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Nowadays, countries are required to develop the architectural plans by using vernacular and climatic architectures so that they can provide comfort to residents in addition to protect them from adverse climate factors such as wind, cold, and extreme heat. Vernacular architecture in both Nepal and Iran is seen as a precious model of climate adaptive design. The cold and mountainous climate of these two countries has created special conditions for residents. The purpose of current paper is to record the climatic design patterns of the two countries and to compare them in order to present new approaches derived from the vernacular architecture. From this point of view, this article provides a great help to researchers and designers in this field. Moreover, the present research is derived from library, documentary and statistical sources in an analytical and research method and finally, the conclusion is comparative to the promotional approach and to the practical goals. The results were obtained after collecting, recording, and adjusting the climate design patterns of the two countries. Finally, Nepal's vernacular architectural solutions, which were in line with vernacular and climatic architecture, were presented to guide the vernacular architecture of Iran for the benefit of residents. It is hoped that by using these solutions, we can take a step forward in protecting the environment and saving energy.

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Philosophical and linguistic reflections of Gadamer and Ricoeur on how understanding occurs are of considerable significance. Gadamer’s concept of “Fusion of horizons” and Ricoeur’s idea of “Understanding oneself through the other” are among the most important issues in this regard. These two philosophical issues attempt to gain intercultural understanding. The fact is that the dichotomous strategies and approaches of translation as manifested in Venuti’s foreignization-domestication dichotomy, and other similar theories have been unable to pave the way for mutual understanding between cultures. Employing Gadamer’s and Ricoeur’s ideas, this study attempts to tackle the dichotomous issue of translation theories.  Considering the Gadamer’s view that all understanding occurs through language and the Ricoeur’s idea that man enjoys a specific unity despite his great variation, translation is rethought as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon instrumental in creating cultural and linguistic affinity among people and causing a sort of intercultural unity. Therefore, unlike the dichotomous approach of foreignization and domestication, the present study aims to view translation from the view point of philosophical hermeneutics and offer a new approach, which simultaneously considers attention to the two cultures involved in translation and respect for the other culture.

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Academic lecturing has tuned into the major teaching method in higher education. Due to the excess of verbal and visual information presented in a lecture and the importance of some of these information in the final assessment of a course, an understanding of how unimportant information is marked in lectures is useful. The present investigation was an attempt to investigate how lecturers mark unimportant information in Persian academic lectures. More specifically, this study was aimed to investigate the discourse functions of markers of lesser importance. Based on a mixed-methods approach, markers of lesser importance were extracted from the transcripts of the 60 academic lectures of the Persian corpus of SOKHAN. The derived markers of lesser importance were then analyzed in terms of their discourse functions. Five discourse functions, including discourse organization, audience engagement, subject status, topic treatment, and relating to exam were found. In addition, topic treatment, followed by subject status, accounted for most of the discourse functions of the markers of lesser importance. Moreover, audience engagement, discourse organization, and relating to exam were found to be the least frequent discourse functions. On the whole, the findings suggested that marking lesser importance does not necessarily involves orientation to the audience or organizing the discourse into points and asides. Instead, marking lesser importance most often necessitates using expressions that explicitly or implicitly demarcate boundaries between what the lecturer wishes to talk about, does not intend to go through, or tends to cover briefly.
 
 

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In This study, in order to evaluation of ductility and consequently the optimum workability region of novel Ti-3Al-8Mo-7V-3Cr titanium alloy (Ti-3873), the hot tensile tests were performed at a constant strain rate of 0.1 s^-1 and the temperature range of 650-850 ℃ . To establish the relationship between microstructural evolution and ductility, the microstructure of the specimen was examined by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after and before hot deformation. The results showed that ductility at the temperatures of 650-750 ℃ , increased from 33% to 54% as a consequence of transformation of α  to β  phases and gradually eliminating the α  phase. The maximum ductility obtained at 850 ℃  with a 71% increase in ductility. Microstructural studies showed the elongated and serrated boundaries confirmed the occurrence of dynamic recovery. Recrystallized grains were also observed at 850 ℃ . Therefore, it can demonstrate that the restoration mechanism of the Ti-3873 alloy during hot tension is dynamic recovery and partial dynamic recrystallization. Finally, according to tension results, the appropriate range of deformation deformation of the Ti-3873 alloy in this study is 800-850 ℃ .

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Background: Most digital imaging systems provide a variety of image processing techniques. The aim of the present study was to compare the performance of bite wing digital radiography with and without the application of 3D emboss image processing filters in identifying recurrent proximal caries. Materials and methods: In the current study, cavities were created in both proximal surfaces of 52 healthy premolar teeth for Class II amalgam restoration. Caries lesions were artificially created by a 0.5 mm trend burr randomly in each tooth and repaired with amalgam. Standard digital radiographs were performed using the Digora® Optime system. Unfiltered and filtered images with 3D emboss filter were observed by 2 radiologists with at least 2 years of work experience and the final results were analyzed with Chi-square statistics. Results: The obtained results demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of caries detection changes with the change in the observer, although no significant difference was observed between the sensitivity and specificity of the third and fourth observers. In addition, the results of this research showed that the sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of detecting recurrent secondary caries in radiographs without using the 3D emboss filter for all observers participating in this project was more significant than the sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of radiographs with 3D emboss filter. Conclusion: The obtained data documents that use of the 3D emboss filter failed to improve the diagnosis of recurrent secondary caries through reduces the sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of diagnosis.