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Translated literature almost always involves a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. Such manipulations are imposed by the ‘patrons’ who try to regulate the relationship between the literary system and the other systems a society is composed of. Working on this fundamental  broadly-acknowledged assumption about translation, the present study aimed at identifying the concepts which are often manipulated in translated literature published in contemporary Iran. It also attempted to spot the manipulative strategies imposed on translations and the counter-manipulative strategies adopted by translators to sidestep those manipulations. Drawing on the findings of the the so-called ‘Manipulation School’ and Dukāte’s typology of manipulation strategies, it did a comparative analysis of the source texts and translated versions of four American novels recently published in Iran. The codification of the data revealed the frowned upon taboo concepts to be descriptions of, or references to, sexual activity, physical contact between the sexes, human body, extramarital relationships, swear words, prostitution, nudity, homoeroticism, alcoholic drinks and dancing. The most frequent manipulation strategies were 1) deletion of the taboo concepts, 2) substitution of the concepts with totally different concepts, and 3) attenuation of the forbidden words, that is to say, expressing them in a more polite, softer language. Although the manipulation mechanism is most effectively in place, the translators seemed to have occasionally applied creative strategies to evade the imposed manipulations. Such counter-manipulative strategies were classified as legitimization, archaism, use of less familiar words, degenderalization, denunciation and borrowing in this study.  

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In the not- too- distant past of the Great Iran, there were jobs being actually disappeared or deformed in some way. Since introducing those forgotten jobs can help us better understand the Iranian society of that time, in this article, the author has introduced a number of old guilds that are derived from Sayida Nasafi's urban poetry, the Persian –speaker poet of Tajikistan in the eleventh century. It should be said that these jobs selected from more than two hundred jobs introduced in Sayida Nasafi's poem, have been common in Safavid period. The results showed that by introducing the jobs that has named in her urban poetry this Persian-speaker poet, in fact, has sought to support the lower and depriving classes of society and his behavior was an implicit criticism of the government and social issues.

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The present study examined the translator’s agency on the basis of footnotes and notes written by contemporary Iranian literary translators. The purpose, in the first place, was to classify the content of the footnotes and notes, to find the reasons behind footnote writing, and to reveal patterns of annotation; attempts were then made to analyze the translator’s agency – i.e. their everyday work, activities, roles, as well as their own perception of their duties – on the basis of the data gathered in the first phase. The study, thus, proceeded to answer the following questions: 1) How can the content of the footnotes and notes by contemporary Iranian literary translators be classified? 2) What can be learned about the distribution and abundance of footnotes and the reasons behind footnote and note writing? And 3) How can one analyze literary translators’ agency on the basis of the collected data? Based on the findings of other studies (e.g. Paloposki, 2010), the following hypothesis was stated: the main reason behind footnote writing by Iranian literary translators is to explain the unknown aspects of the source culture to the target language reader and this turns the literary translator into an agent of intercultural communication. To answer the research questions, the footnotes and notes in 24 literary books translated and published recently in Iran were gathered and analyzed based on the model presented by Paloposki (2010). Meanwhile the publishers of the books were interviewed to make sure that the footnotes and notes were written by the translators and not by a different agent. The results showed that the content of the footnotes could be classified into two general groups: 1) explanations on the source language, culture, society and literature, 2) explanations concerning the translation of the work. A large number of footnotes and notes were found in the books examined in the study; on average, there were 2.95 notes on each page and 97.41 notes in each book. This large number of footnotes and notes can be explained with regard to the type of literature analyzed; as the books examined here were all examples of serious, canonized literature in their source cultures, the translators seemed to have strongly felt the need to include their footnotes to explain the unknown aspects of those cultures to the reader and to make the reading of the work an easier experience. The distribution and abundance of the footnotes and notes were very uneven; the number of footnotes and notes in books translated from Western languages (i.e. English, Spanish, Italian, French, German) was considerably larger than the notes found in books translated from Arabic. This can be justified on the basis of the cultural differences between the Iranian and Western cultures on the one hand, and the cultural similarities between the Iranian and Arabic cultures on the other; the translators of the Arabic books seemed to have mostly felt no need to write footnotes on cultural or religious events, since they felt that the reader was already familiar with such facts; on the contrary, the translators of the Anglo-American books sensed more cultural, social and religious differences between the source and target cultures, so they seemed to have provided more explanations in the form of footnotes and notes. The most important reasons behind footnote writing were the need to fill the cultural gap between the source and target societies as well as a willingness to help readers better understand the text and a tendency to justify the translators’ decisions and choices. The translators played the role of a bridge between cultures, a facilitator of intercultural communication, a critic, a teacher and a guide in different situations. The study showed that translators see literary translation as an activity which consists in attempts to explain different aspects of the texts in the form of footnotes and notes and consider their explanations as necessary to the understanding of the readers.

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Anchors play a special role in geotechnical structures such as excavations. The anchor section in soil is generally divided into five zones including reinforcement element, grout, grout and surrounding soil mixture, shear zone and soil media. The main objective of the present research is to determine the soil-anchor interaction parameters for numerical modeling of anchored wall using FLAC2D software. Basically, the injection area determining is the main challenge in the anchor force nomination. According to the proposed method, the diameter of the injected area is determined based on the injection pressure, grout volume, porosity and shear zone thickness. It is shown that the diameter of the injected area is approximately increased by 40% relatively to the drilling diameter. The diameter of the injected area in rock media, however, is equal to the drilling diameter. The other parameters are determined using equalization of rock media formulas for soil media. In order to ensure the validity of the proposed method, the pull-out test is numerically simulated in FLAC2D software. The numerical results have been then verified with anchor tension results in an excavation project. The results indicate that ultimate load of anchor calculated from the numerical model is comparable with equations proposed by many researches. Also, there is a negligible difference between the displacement obtained in numerical simulation and pull-out test results. This method is therefore can be used in numerical modeling of anchored wall in soil media with high precision. Anchors play a special role in geotechnical structures such as excavations. The anchor section in soil is generally divided into five zones including reinforcement element, grout, grout and surrounding soil mixture, shear zone and soil media. The main objective of the present research is to determine the soil-anchor interaction parameters for numerical modeling of anchored wall using FLAC2D software. Basically, the injection area determining is the main challenge in the anchor force nomination. According to the proposed method, the diameter of the injected area is determined based on the injection pressure, grout volume, porosity and shear zone thickness. It is shown that the diameter of the injected area is approximately increased by 40% relatively to the drilling diameter. The diameter of the injected area in rock media, however, is equal to the drilling diameter. The other parameters are determined using equalization of rock media formulas for soil media. In order to ensure the validity of the proposed method, the pull-out test is numerically simulated in FLAC2D software. The numerical results have been then verified with anchor tension results in an excavation project. The results indicate that ultimate load of anchor calculated from the numerical model is comparable with equations proposed by many researches. Also, there is a negligible difference between the displacement obtained in numerical simulation and pull-out test results. This method is therefore can be used in numerical modeling of anchored wall in soil media with high precision.

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Improvement of bearing capacity of existing foundations is of great significance. There exist many methods for practical purposes. Micropile is one of the most promising methods. Micropile is a replacement pile of small diameter (usually less than 300 millimeter) which is frequently reinforced using steel elements. To construct a micropile, steel reinforcement is placed in the borehole after drilling the borehole and subsequently the grout is injected into it. Micropiles transfer the structural loads to the deeper and stronger layers of the ground and confine settlement (similar to conventional pile foundations). They also improve the mechanical properties of soil layer such as density, bearing capacity, permeability and compressibility. Owing to their advantages, micropiles are widely used as foundations of new structures construction and also for reinforcing the foundation of existing structures. This research aims at experimental investigation of bearing capacity of foundations reinforced with micropiles under the condition of static loading. A small-scale physical model of a foundation reinforced with micropiles was developed and a series of static loading tests were carried out on. The model micropile-foundation was located on loose sand. Density of the underlying soil was kept almost uniform throughout the tests. The foundation model was circular and 100 mm and 5o mm in diameter and thickness, respectively. It was made from polyamide and considered to act as a rigid foundation during the loading owing to its material and thickness. This foundation was reinforced with a group of micropiles with 6 mm and 200 mm in diameter and length, respectively. These model micropiles were made from threaded steel bars. In order to mobilize friction, sand grains were glued to the surface of the micropiles. Various arrangements of micropiles including the number and inclination angle of micropiles were tested. From the comparative examination of the observed behavior of micropile foundations, the influence of micropiles’ arrangement on the mechanism and improvement of bearing capacity of foundation was investigated. Number of micropiles used in the group varied from 2 to 8. Micropiles were inclined at different angles (0°, 15°, 13°, 45° and 60°) to study its influence on the behavior of foundation reinforced with these elements. In order to quantitatively assess the degree of improvement in the bearing capacity of surface foundations reinforced with micropiles, an index R called “Network Index” was introduced in this study. The index R of unity means that the bearing capacity of foundations reinforced with micropiles is simply equal to the summation of the individual value of the surface foundation and that of the micropile group. There is an upward trend in the rate of index R when the number of micropiles is increased. On the other hand, in high numbers of micropiles used to reinforce the foundation, index R declines with increasing of inclination angle. In the case of micropiles with low-inclination-angle being implemented, bearing capacity is improved remarkably; an index R of 1.997 is achieved in this study where 8 micropiles inclined at an angle of 15° were used to reinforce the foundation.

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Copper chlorophyllin is a water soluble pigment and has a wide application in the drink industry. The aims of the research were, first to compare single and double step extraction of chlorophyll to achieve the highest yield, second to optimize the producing of copper chlorophyll complex and finally, to study the stability of copper chlorophyllin in mint drink at room and accelerated temperatures during time. First, the chlorophyll was extracted from grass by single and double step extraction and the optimum condition was determined. The effect of Cu concentration (0-200 % w/w), pH (3-9), temperature (40-100 ۫C) and time (15-180 min) on the greenness value (a*) was optimized. After saponification of the produced copper chlorophyll, water soluble copper chlorophyllin was produced. Finally, mint drink containing copper chlorophyllin was produced and its color stability was investigated at light/dark and room and accelerated temperatures (25 and 42 ۫C) during time. The results indicated that the highest yield of chlorophyll (590 mg/100 g d.m.) was obtained by double step extraction with the solvent/solid ratio of 10:1 (ml/g). The highest a* was obtained at cu concentration of 100 % at 80 ۫C during 60 min. Mint drink containing copper chlorophyllin was  stable at different conditions of light/darkness and room and accelerated temperatures but in the drink containing commercial copper chlorophyllin, this pigment was precipitated. 
 

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Jujube is a valuable plant which different parts of it are used at all over the world due to its therapeutic and nutritional properties. In order to preserving its valuable and functional fruits various preserving method have been investigated. The main objective of this study was the extraction of jujube extracts, evaluation of its phenolic contents and production of jujube powdered with an appropriate physicochemical properties. Firstly, the jujube with the aim of maximum amount of extract, extraction efficiency and phenolic content was extracted. Secondly, the extracted jujube extract was dried at three drying temperatures (150, 170 and 190°C) and three ratios of jujube extract to maltodextrin using spray drying method. The resulting powder was evaluated in terms of moisture content, water activity, particle size, color measurement, solubility, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, sensory evaluation and glass transition temperature. The effects of the drying temperatures and the ratios of jujube to maltodextrin on the properties of powder were significant. The drying optimum point with the aim of the least moisture content, water activity, antioxidant capacity and the most solubility, phenolic content, sensorial properties and glass transition temperature was determined. The drying optimum point was 170°C and the ratios of jujube extract to maltodextrin was 0.91.
 

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Physical modeling is one of the most applicable researching methods in Geotechnical Engineering. Physical models simulate Geotechnical Engineering phenomenon in small scale to evaluate the effect of different parameters on them. In geotechnical physical modeling, reaching to a targeted specific weight (γ) and Density Ratio (DR) for sand beds are important. Air pluviation is one of the most adoptable methods for preparation of uniform and repeatable sand beds of required density in physical modeling. In this method sand in a container falls from an opening bellow it through the air. With different openings, there are different types of air pluviation. It may consist of a single or multiple nozzles, single or multiple sieves or a narrow aperture that pours a sand curtain. A pluviator can be stationary or portable. Stationery pluviation is a traditional method that commonly used for preparing small samples. In this method the hopper is station and nozzle outlet is small and sand pours in a limit surface of sample, therefore uniformity of sand beds decreased. Also in the horizontal direction, stationary pluviation results in a great segregation in soils which contain fines. In a Travelling pluviator the hopper usually moves above the area of interest, in a certain pattern and the sand pours uniformly from nozzle or aperture in the sample or model box. This paper presents the details of a test series with a portable curtain rainer pluviator that has been developed for modeling the sand beds in model box in geotechnical laboratory in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The new portable sand pluviator has been designed and developed for preparation of sand beds in a box with large dimensions (1.8 m length, 0.4 m width, 0.8 heights). The main function of the pluviator was reproducing sand beds behind the wall in the model box. The apparatus consists of a hopper with a capacity about 20 kg which is placed on a rigid modular frame. The hopper frame is connected to a modular wheeled frame that could move back and forth longitudinally by a belt on a pair of rails. The modular frames could justify the height of sand fall during pluviation and keeps the sand fall height constant. The belt is connected to a series of gearwheels that moved by a stepping motor. The direction of motion is reversed automatically when certain steps of moving finished. The velocity of the hopper could be controlled in the range of 0.4 to 4 cm/s. The sand in the hopper exits from an aperture which is connected below the hopper and could be replaced. Different aperture widths used to change the deposition intensity. In these tests the Firoozkooh sand NO.161 used for calibration. The influence of different parameters such as Height of fall, sand flow Curtain velocity, sand curtain width and Sand deposition intensity (DI) evaluated on Relative Density (RD) of sand beds with obtaining several samples during calibration. As the results clearly shows, by increasing the velocity of container, decreasing the curtain thickness and increasing the height of fall, relative density will increase. The test results show the very good repeatability and uniformity in sand for physical models in a large domain of Relative densities (3% to 93%).

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In this research, the effects of solvent type, solvent to seed ratio, temperature and time of extraction on the yield, the color purity and the yield of bixin/ norbixin of annatto were studied. Central Composite Design with 4 parameters including of solvent type (acetone, NaOH and acetone-NaOH), solvent to seed ratio (1:1 to 5:1 ml/g), time (2-6 h) and temperature of extraction (25-65 ºC) in three levels (-1, 0 and +1) was employed. The results indicated that the quadratic model was significant for the yield of annatto and R2 = 0.915, indicating that 91.5 % of the change in the responses could be predicted by the fitted model. In addition, the temperature and time of extraction had no any significant effect on the extraction yield. The maximum yield was predicted by NaOH under the 46.41 ºC, 2.05 h and solvent to seed ratio of 5:1, which was 13.31 %. The quadratic model was significant for the color purity of annatto and R2 = 0.848. By changing the solvent from acetone to NaOH and increasing the solvent to seed ratio, the color purity increased. Furthermore, bixin/ norbixin yield, which is the weight ratio of bixin or norbixin to annatto seed, was determined and calculates as a comprehensive response. The most effective factor in the color change of annatto powder was determined as light and if it removed, using suitable packaging, it would be possible to maintain the best quality of the powder .Similar results were obtained regarding the stability of annatto dye in the whey powder.