the narrative context.
3. There is a significant difference in the use of discourse markers by the seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers.
 
2. Literature Review
Choi (2007) in an article examined the use of discourse markers in children aged four to twelve and adults. The results of his research showed that four-year-olds can use some discourse markers such as so and and. The use of and as a discourse marker is decreased in adults compared to children, but the use of so as a discourse marker increased in adults stories compared to children. Overall, the number of discourse markers decreases in adult stories. Spooren and Sanders (2008) studied the order of coherence relations between the discourse components of Dutch children (6-7 years old and 11 years old). Their results showed that additive relationships are learned before causal relationships. Mehrabi Sari (2013) examined three age groups (4-5, 5-6, 6-7). Her results revealed that the frequency of some discourse markers increased with age development and the frequency of others was constant, but in general, there was no growth trend in the use of discourse markers by children aged four to seven years.
 
3. Methodology
The present study was conducted in the winter of 2016 on 20 ten-year-old girls and boys (fourth grade of elementary school) and 16 girls and 20 boys in the age group of seven years (first grade of elementary schools). All children were monolingual Persian-speakers. Also, to compare the growth trend of children in using the discourse markers, 18 adults (male and female) with an average age of 28.32 participated in this study. In total, 94 samples of stories were obtained from the subjects of this study.
In this quantitative and descriptive research, the retelling story test based on Choi (2007) and Kirtzis and Erwin Trip (1999) was used to get an idea of ​​how children use discourse markers in the narrative context. To evaluate the "reliability" of the data coding, the data of this study were coded by two coders. We used McHagg (2012) interrater reliability to examine the percentage of agreement between the two coders. The percent agreement in data coding was 91.93%. In cases of disagreement, the two coders agreed through discussion.
 
4. Results
The results of this study indicate that the subjects in all three age groups had the highest use of discourse markers indicating sequence of events (baʔd, baʔdan, baʔdeʃ). Ten-year-olds and seven-year-old children by using 275 and 230 discourse markers respectively use the sequence DMs more than adults. The use of sequence DMs was significantly reduced in adults compared to children (19 discourses). In total, ten-year-olds with a total of 400 discourse markers had the highest use of them. Seven-year-olds with 290 DMs, and adults with 51 DMs used them less than ten-year olds. Also, to investigate the differences in the performance of the three age groups in using discourse markers Fisher exact test was used. The results of this test indicate that there is a significant difference between the three age groups only in the use of the two discourse markers va ‘and’ and xob ‘well’ (‘and’: P <0.003 and ‘well’: P <0.012) and in the case of other discourse markers, there was no significant difference between the subjects' performance (p> 0.05).
 
5. Discussion
According to the prediction of the 1^st Hypothesis of this research, Seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers use various types of discourse markers that cause coherence in the narrative context told by them. The data showed that seven-year-olds used eleven (baʔd > baʔdan> baʔdeʃ >ʔammɑ, vali> pas> ʧon, ʔɑxe> va> masalan>xob), ten-year-olds used thirteen (baʔd > baʔdeʃ > baʔdan > va> masalan, jaʔni> ʔammɑ, vali> xob> pas> hɑlɑ> ʧon, ʔɑxe) and adults also used eleven (baʔd, baʔdeʃ, baʔdan, va> vali> xob> ʧon, ʔɑxe >masalan, jaʔni>pas) types of discourse markers. Therefore, the 1^st Hypothesis  of this research is confirmed.
The second hypothesis is confirmed for the two age groups of the children, but is not confirmed for the comparison of children group with the adult group.
Based on the last hypothesis of this study, there is a significant difference in the use of discourse markers by three age groups, but data analysis revealed that although there is a difference between the number of used discourse markers between the three age groups, but this difference only in using the two discourse markers, /xob/ 'well' and /va/ 'and' was significant, and in using other discourse markers, was not significant. Therefore, the last hypothesis is confirmed only for the two mentioned discourse markers and is not confirmed for the other discourse markers.
 
6. Conclusion
By comparing the performance of children with adults in using discourse markers, it was observed that the total discourse markers of adults were significantly reduced in narrative context, and children in both age groups were more likely to use discourse markers. These results are consistent with Choi’s (2007) studies. Adult language fluency and the number of words in their lexicon, memory power, use of other metalingual tools such as rhythm, body language, and intonation seem to reduce discourse markers in an adult narrative context. So far no research has specifically addressed the reason for this, perhaps sometimes coherence compensating for cohesion, and at other times prior knowledge-based semantic-logical relations play roles instead of discourse markers.

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The eukaryotic genome contains several replication Origins. Studies showed that the phenomenon and order of the origin activation is in a a particular discipline, called the “Replication Timing". Recent studies show that many factors are involved in regulating the timing of the replication process. One of the most important factors amongst them is the Rap1 interacting Factor 1 (Rif1) protein, which plays a key role in regulating the replication schedule in yeast and more advanced eukaryotes. Structure of this protein is mostly irregular and these properties prevent Rif1 from being expressed in a stable manner and makes it difficult to study.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of recombinant C-terminal domain of mouse-Rif1(muRif1-CTD) protein in solution. For this purpose, the muRif1-CTD gene was extracted from eukaryotic constructs containing the complete Rif1 gene by PCR and was inserted into the pPAL7 expression vector comprising the Profinity eXact tag. Protein solubilization was carried out using different detergents and then detergent removal was performed by dialysis. In order to ensure that the soluble protein is active, the interaction analysis of the Rif1 protein with the G4 structures (previously reported to bind Rif1) was investigated using the gel shift assay. The results of this study showed the use of detergent for Rif1 solubilization without affecting its purification steps. But in the case of this protein, if the detergent is removed completely, it will not remain soluble.
 
 
 
 

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Protein deposition due to the process of accumulation inside or outside cells causes many neurological diseases such as Alzheimerchr('39')s, Huntingtonchr('39')s or Parkinsonchr('39')s seizures. Parkinsonchr('39')s disease is the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimerchr('39')s, in which patients develop disorders due to the accumulation of leprosy and the destruction of dopamine neurons. Alpha-synuclein protein contains 140 amino acids, the main protein known in lewy body accumulations. During the aggregation process, alpha-synuclein protein monomers bind together as oligomers and eventually become amyloid filaments. So far, there is no drug to stop or delay the progression of Parkinsonchr('39')s, but studies on the molecular mechanism of amyloid formation and the identification of inhibitors are increasing. For this purpose, in this study, the effect of BRICHOS domain resulting from BRI2, which can have various functions, including antimicrobial properties, on the process of alpha-synuclein accumulation as a model protein was investigated.The gene was first optimized and synthesized and then multiplied by PCR. The product was digested by enzymes Xho I and Nde1 and entered the expression vector pET28 a, which was transformed into E. coli bacteria.Finally, the peptide was purified by nickel chromatography. The alpha-synuclein gene was also expressed separately and purified.The anti-cumulative effect of BRICHOS domain on alpha-synuclein fibrillation was investigated using Toflavin T fluorescence method and TEM technique.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic merging process of the middle constructions in Persian within the minimalist framework proposed by Bowers (2010, 2018). Within this framework, Bowers analyzed the merging of active, middle and passive sentences based on the two categories of 'Predication' and 'Transitivity'. It is worth mentioning that in his latest works, Bowers (2010, 2018) has replaced the transitive phrase (TrP) by 'voice' with its core features intact.
The voice category used in Bowers (2010) is a generalization of the transitivity category previously proposed by Bowers (2002). In general, this category enters into a "matching relationship" with objects. Bowers (2018) in his approach calls this node a role of "transitive voice" which is represented as (Vtr). In fact, Bowers goes back from a more general interpretation of this node to a more detailed one. These changes are merely in the name of syntactic nodes and have no effect on the syntactic properties of transitive nodes, because it is evident that Bowers still knows transitive active constructions, middles and passives, including the transitivity category, and unergative and unaccusative constructions without this category

According to the theoretical framework of the Minimalist Program is there any evidence of the middle voice found in the contemporary Persian? 2. In case it is proven, as proposed by Bowers, does the process of syntactic merging of middle construction follow ‘the universal order of merge’? 3. What is the distinction between middle, unaccusative and unergative constructions in Persian? Based on the mentioned questions, these hypotheses can be made: 1. although the active and passive constructions are common in Persian, there might be also some evidence for the middle voice. 2. The process of middle formation in Persian follows the universal order of merge. 3. Middle, unaccusative and unergative constructions are different in terms of the merging process.
Regarding middle construction, the limited number of studies by Iranian linguists has focused on the presence or absence of this construction in Persian. For example, Jabbari (2003), by accepting the existence of middle construction in Persian, has used ‘intransitive construction’, instead of the term ‘middle construction’. He considers it as a construction between active and passive. He claims that although these verbs are formally similar to active verbs, semantically they are comparable to passive verbs. On the other hand, Rasekhmahand (2007) assumes that middle construction cannot be attested as a ‘voice’ in Persian and it is not at all comparable to active and passive constructions. He referred to it as ‘inchoative construction’ which is the reverse of causative sentences.
The data of the present study are collected from Dadegan website (The corpus of syntactic dependency of Persian language). For a better illustration, tree diagrams of Minimalist Program have been used during the data analysis.
The findings of the present paper confirm the hypothesis on the existence of middle voice in Persian. Moreover, the universal order in the process of merging middle constructions (Bowers, 2010, 2018) has been attested. According to this arrangement, the merging position of the subject of the verb, which holds the semantic role of 'agent', is the lowest position in the diagram and the other verb arguments are merged subsequently, based on a determined order. Representation of verb arguments in the form of syntactic nodes is the innovative aspect of this research within the framework of the Minimalist Program.
 

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This research was conducted with the aim of determining the biodiversity of Pertaran communities in three areas with mangrove cover and in 9 stations including one station in Gowatr Bay and 4 stations in each of Gowatr bay and Bahu Kalat on the eastern coast of Chabahar port. From each station, from the winter of 2019 to the fall of 2014, three sediment samples were collected seasonally for the separation and identification of sediments and one sample for the analysis of grain size and total organic matter of the sediments by Grab van Veen with a cross-sectional area of 0.028 square meters. In total, 12 genera belonging to 10 families were identified. Among the groups of the detected families of spionidae, the highest percentage of the average frequency with 13.70% was related to the Spionidae family. The survey of the density of the birds in total is 17800 ± 180 in the mentioned seasons, the average density of the birds in winter is 8720 ± 42 and the average density of the birds in the autumn is 9080 ± 181.63 in the mentioned seasons, the lowest average in winter is related to the Nereidae family: 0.5 600±67 and the most number was for Spionidae family: 1280±31.47 individuals in one square meter. The lowest average in autumn was related to the Nereidae family: 560 ± 32.65 and the highest to the Spionidae family: 1160 ± 62.94 individuals per square meter.

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Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern​​ (Oghuz) Turkic languages which is spoken in the south of Iran. The intense and long-term linguistic contact of Qashqai Turkic with Persian has caused profound changes in it’s original characteristics at all language levels and its convergence with Persian language is increasing day by day. In this research, in the framework of the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson, the syntactic changes occured in this language as a result of contact with Persian have been studied. Changes in causation strategies, strategies for expressing modality, expressing the verb "have", deletion of genitive case marker of the possessor in a genitive-possessive construction, change in the expression of copula and existential verbs, investigation of evidentiality, investigation of newly made compound "belä+possessive suffix", change of case government in some verbs, investigation of the presence of Persian Ezafe, Persian indefinite article and Kurdish definite article in Qashqai Turkic, deletion of the interrogative enclitic -mI and change in order of adjective and indefinite article (bir) are the items that have been studied in this study. In this research, in addition to re-evaluating the results of previous research about syntactic changes in Qashqai Turkic, some new achievements have also been introduced by investigating and analyzing a written corpus consisting of seven story books and relying on the quantitative data obtained from this investigation.

1. Introduction
Contact-induced change which is traditionally called borrowing, is one of the main types of language change. The rate and extent of this change is directly proportional to the intensity and duration of language contact. Qashqai Turkic, which is one of the southwestern (Oghuz) Turkic languages in Iran, has undergone profound changes in its syntactic structure due to its intense and long-term contact with Persian. In this research, we have identified these changes at the level of simple sentences, and by statistical analysis, we have determined the extent and progress of the changes and also re-evaluated the results of past research in this regard.

2. Literature Review
Researchers who have worked in the field of contact linguistics in Turkic languages have pointed out various syntactic changes that have occurred as a result of their contact with Indo-European languages and especially Iranian languages. Changes in causation strategies, strategies for expressing modality, expressing the verb "have", deletion of genitive case marker of the possessor in a genitive-possessive construction, change in the expression of copula and existential verbs, change in evidential marking role of the suffix -mIš, change in pronominal system by newly made compound "belä+possessive suffix", change of verb government of postpositions (case suffixes) in some verbs, investigation of the presence of Persian Ezafe, Persian indefinite article and Kurdish definite article in Turkic varieties of Iran, deletion of the interrogative enclitic -mI and change in order of adjective and indefinite article (bir) before nouns are among the changes that have been mentioned. These studies were reviewed here as Soper (1987), Johanson (1998), Özkan & Musa (2004), Csató (2005), Kıral, F. (2005), Hashemi Zarajabad (2009), Karakoç (2009), Bosnalı (2010), Erfani (2012), Nazari & Routamaa (2012), Sultanzade (2016), Bulut (2016, 2018), Heydari (2019) and Johanson et al. (2020).

3. Methodology
In this study, contact-induced syntactic changes have been identified by examining and analyzing seven story books published in Qashqai Turkic in Iran. The extent and progress of these changes have been also determined by statistical results obtained from counting native and modified structures. The theoretical framework used in this research is the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson and applied in a lot of research about contact linguistics in Turkic languages.

4. Results
By examining the corpus and based on quantitative data obtained from counting both native and modified structures, the results of this study can be summarized as follows:

• Despite the native order, the dative object often appears after the verb.
• Following Persian paradigms, two analytic causative constructions have been developed using the verbs qoy- (to put) and ver- (to give).
• In modals of necessity and possibility, instead of the native morphological strategies, the analytic use of the modal adverb gäräk (must) and bälkäm (maybe) which appears with the main verb of the clause in optative mood, has been developed. According to a pattern that exists in Farsi, verbs sometimes used in the past tense to refer to irrealis mood. To express the ability, an analytic solution has been developed using the verb bašar- (to succeed).
• Along with more and more convergence with Persian, a more advanced construction has been developed to express the verb to have in Qashqai.
• The presence of Persian Ezafe construction, Persian indefinite article and Kurdish definite article was confirmed with a relatively limited extent.
• In most genitive-possessive constructions, the possessor noun appears without the genitive case marker.
• The verb government of postpositions (case suffixes) in some verbs such as bɑšlɑ- (to start), soruš- (to ask), inɑn- (to believe) and ɑs- (to hang) has been changed by following the Persian paradigms.
• Copula and existential verbs were used interchangebly with relatively low frequency.
• The evidential marking role of the suffix -mIš in Qashqai Turkic has been lost under the influence of Persian and this suffix is ​​used to express the perfect aspect. In addition, a copied analytic construction is also developed to express evidentiality using demä ki (Don’t say that...).
• Qashqai pronominal system has been changed by a newly made compound "belä+possessive suffix" following Persian pronominal system.
• The interrogative enclitic -mI has been disappeared and replaced by a rising intonation at the end of sentence.

The order of adjective and indefinite article (bir) before nouns has been changed.