Search published articles
Showing 9 results for Borna
Volume 11, Issue 4 (Fall 2023)
Abstract
Aims: Metacognitive processes are an aspect, through which students can significantly affect their learning process, allowing them to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously. This research was done to investigate the effectiveness of the metacognitive knowledge and skills program on visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities.
Materials & Methods: This study employed a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test approach and a control group. The study population consisted of all second- and third-grade elementary school students with learning disabilities in Tehran who were supervised in educational centers. The research sample consisted of 30 students with dyslexia (15 participants in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale was used to measure dyslexia. Descriptive analysis was employed to calculate means and standard deviations, while inferential analysis using analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data at an inferential level. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.
Findings: The results showed the effectiveness of the Jager metacognitive knowledge and skills program in visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities (p<0.001).
Conclusion: It can be generally concluded that the Jager metacognitive knowledge and skills program can mitigate the challenges of visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities. It is recommended that this program be implemented for students with learning disabilities.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2017)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties as well as shelf life of fresh mozzarella cheese samples. Fresh mozzarella cheese samples were packaged under five different Modified Atmospheres (MAP): Vacuum (Atm 2), 40% CO2/60% N2 (Atm 3), 60% CO2/40% N2 (Atm 4), 100% CO2 (Atm 5) and 100% N2 (Atm 6). Identical cheese samples were packaged in air (Atm 1), taken as the control. All cheese samples were kept under refrigeration (4±1°C) for 6 weeks. Atm 5 gas mixture was the most effective for inhibiting aerobic microflora growth in cheese samples stored at 4°C during 6 weeks. Lactic acid bacteria were not affected by CO2 presence even in high concentrations. Yeasts and moulds were totally inhibited by Atm 5 gas mixture throughout the entire storage period. Sensory evaluation showed that cheese packaged under Atm 3 retained good sensory characteristics for 6 weeks of storage while control samples were appreciated the least. Atm 5 provided the best shelf life extension at 4°C by 81 days, compared to the control.
Volume 20, Issue 142 (December 2023)
Abstract
In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera was extracted and then the content of total phenol (by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), total flavonoid (by aluminum chloride method), antioxidant activity (based on DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods) and its antifungal effect against Rhizopu stolonifers, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata (fungi cause spoilage postharvest apple and strawberry fruits) were determined based on disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration. The amount of phenol and flavonoids in the extract was 53.16 mg GAE/g and 28.20 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant power of the hydroalcoholic extract was 69.80 and 57.15 μg/ml in terms of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging, respectively. The results of antimicrobial activity based on disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar showed that increasing the concentration of the extract caused a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition zone and Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata were the most resistant and sensitive strains to the extract, respectively. In general, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata were more sensitive than Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea with minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of 16 and 128 mg/ml, respectively.
Volume 20, Issue 143 (January 2023)
Abstract
Grape is a very perishable fruit that has a short shelf life. Due to the increase in consumer awareness, the tendency to use natural preservative compounds instead of pesticides and chemical preservatives has increased. Plant essential oils are considered to be the most appropriate natural compounds due to their potentially effective compounds. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify the chemical compounds of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, determine its phenolic and flavonoid content, and investigate the antioxidant and antifungal activity of this essential oil against a number of molds that cause spoilage after grape fruit harvesting. The compounds identified in F. vulgare essential oil included limonene, fenchone, p-allylanisole and anethole, which made up 97.60% of the total essential oil. The total phenol content of F. vulgare essential oil was equal to 26.29 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content was equal to 19.23 mg QE/g. The antioxidant properties of the essential oil of this plant were obtained by DPPH, ABTS and beta-carotene-linoleic acid decolorization methods, respectively, 38.56, 42.12, and 30.30%. Also, , it was found that Foeniculum vulgare essential oil is capable of inhibiting and controlling Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus niger, and Botrytis cinerea. Due to the antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds present in F. vulgare, the essential oil of this plant can be used as a compound with practical properties to increase the shelf life of agricultural products, including grapes.
Volume 21, Issue 154 (December 2024)
Abstract
The growth of fungal pathogens on the grape fruit causes a decrease in its quality and shelf life. In this study, the antifungal activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil was investigated against fungal pathogens that cause spoilage in grape fruit. Ginger essential oil was extracted using hydrodistillation method and the content of total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity based on the inhibition of DPPH and ABTS free radicals and its antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea strains based on disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration were evaluated. The results showed that ginger essential oil has 89.80 mg GA/g total phenol and 38.60 mg QE/g total flavonoid. Its antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals was 73.45 and 66.53 μg/ml, respectively. The results of antifungal activity showed that A. niger and B. cinerea were the most sensitive and resistant fungal strains to essential oil, respectively, and the diameter of the inhibition zone in the disc diffusion and well diffusion agar methods, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and the minimum fungicidal concentration for the A. niger strain was equal to 13.90 mm, 14.50 mm, 8 mg/mL and 64 mg/mL, respectively. In general, ginger essential oil can be used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent to increase the shelf life of agricultural products.
Volume 21, Issue 154 (December 2024)
Abstract
Considering the sensitivity of apple fruit to many pests and diseases and the sensitivity of consumers to synthetic pesticides, the use of plant essential oils has increased to increase the lifespan of various horticultural products, including apples. In this research, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant properties of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil were investigated. In addition, the antimicrobial property of this essential oil was evaluated on a number of fungi that cause spoilage of apple fruit, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternata. The phenol and flavonoid content of E. cardamomum essential oil was equal to 69.60 mg of gallic acid per gram of essential oil and 27.40 mg of quercetin per gram of essential oil, respectively. The amount of antioxidant property of E. cardamomum essential oil in DPPH and ABTS free radical inhibition method was obtained as 57.30% and 63.60%, respectively. In the investigation of the antifungal property, the largest inhibition zone was observed in P. expansum by disk diffusion and agar well methods, and the minimum inhibitory concentration for P. expansum and B. cinerea fungi was 8 mg/ml and minimum fungicidal concentration was 64 mg/ml. Considering the high antioxidant and antifungal properties of E. cardamomum essential oil, it can be used as a suitable alternative to synthetic fungicides.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
Introduction
While various political, social and economic factors have changed in Iran during the last decades, the urbanization rate has risen from 28% in 1921 to 74% in 2016. In the last few decades, reclassification of villages to cities can be noticed as one of the most important dimensions of urbanization process in Iran. Among these, factors affecting on reclassification of rural settlements as cities and the impacts of this change on urban system and spatial organization of regions have attracted a lot of attention among researchers. Although the process of reclassification of villages as cities varied with the degrees of intensity and speed across the country, but this has been more important in some regions. One of these regions is Guilan province located in the north of Iran. The existence of susceptible agricultural lands, existence of the most important forestry areas of the country, aggregation of urban and rural settlements in this region are some factors that make this more important subject for wider researches. Accordingly, the questions that this article seeks to respond is, what is the most dominant process in reclassification villages as cities in Guilan and what impacts had on this region's urban system?
Reclassification of villages as city refers to factors and processes that lead to the recognition of a village as a city. There are three points of view in this regard. The first emphasizes on the transformation of villages to city as a natural process. In this view, the growth of population size of rural communities leads to a change in economic, social and physical dimensions. Economically, the natural process is the same as market process in which economic forces freely lead to the reshaping of human settlements. The second view emphasizes on the involvement of political agents on the reclassification of villages as cities. The recognition of urban and non-urban centers in countries is important for various administrative and political tasks, such as distribution of governmental credits, allocation of facilities and etc. Therefore, it is important for governments to determine relevant criteria for the reclassification of rural settlements as urban areas. However, the reclassification of villages as cities with natural or political interventions cannot always be a reasonable and acceptable process, because of necessities in regional development. It is sometimes necessary to strengthen rural settlements as an urban settlement; that is the third point. The roots of this view, backs to 1960s and 1970s, and emergence of new perspectives between various views of regional development, can be described as small towns approach.
Methodology
This research can be considered as an inductive-deductive research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-evaluative method and data collection method is documentary. This paper tries to evaluate the status and processes associated with the reclassification of villages as cities in Guilan province in Iran. With the population more than 5,000 people has been assumed as the main criterion for natural changes. Political, centrality as an index for political intervention and introducing in development plans as a potential settlement for reclassifying as city was counted as planning factor.
Results and discussion
The Guilan province in Iran is always considered as one of the agricultural hubs of the country and is divided into 16 counties. In the two censuses before the Islamic Revolution (excluding the 1956 census as the basis), nine cities were added to this region's urban system, where only one city (Rudbar) had less than 5,000 people. In addition, all of these cities had municipalities before being counted as cities. Therefore, it can be said that before the Islamic Revolution, the political process of recognition of a city has preceded from natural changes. After the Islamic Revolution, it was attempted to reconcile the identification of urban areas in the censuses and administrative system. Statistical surveys of cities based on criteria's that set out in the theoretical framework, reveals that 19 cities have been shaped from natural process and 24 cities have been shaped due to political interventions. Study of urban system of this region shows that most of new cities in Guilan province have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Urban Primacy Index reveals that since 1996, there has been a great concentration on Rasht as the primate city. Rank-size rule analysis indicates imbalance in urban hierarchy of this province. Therefore, it can be said that the emergence of low-population cities in this province influenced mainly by the government's policies and decisions, couldn't lead to an efficient change in urban hierarchy of this province.
Conclusion
The results of this research show three basic issues on the Guilan province's urban system: 1) Dominance of Rasht as capital city, which according to the census of 2016, includes near of 42.4% of the province's urban population. 2) The absence of middle size cities in its true meaning, as consolidators of urban network, which has led to an urban bias between primate city and small cities. 3) Sharp increase in the reclassification of villages as cities over the last few decades, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The rapid rate of reclassification of villages as cities in recent decades, has caused these cities not to be able to provide a significant instance on the urban hierarchy. Therefore, the reclassification of villages as cities has not led to adjustment of urban system, and there is a need for some different strategies to reshaping spatial organization of this province. In this case, the middle-size cities development strategy can be considered as one of the efficient strategies.
While various political, social and economic factors have changed in Iran during the last decades, the urbanization rate has risen from 28% in 1921 to 74% in 2016. In the last few decades, reclassification of villages to cities can be noticed as one of the most important dimensions of urbanization process in Iran. Among these, factors affecting on reclassification of rural settlements as cities and the impacts of this change on urban system and spatial organization of regions have attracted a lot of attention among researchers. Although the process of reclassification of villages as cities varied with the degrees of intensity and speed across the country, but this has been more important in some regions. One of these regions is Guilan province located in the north of Iran. The existence of susceptible agricultural lands, existence of the most important forestry areas of the country, aggregation of urban and rural settlements in this region are some factors that make this more important subject for wider researches. Accordingly, the questions that this article seeks to respond is, what is the most dominant process in reclassification villages as cities in Guilan and what impacts had on this region's urban system?
Reclassification of villages as city refers to factors and processes that lead to the recognition of a village as a city. There are three points of view in this regard. The first emphasizes on the transformation of villages to city as a natural process. In this view, the growth of population size of rural communities leads to a change in economic, social and physical dimensions. Economically, the natural process is the same as market process in which economic forces freely lead to the reshaping of human settlements. The second view emphasizes on the involvement of political agents on the reclassification of villages as cities. The recognition of urban and non-urban centers in countries is important for various administrative and political tasks, such as distribution of governmental credits, allocation of facilities and etc. Therefore, it is important for governments to determine relevant criteria for the reclassification of rural settlements as urban areas. However, the reclassification of villages as cities with natural or political interventions cannot always be a reasonable and acceptable process, because of necessities in regional development. It is sometimes necessary to strengthen rural settlements as an urban settlement; that is the third point. The roots of this view, backs to 1960s and 1970s, and emergence of new perspectives between various views of regional development, can be described as small towns approach.
Methodology
This research can be considered as an inductive-deductive research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-evaluative method and data collection method is documentary. This paper tries to evaluate the status and processes associated with the reclassification of villages as cities in Guilan province in Iran. With the population more than 5,000 people has been assumed as the main criterion for natural changes. Political, centrality as an index for political intervention and introducing in development plans as a potential settlement for reclassifying as city was counted as planning factor.
Results and discussion
The Guilan province in Iran is always considered as one of the agricultural hubs of the country and is divided into 16 counties. In the two censuses before the Islamic Revolution (excluding the 1956 census as the basis), nine cities were added to this region's urban system, where only one city (Rudbar) had less than 5,000 people. In addition, all of these cities had municipalities before being counted as cities. Therefore, it can be said that before the Islamic Revolution, the political process of recognition of a city has preceded from natural changes. After the Islamic Revolution, it was attempted to reconcile the identification of urban areas in the censuses and administrative system. Statistical surveys of cities based on criteria's that set out in the theoretical framework, reveals that 19 cities have been shaped from natural process and 24 cities have been shaped due to political interventions. Study of urban system of this region shows that most of new cities in Guilan province have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Urban Primacy Index reveals that since 1996, there has been a great concentration on Rasht as the primate city. Rank-size rule analysis indicates imbalance in urban hierarchy of this province. Therefore, it can be said that the emergence of low-population cities in this province influenced mainly by the government's policies and decisions, couldn't lead to an efficient change in urban hierarchy of this province.
Conclusion
The results of this research show three basic issues on the Guilan province's urban system: 1) Dominance of Rasht as capital city, which according to the census of 2016, includes near of 42.4% of the province's urban population. 2) The absence of middle size cities in its true meaning, as consolidators of urban network, which has led to an urban bias between primate city and small cities. 3) Sharp increase in the reclassification of villages as cities over the last few decades, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The rapid rate of reclassification of villages as cities in recent decades, has caused these cities not to be able to provide a significant instance on the urban hierarchy. Therefore, the reclassification of villages as cities has not led to adjustment of urban system, and there is a need for some different strategies to reshaping spatial organization of this province. In this case, the middle-size cities development strategy can be considered as one of the efficient strategies.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Introduction
Thunderstorms are one of the most important atmospheric hazards that cause human casualties every year, destroying large amounts of agricultural products , construction and infrastructure. Due to the combination of Thunderstorms with rainstorms and its effective role in causing sudden floods, this phenomenon has always been the main focuse of researchers in agriculture and financial issues. Considering this matter, we have studied climatic conditions of Khuzestan province in order to investigate this phenomenon and its causes. It is necessary to determine days of the thunderstorm and its sequence in different months, seasons and years, so experts can identify the atmospheric patterns causing this occurrence. Also they can provide necessary strategies and preconditions to inform farmers, gardeners and officials. Therefore, the purpose of this researh is studing the Thunderstorms in Khuzestan Province using synoptic, mann - kendall and Sen indexes during the period of 2003-2013.
Methodology
In order to investigate the climatic phenomenon of Thunderstorm in Khuzestan province, information and statistics of 12 synoptic stations during the 10 year statistical period (2003-2013) are investigated. The statistics and data are collected and tested in order to extract a similar statistical period. The data are analyzed in Excel and thunderstorms dispersion map is developed in Khuzestan. The data of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province are investigated and spatial-temporal analysis of this climatic phenomenon is studied in the study area. during the statistical period changes in Thunderstorms days are studied based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen index. also geographical dispersion maps of trend type (incremental, constant and decreasing) associated with Thunderstorm are prepared in seasonal and annual scales, then synoptic maps are prepared and evaluated.
Results and Discussion
In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing summer data, it is found that there is significant decreasing trend in the most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Sulayman stations using the Man-Kendall test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. In this series of data, the Mann-Kendall test and age index test at 95 and 99 confidence levels are significant. In the spring, the highest significant trend is observed in Dezful, Izeh, Ahvaz, Bostan and Omidieh stations. In the summer, the southern, central and western parts of the region have a significant decreasing trend. In the autumn, there is a significant increase in the whole region. In the winter, the southern and southeastern parts of the region have a steady trend. The spatial distribution of the annual trend of Thunderstorm days in Khuzestan province indicates a significant increase in most of stations. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. According to storm occurrence maps and analyzing of the maps, it can be seen that the occurrence of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province is generally frontier and is due to hot air flood from the Persian Gulf. in spite of the conditions for the tornado incident there has not been a twist in the region, due to the salinity of the Persian Gulf and a its small extent to provide enough moisture for the occurrence of this phenomenon.
Conclusion
In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing of summer data, it was determined that using Mann-Kendall test, a significant decrease is observed in most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Soleiman stations. This trend is not observed with the age index test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. According to the results of Mann-Kendall test on an annual scale, all of the stations have a significant incremental trend. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. Investigation of atmospheric patterns is shown that the cause of Thunderstorm phenomenon in the region is the result of strengthening and expansion of low pressure systems in the East of the Red Sea and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, cold airflow from the middle levels with high temperature changes in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere causes instability and extreme climbing of the air, formation of cumulonimbus clouds, heavy falls of rainfall, lightning, hail and ... in selected periods in Khuzestan province.
Volume 22, Issue 161 (July 2025)
Abstract
This research examines the efficiency of various methods for extracting active compounds from hibiscus tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa), focusing on osmotic techniques and the application of specific pretreatments including ultrasound and ethanol. Hibiscus tea, known for its high content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, and blood pressure-lowering properties, making it a rich source of beneficial medicinal and nutritional compounds. In this study, fresh calyces of hibiscus tea were used for extraction, and the impact of different concentrations of osmotic solutions and ultrasound pretreatment in the presence of ethanol on the extraction yield of compounds was investigated. The results indicate that the combination of osmotic methods with ultrasound pretreatment and ethanol solvent significantly increases the yield of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The highest amount of these compounds was obtained from the EO50S treatment, which included a 50% sucrose osmotic solution combined with ultrasound and ethanol. This method demonstrated better performance due to the preservation of the antioxidant properties of the extracted materials, especially compared to conventional extraction methods. Additionally, the results of the principal component analysis showed that the methods EO50S, EO40S, and O40S exhibited the highest efficiency in extracting plant active compounds. Overall, the findings of this research suggest that osmotic methods combined with ultrasound and ethanol provide an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for extracting active compounds from hibiscus tea, and could be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries for extracting beneficial compounds from medicinal plants.
| Page 1 from 1 |