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 Flow characteristics and rheological parameters of “Malas Yazdi” pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice were investigated using rotational viscometer at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70ºC) and concentrations (12, 22, 32, 42 and 52º Brix). The experimental data had the best fitness with Herschel-Bulkley model and the values of flow behavior index (n) varied between 0.97 and 1.45 at all temperatures and concentrations, revealing the shear thickening nature of pomegranate juice. The activation energy of flow (E_a) calculated with respect to apparent viscosity at 40 rpm increased from 9.07 to 24.05 kJ mol^-1 as the juice concentration increased from 12 to 52º Brix. Power equation indicated that consistency coefficient increased non-linearly with concentration increase. A mathematical model was developed to describe the influence of temperature and soluble solids on the consistency coefficient of pomegranate juice for the studied conditions.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pasteurization temperatures and cold shelf storage on chemical, microbial, and quality characteristics functional milk-carrot drinks. For this purpose, milk-carrot drinks based on cow milk were prepared with different concentration of carrot juice (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) and pasteurized at 65, 70, and 75 °C for 30 min. Physicochemical characteristic such as total acidity, pH, Sugar (total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar), total protein, coliform, pasteurization efficiency, stability, phase separation, and sensory parameters were measured during storage times (1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 d) at 4 °C. The results indicated that total acidity and pH of milk-carrot samples pasteurized at 70 °C had lower variation than other treatments during cold shelf. The highest non-reducing sugar content was belong to 50% carrot juice (75 °C) at 13 d and the highest reducing sugars was observed  at 4 d for all samples in pasteurization temperatures were. Pasteurization temperatures and storage time had not significant effect on total protein of samples with different carrot juice content. Pasteurization efficiency test showed that all of the pasteurization temperature-time treatments could completely inactivated alkaline phosphatase enzyme. But in coliform test, samples with 50% carrot juice (65 °C) at 13 d and 30% carrot juice (75 °C) at 13 d showed 3 and 12 colonies respectively. Stability test and phase separation indicated that all treatments during cold shelf had necessary stability. Sensory evaluation determined that samples containing 40 and 50% carrot juice had the highest total acceptation. I t could be concluded that the optimum  conditions for functional milk-carrot drink formulation, pasteurization and storage time for milk-carrot drink were 40 and 50% carrot juice substitution, 70 °C pasteurization and 10 d cold shelf stability respectively.

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Powdered activated carbon has high adsorption capacity with the remarkable nonpolar surface. The surface forces (van der Waal’s and London) create a stronger attraction between the carbon surface and impurities in comparison to present molecules in dilute molasses. The aim of the study was to adsorb types of impurities such as colorants, turbidity agents, phenolic compounds, anthocyanin and protein of dilute molasses (35% sugar beet dilute molasses) using powdered activated carbon at 4 levels (0.61, 0.78, 1.13, and 1.83 g 100g-1 dilute molasses) at pH 4.5. Further, Freundlich and Longmuir sorption isotherm models were evaluated to predict reduction of impurities. The results of equilibrium isotherms based on the coefficient of determination and adsorption capacity exhibited that the adsorption of impurities such as colorants (R² = 0.9605 and K_f = 5.0794), phenolic compounds (R² = 0.7605 and K_f = 0.9755) and protein (R² = 0.9679 and K_f = 1.9314) didn’t follow from Freundlich model. Turbidity agents and anthocyanin didn’t follow any of the studied models.

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The aim of study was to produce gluten-free cake for celiac patients using Ajowan powder and to increases of its nutritional value and improve its textural properties. For this purpose, Ajowan powder  at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% levels was added into gluten-free cake formulation and their effects were evaluated on nutritional (fiber, water activity, phenolic compounds, flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity), and technological characteristics (color, porosity and microstructure and hardness) of cake. According to obtained results, the use of Ajowan powder caused an increase in fiber content and water activity of gluten-free cake. Also, the porosity of the samples increased with increasing the amount of Ajowan powder. Color parameters of the cake crumb showed that increasing the amount of Ajowan powder caused a decrease in brightness index (L*), an increase in redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). By increasing the Ajowan powder level to 15%, the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as the antioxidant activity of the samples increased 8.9, 14.3 and 4.1 time more than control sample, respectively. Moreover, cake hardness increased with increasing Ajowan powder level during 14 days of storage, but it was not evident in low levels of Ajowan powder. 15% Ajowan powder and control samples had highest (0.89 N( and lowest (0.13N) hardness, respectively. Sensory evaluation performed by the panelists also showed that the overall acceptability was higher at samples treated with 3 and 6% of Ajowan powder than other samples. Finally, the sample containing 6% of Ajowan powder was introduced as the best sample.

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The purpose of clarification pomegranate juice by ultrafiltration process was its effect on bioactive compounds and degradation of bio-colorants during processing. For this aim, the effect of temperatures (20 and 30°C) and pressures (1.5, 2 and 2.5 bar) on anthocyanin, phenol, tannin and color indices were investigated. The results showed that the applied treatments significantly reduced anthocyanin in pomegranate juice. Treatments of 20°C-2 bar and 30°C-2 bar with 2.8 and 14.34% had the lowest and highest decrease in anthocyanin content, respectively. All treatments applied significantly reduced the total phenol content of pomegranate juice by 15-28-27%. Treatments of 20°C-2 bar and 30°C-2 bar with 6563.6 and 5696.9 mg/L had the highest and lowest phenols, respectively. The total tannin content for 20ºC and 30°C was 700.6 and 746.7 mg/L, respectively. The rate of reduction was between 39.34% for 1.5 bar-30°C treatment and 49.7% for 2.5 bar-20°C treatment. The total color density at 20°C and 30ºC was 1.09 and 1.17, respectively. Due to the rapid degradation of anthocyanins and tannins at high temperatures and generation of dark brown pigments, the total color density increased. The rate of tannin color reduction was between 39.34% for 1.5 bar-30°C treatment and 49.7% for 2.5-bar-20°C treatment. It was concluded that the effect of membrane process on tannin color reduction (45%) was more than anthocyanin color (23%). Regarding the browning index of permeation, the highest and lowest decreases equal to 34.45 and 19.88% were related to 2.5 bar-20°C and 2 bar-30°C, respectively.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sodium glutamate pretreatment, as a substrate, on the production of gamma aminobutyric acid during wheat germination. For this purpose, wheat grains (Alvand variety) were treated with different amounts of sodium glutamate (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg^-1) during 72 h germination. Physical properties (such as germinated seed weight, number of germinated seeds and germination length) and bioactive compounds contents (such as gamma aminobutyric acid, total flavonoids, total phenols and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH) were measured at 24, 48 and 72 h time intervals. The results showed that germinated seed weight and number of germinated seeds increased with increase of sodium glutamate concentration and germination time. Also, the total flavonoids contents decreased in all samples during germination time and the increase of glutamic acid did not have a significant effect on its amount. The highest levels of total phenol, gamma aminobutyric acid and antioxidant capacity were observed in the sample treated with 150 mg kg^-1 on the first day of germination equal to 4589 μg GAE g^-1, 303 mg 100 g-1 and 57%, respectively. In all treatments, the amount of these compounds did not change significantly during germination time (p >0.05). Finally, it was concluded that the 24 hours germination time and the 150 mg kg-1 glutamate was the most appropriate treatment to increase the biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid and anatioxidant activity in germinated wheat grains.
 

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In this study, bee pollen at different levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) was added to the gluten-free cake containing corn starch and the samples were evaluated in terms of physiochemical and technological properties. The results showed that the addition of bee pollen had no significant effect on the consistency of the batter (p < 0.05). However, it reduced the pH and increased the density and specific gravity of the batter. Cake volume was increased from 104.7 mL in the control to 112.3 mL in 6% pollen sample and then decreased significantly (p < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for specific volume. The height of cake loaf was 5.3 cm in control that was decreased to 4.7 cm in 15% pollen cake. Incorporating bee pollen reduced baking loss, so the sample with 15% pollen had the lowest baking loss. Moreover, adding pollen to the gluten-free cake was associated with an increase in moisture, ash and browning index values and a decrease in its water activity. The porosity and microstructure analysis showed that addition of bee pollen increased cake porosity (from 20.3 to 30.8%) and the average cell area of the samples (from 5.1 to 14.7 per cm²) in comparison with control sample. In addition, sensory analysis showed that cakes containing 6 and 9% pollen had the highest overall acceptance compared to other samples. Therefore, medium levels of bee pollen can be used to produce functional gluten-free cakes with desirable sensory and technological characteristics.
 

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In this study, the effect of adding different amounts of honey bee pollen (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) on quality characteristics, bioactive compounds and shelf life of corn starch-based gluten-free cakes was investigated. The results showed that the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as antioxidant activity of the samples increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing the percentage of bee pollen. The phenolic compounds were increased from 2.79 to 11.83 mg GAE g-¹, free radical scavenging power was increased from 17.8 to 25.8%, and flavonoid compounds were increased from 0.316 to 0.450 mg RUE g-¹ in cakes enriched with highest percent of bee pollen incorporation. Cake crumb firmness was decreased in cakses stored at ambient temperature with increasing bee pollen percentage upon staorge time. The highest and lowest firmness values on day 14 were related to 15% and 3% treatments with 0.16 and 0.20 N, respectively. However, storage inside refrigerator caused the cake samples to harden with increasing pollen percentage upon storage time, and the highest firmness value of 0.23 N was obtained on day 14 for 15% sample. Increasing the amount of bee pollen to 15% decreased the brightness index (L) from 61.6 to 50.0, the redness index (a) from -7.00 to -2.33, and the yellowness index (b) from 39 to 48. Incorporating bee pollen significantly increased the shelf life of samples in the case of resistance to mold apperance. The control and 15% cake samples had the lowest and highest resistance to mold growth, respectively.

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The consumption of fermented milk products, including yogurt, has been increased dramatically as people become aware of the functional and health resources. Quinoa seeds have recently received more attention due to their favorite nutritional properties and high content of protein, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and essential vitamins. Therefore, in this study, the fortification of beneficial yogurt with quinoa and its effect on physicochemical and microbial and organoleptic properties of product were investigated. Flour of quinoa seeds were added to yogurt milk at three levels (2, 4, and 6%). A sample of each treatment is selected every week and were analysed with respect to physicochemical (texture, pH, acidity, dry matter, hydration, etc.), microbial (starter count and yeast mold), and sensory properties compering to control samples. Based on the results of physicochemical tests, addition of quinoa flour significantly reduced syneresis, pH, and increased acidity, dry matter, viscosity, fiber, fat, and ash contents. The evaluation of color of samples showed that L index decreased while a and b indexes increased significantly with increasing the percentage of quinoa flour. On the other hand, the starters counts increased in fortified samples due to the nutrients of quinoa. Sensory properties were not significantly different between fortified and control sample except of texture that was improved with quinoa addition. The results of this study showed that the use of quinoa flour in stirred yogurt can led to producing a product with desirable and functional characteristics.

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The aim of this study is to investigate aqueous extraction process as a safe and environmentally friendly method for extracting oil from flaxseed. For this purpose, flaxseeds were first roasted (at 120 °C for 45 minutes), then ground and the extraction process was performed. In the aqueous extraction process, temperature (25-70 ° C), time (1.5-5.5 hours) and pH (4-7) conditions were applied and qualitative characteristics (acid value, peroxide value and oil extraction yield) were measured. The results showed that, with increasing extraction time and temperature, the obtained oil yield also increased, so that the maximum yield related to extraction time of 3 hours, extraction temperature of 70 °C and pH=4. Also acid and peroxide values increased by increase of the extraction time and temperature. According to the results of the acid value, peroxide value and extraction oil yield, extraction at 70 °C, 2.45 h and pH=4 was selected as the optimal treatment and quality characteristics of the extracted oil was evaluated during storage. The results showed that, chlorophyll, carotenoids and total phenol content significantly decreased (p≤0.05) during storagemouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">[U1] . Also, acid and peroxide values had a significant increase during storage (p≤0.05) and the maximum observed at 60th day storage. It was concluded that aqueous extraction of oil from flaxseed despite its relatively low efficiency, improved quality characteristics and can be a good alternative to conventional methods.