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Tense plays an important and determining role in human verbal communication; therefore, one of the things that should be addressed in language teaching is the discussion of time and ways to recognize it. Considering the role and importance of grammatical tense recognition in language learning and the lack of related research regarding Persian language learning, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the role of available cues in sentences to recognize grammatical tense by Chinese Persian learners of beginner and advanced levels; For this purpose, 49 Persian learners of Chinese language were selected by available sampling method and divided into two groups of Chinese language beginner (26) and advanced (23) based on the level determination test. The instruments used in this research were two tests in two stages; In the first stage, by using the sentence recognition test, the subjects marked the time of the sentences they heard in the answer sheet, and in the second stage, the same test was performed; with the difference that in this test, the sentences did not have time adverbs. The results of this research showed that the subjects of the beginner Chinese language meaningfully used lexical clues when recognizing the time of the sentence, and the subjects of the advanced level simultaneously used two lexical clues and present tense. Regarding the role of gender, the results showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and the ability to understand sentence time. The results of this research can be useful for language learners, teachers, and producers of educational content and also for test designers.
 

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The current research aims to investigate the universality of the language by examining the perception of Persian learners in recognition of subject position according to the theory of input processing and the principle of the first noun from this theory. The first noun principle indicates that language learners consider the noun or pronoun that comes at the beginning of the sentence as the subject of the sentence.The participants in this research are 70 Persian language learners at elementary (23 participants), intermediate (23 participants) and advanced (24 participants) levels in the Persian language learning center of Al-Zahra University. Using Friedman et al.'s (2004) executive method, this study has examined the principle of the first noun as a predictable path in the education of Persian learners. In this direction, a test has been designed on Google Forms, and Persian learners have participated in two different implementations of this test in a time interval of 5 months. In both of its implementations, this test included 15 sentences that the language learners had to connect to the related pictures after hearing the sentences. In order to characterize the perception of the participants from the position of the subject, 8 sentences in the second sentence were put into the passive form. The results of this study have shown that the change of sentences in the second implementation of the test caused an increase in errors in the response rate of language learners and this was reported higher in elementary language learners than in other groups.

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Early maladaptive schemas are mentally dysfunctional patterns that are formed since birth following the unfulfillment of human needs. The purpose of this research is to discover the relationship between the early maladaptive schemas of the fourth domain and their coping styles with direct and indirect requests. In general, 18 schemas are formed as a result of five needs not being thoroughly fulfilled in humans. In this research, only the schemas of the fourth domain, are discussed and investigated. Each person copes with their schemas in three different ways. In this research, two coping styles, surrendering and compensation, are examined. To collect data, the request style questionnaire, designed by the researcher, the Young Parenting Inventory (YSQ), and the compensation questionnaires of Young (2003) were handed out online. The participants, 73 males, and 169 females were born from 1981 to 1996, held bachelor's or master's degrees, and lived with both their parents until the age of 18. First, the request-style questionnaire was examined qualitatively according to the theory of Brown and Levinson (1987), and then the research data were analyzed using inferential statistics. According to the findings, the compensation style of domain four schemas has a direct relationship with the direct request, and the surrender style of domain four schemas has a direct relation with the indirect request. Also, gender does not affect direct or indirect request-making.

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Earthquake is one of the major natural hazards which specifically makes cities of developing countries more vulnerable to probable earthquakes in comparison to developed countries. Tehran as the biggest and most populated city of Iran due to the active faults in the vicinity of it and its high population and constructional density has great vulnerability to probable earthquakes. The territory of Accessibility Network has a significant role in earthquake vulnerability reduction, so if the Accessibility Network can be ordered according to standard principal of urban planning, the vulnerability can be decreased. To obtain this purpose the environmental assessment is the basis element and there are lots of different methods and techniques. Present paper with emphasis to the studies in the observed field(Located in the 6th district of Tehran Municipality) and the presented conceptual framework, which is a composition of Analytical Hierarchy Process, Fuzzy logic, Network Analyst and Probability Function; analyses the probable vulnerability due to relevant factors to Accessibility Network in the case of earthquake.  The proposed model represents an explicit and intelligible frame based on the available information for the earthquake vulnerability assessment due to access base criteria. Using this model provides a proper and scientific basis for the accurate perception of access to these vital centers during and after probable earthquakes. The outgoing in the mode of map, chart and graph illustrate the resultant condition of parcels in the studied area. The produced vulnerability map can be used in site selections of these centers and vulnerability reduction programs by relevant organs such as Crisis Management Center, Emergency centers, Fire stations, Municipalities and etc.

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The scientific view and analysis of folk culture causes to the understanding and recognition of nature of internal elements and factors in fluential in the process of oral culture. Storytelling is one of the oldest forms of oral folk literature. In ancient times, the storytellers used to transfer their history, traditions, religion, customs, heroism, and ethnic Pride from one generation to other generation. Basically, the story is created and objected when it is quoted from the language of its narrator. The storyteller or narrator finds his/her ego in the story, and in order to attract the reader or listener, employs the best of his/ her artistic taste and talent to help to further define the story. This cause changes in the structure and content of the story. The present study explores the role of story teller in the formation of the story, and seeks to find the teasons encouraging to make changes in course of creating a story. A note worthy point obsersved the authors during the recording and collecting the collecting the Amureh stories within the last two decades is that there are a huge lurden of various narrations of a single story due to the multiplicity of story tellers and their possible manipulation of the story.

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Political systems play a decisive role in the spatial growth and development of cities. The political role of governments in various ways can be effective in this important matter and over the past decades has played a role in both policy and allocation of scarce resources, including urban land. Kerman from 1307 to 1357 has an area of 8 km² and a population of 140761 people, which from 1357 to 1395 has expanded to 140 km² and has reached a population of 537718 people. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of politics on the spatial development of Kerman after the Islamic Revolution. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical. Data collection is based on library, documentary, and field methods, and GIS and SPSS software and spatial development analysis models were used to analyze the data. The results of the Shannon entropy model showed that the Kerman city in recent years has been a spatial expansion. This subject was happened in Kerman in recent years, especially in 1390, when the estimated entropy value is equal to 1.46. Furthermore, considering that the maximum Ln (4) = 1/38, it indicates the spatial development of this city in a spiral. Moreover, library data and the results of the T-test showed that political decisions after the Islamic Revolution of 1957 in the country, have affected the physical-spatial development of Kerman.

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Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) is the most economically destructive wood pest in structures in Khuzestan province (Iran). Chemicals such as essential oils and plant extracts that are compatible with the environment and have high potential to be used in integrated pest management programs are extremely important resources. This study evaluated contact and digestive toxicity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehneh. (Myrtaceae)essential oil in no-choice and choice bioassays and feeding inhibition trials on M. diversus. Concentrations of the essential oil ranged from 0.3 to 1.6%. The results of the choice tests and feeding inhibition trial showed that the essential oil could act as a repellent at 0.7% concentration. Concentrations used in these tests resulted in mortality of termites, and a direct relationship between concentration and mortality was observed. The essential oil also increased the mortality of termites at concentrations higher than 0.7%. Termite feeding decreased with increase in concentration. Due to the ability of termites to choose the untreated filter-paper in the choice trial, values of LT and LC, were higher than in no-choice trials. The highest effects of Eucalyptus essential oil (≈100% mortality) was obtained by the concentration 1.6%. Overall, this study reveals that Eucalyptus essential oil may be suggested as an effective toxicant with suitable contact and digestive toxicity on M. diversus.  

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This study attempts to evaluate one of the language use differences among women and men according to the Dominance Theory. The main purpose of the study is thus to investigate speech interruption as the participatory dominance factor based on the Dominance Theory in the Persian community and three affecting factors on interruption (direct statements, subject deviation and verbs and adverbs of uncertainty). Speech interruption and three affecting factors on interruption have been evaluated in the single and cross-sex societies. The data required were obtained from 40 two-stage interviews (10 men and 10 women students in the age range of 18-24 years). The men and women of this study in single and cross-sex societies, based on speech interruption factor, showed different linguistic behaviors and the linguistic representation of gender-based attitude in the Persian community was tangible. The relationship of each affecting factor on interruption with interruption was determined. The findings suggest that the framework provided by Dominance Theory in Persian community is inefficient.        

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Literary translations have developed in accordance with the essence of interactions in which the role of addressee has become much more important. Procedures such as clarification and adaptation have gained a particular place since they have included the importance of addressee and appropriateness of discourse in translation. However, the place of adaptation and its effect on literary translation have remained ambiguous. There may arise a question that whether local and global characteristics of adaptation can also be applied to a literary translation. If the answer is positive, which of the adaptation techniques enjoys a higher distribution? This article is an attempt to provide answers for these questions. It further tries to investigate the Persian translation of Pride and Prejudice novel based on Bastin (2009) taxonomy in order to find the ways adaptation has been used. The results showed that the translator has used local and global features of adaptation to better represent the writer’s message and, at the same time, to keep the beauty and effectiveness of the discourse in a way that global features outweigh local ones in their applicability. Likewise, although the translator has remained faithful to the main passages, situational equivalence and expansion are two adaptation techniques, which have been used mostly in the translation of paragraphs. In other words, for translating the text, the translator has kept the meaning but, for creating effectiveness and beauty of the discourse, adaptation proves essential.  

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Aim: Mental health is especially important in some occupations with harsh work conditions requiring strong personal and mental capacities. Healthcare related are jobs among such occupations. Therefore, psychological and subjective well-being is especially important in staff working in the healthcare sector. The aim of the present study is to assess whether gratitude training affects psychological and subjective well-being in hospital staffs.
Methods: This semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test was performed in 2014 in 5 hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The total of 70 staff was randomly divided into two groups by convenience sampling method, using random block allocation. Afterwards, the participants in the experiment group had 10 group sessions of 90 minutes of gratitude training, while the control group did not receive any interventions. All participants completed Ryff‟s Scale of Psychological Well Being, Subjective Happiness Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Gratitude Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (Covariance) and SPSS software (version 18).
Findings: According to research results, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of psychological well-being, domains of psychological well-being, subjective well-being, and gratitude between the two groups at baseline. Gratitude training significantly affected all domains of psychological well-being (except for autonomy) and subjective well-being.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that gratitude training would be effective in enhancing psychological well-being and subjective well-being. These findings were discussed in the context of developing effective gratitude training for enhancing the psychological and subjective well-being.

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Unwritten Fictions & Folk_tales which have ecological & religious theme in them, help us for finding some Cultural & Social roots that is affected in inner layers of these Fictions & Folk_tales. The tablecloth of Wahmaru's story belongs to people who live in Khoramshah of Yazd & it shows their whishes, desires & culture of this small group. In parallel of the tablecloth of Wahmaru's story is occurred votive tablecloth by landlord who wants to thank god for keeping god's vow. The hero's fiction is a Prince Charming who is under a charm & he was changed with white snake. His talisman breaks that he gets married & swears his wife to secrecy and silence for seven years. This Folk_tale has strong symbolic layers & unity aspects with old & traditional legends in Persian Culture & Literature. Writers tried to find symbolic layers which are hided in this deep_steated Tablecloth of Wahmaru's story. Key words: 1. the tablecloth of Wahmaru; 2.grils; 3.snake; 4.mystic

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Aim: The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of Gottman's theory-based training on the reduction of couples' marital conflict and marital instability.
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with the pretest-posttest control-group design, and the population of this study was comprised of all the married couples in Shiraz, Iran in 2015-16. They were selected by the convenience sampling method, and after the interview, and were randomly assigned into two (28) groups. To collect the data, descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency and frequency percentage, as well as inferential statistics including analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and (ANCOVA) were used to test the hypotheses. Subsequently, the experimental group was given the considered training during 7 sessions, and the questionnaires were, finally, completed again by both groups.
Findings: Based on the findings of this study, Gottman's theory-based training has had a significant effect (α=0.05) on the reduction of marital conflict and marital instability of married couples.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Gottman's theory-based intervention is able to reduce the level of marital conflict and its components and marital instability significantly in the experimental group.

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Different people have different perceptions of physical space where movement and rest occur. In this regard, perception of three-dimensional space from the point of view of stationary and moving observers can be analyzed from different perspectives including the observer's favorable or unfavorable perception, persistency and recall capability of the perceived space, the influence of different design variables on the perception, etc. But one of the most important issues which has not attracted due attention in this area and will form the subject of the present study is that of deliberate distortions in the "perception of subjective depth and distance" of a path or space. Indeed, by using the perception of depth and distance and the deliberate distortions in the field of urban design, designers will be able to change this perception experience via informed arrangement of spatial qualities as appropriate in line with the overall design objectives. This way, they can represent a route as shorter or longer than its actual conditions in the minds of observers and users of space. In this paper, among various theoretical approaches about the human visual system function in relation to the perception of depth and distance, cue approach is discussed due to greater emphasis given to it in scientific literature published in recent years as well as its comprehensive theoretical perspective. Based on this approach, in the first part of this article, an attempt has been made to review and analyze the most significant components affecting the perception of depth and distance using a scientific approach via urban design perspective. These components can be integrated or reduced in order to directly control the relative amount of depth and distance perception in the physical space. In the second part, deliberate distortions and their application in design of physical-spatial structures of urban environment in a practical approach are discussed. Upon on the purpose of the study it is based on applied research. Due to complexity of depth and distance perception, we used the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research as the methodology. Keywords: Urban Design, Perceptual Depth and Distance, Cue Approach, Deliberate Distortions, Practical Optical Illusions

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Aims: Cities and their surrounding areas provide the ground for creating opportunities. Moreover, these places reveal systematic socio-economic fault lines, gaps, inequalities, and structural poverty. Cities are centers where ecosystems cross their functional thresholds and reinforce inequalities and vulnerabilities with increasing demands and pressures on limited natural resources. Therefore, it is time to move quickly from the extraction-based model in the last century to a renewable, flexible, and nature-based model which accepts the limitations of our world. 

Methods: Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept of productive city as a novel concept in the theoretical field of urban planning using the systematic review method based on a four-stage model via formulating the search strategy of papers and search process considering terms of productive city, productive urban planning, urban productivity and nature city in the top citation databases. In total, 214 papers were identified from 2013 to 2022 in the initial search, 68 of which were selected as eligible for deeper investigation and response to the research questions. 
Findings: This research indicate since adapting to the effects of climate change and resilience against environmental hazards requires a long-term perspective based on understanding nature. 
Conclusion: applying the concept of the productive city as a nature-based approach, guaranteeing social regeneration, economic and ecological sustainability, and functional-spatial continuity of cities in facing the upcoming challenges and environmental hazards, and reduce the pressures on natural resources. Furthermore, this seems necessary in contemporary urban development plans.

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Different people have different perceptions of physical space where movement and rest occur. In this regard, perception of three-dimensional space from the point of view of stationary and moving observers can be analyzed from different perspectives including the observer›s favorable or unfavorable perception, persistency and recall capability of the perceived space, the influence of different design variables on the perception, etc. But one of the most important issues which has not attracted due attention in this area and will form the subject of the present study is that of deliberate distortions in the «perception of subjective depth and distance» of a path or space. Indeed, by using the perception of depth and distance and the deliberate distortions in the field of urban design, designers will be able to change this perception experience via informed arrangement of spatial qualities as appropriate in line with the overall design objectives. This way, they can represent a route as shorter as or longer than its actual conditions in the minds of observers and users of space. In this paper, among various theoretical approaches about the human visual system function in relation to the perception of depth and distance, cue approach is discussed due to greater emphasis given to it in scientific literature published in recent years as well as its comprehensive theoretical perspective. Based on this approach, in the first part of this article, an attempt has been made to review and analyze the most significant components affecting the perception of depth and distance using a scientific approach via urban design perspective. These components can be integrated or reduced in order to directly control the relative amount of depth and distance perception in the physical space. For example, the first part of the present article addressed the influence of light, color, perspective etc. On depth perception. Obviously, if we can exaggerate the natural conditions of these signs via representation and re-design, we will be able to bring about a deliberate change in depth and distance. Indeed, measures such as taking advantage of oval forms in flooring instead of circular ones, making informed changes in the perspective view of a pathway or set of buildings, using purposeful color palettes and planned lighting and the like can leave a significant impact on depth and distance perception. In the second part, deliberate distortions and their application in design of physical-spatial structures of urban environment in a practical approach are discussed. In sum, based on discussions presented in this paper, it can be said that the relative contribution of each of structural features of a space, semantic features of visual scene and other factors in the formation of distance and depth perception errors is not known. Moreover, we still cannot consider a desired visual scene and determine whether there are spatial perception errors in memory. Such predictions will not be possible until we have richer and more objective words at hand to describe many possible spatial relationships between the observer and the elements in front of him, as well as the three-dimensional spatial structures.Such terms can form the basis for testing and describing the effects of different variables on perception issues. As mentioned in the article, practical application of depth and distance design and deliberate distortions in urban design can enable designers to change this perceptual experience. This will be possible via informed arrangements of spatial-physical qualities in a direct manner and proportional to the overall design purposes so that a pathway is perceived by observers and users shorter or longer than it is. On the other hand, whether a space appears deep or shallow is in direct association with its perceived length and in turn, its perceived time. This has not received due attention in practical urban design studies. It is obvious that there is a relationship between the environment and the length of perceived time, but what should be pursued in future urban design studies is how people›s physical - behavioral actions are influenced by this relationship. Such findings can be used to meet many non-physical goals in a project. Thus, knowing aboutthe effects of physical-spatial dimensions on depth and distance perception, and thus on the pedestrians› perceived time, a designer will be able to make a short - but the important in commercial, touristic, and cultural terms- path appear longer than it is to observers. The influence can lead to a greater emphasis on the path importance and the likelihood of unconscious pauses therein, and can enhance the formation of longer-lasting mental images and memories in pedestrians› minds. On the other hand, when an urban designer has to decide on the layout and design of a long corridor, he/she can take advantage of distorting the observers› perception and perceived time to make their perceived path shorter. This, in turn, will decrease their mental fatigue, desire to change path, and inattention to activities, functions and structures towards the end of the path. On the other hand, based on what was mentioned in the present article, when we move through a space, scales and level of details of objects are variable in our experience proportional to our distance from them. Thus, our perception of an object in space varies by our distance from it, our speed and the amount of time we allocate to see a particular scene. In this regard, urban design can impose dramatic changes on the observers› perception of depth in a space through deliberate distortions in their views and perspectives. In fact, when the observer›s perception of depth changes, the arrangement and layout of various components in space can appear compressed or expanded to him/her. This compression and expansion can be deliberately applied to strengthen or weaken spatial definition in a specific physical structure. When an observer moves through a space, he/she can experience a variation and fluctuation, not only among the various levels of vision, but also among perceived deep and shallow spaces. Such fluctuation can add to the richness of movement experience in urban spaces. Upon on the purpose of the study it is based on applied research. Due to complexity of depth and distance perception, we used the combination of exploratory and descriptive-analytical research as the methodology. contrasts with usual expectations, which thinks that the telecommunications and virtual spaces can reduce the demand for spatial mobility and it’s infrastructures- but also means that the simultaneous increase in inter-regional functional relations (both electronic and physical communications) between Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya metropolitan areas. Following this, with developing the functional integration between these areas, the distinction of previous boundaries has been faced with many difficulties. Therefore, this situation can cause to the rise of Japanese Mega city-region, named as “TOKAIDO” the greatest spatial unit in the hurt of japan. This fact may signify the rising of new possible changes in the future of urban and regional spatial structure and provide a situation in which, the current urban planning and management methods -based on industrial age spatial principals- face with many challenges. So, the restructuring of urban policy and planning in the information age may be inevitable

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Archetypal criticism is one of the contemporary literary criticism main approaches which discovers the nature and characteristics of the myths and archetypes and their role in literature. This article tries to carry out archetypal criticism of “The story of Amir Arsalan” according to the Jung’s individuation theory. As the hero searching progress and perfection and finding his archetype, Amir Arsalan begins journey and awakes by seeing the image of Farrokhlega (his anima) and achieves new levels of awareness. By passing of the persona archetype he can eliminate the shadow and get married and unify with anima (Farrokhlega) by the help of the wise old man and ends his individuation process and finally, he achieves his archetype. However, he experiences death and rebirth archetypes as revival of life and inner revolution by entering to cave and well- indicating return to fetus period(ritual death)-leaving there as the secret of rebirth.

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Aims: People usually experience the different ranges of mood states, and the combination of their emotional pretention is great in the same rate. The aim of this study was to compare the theory of mind and false beliefs in patients with major depression disorder, bipolar disorder I, II and healthy individuals.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive comparative study, 90 patients bedridden in Ostad Moharari Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, in 2013-2014, including 30 patients with major depression disorder, 30 patients with bipolar disorder I, and 30 patients with bipolar disorder II were selected by purposive sampling method. Thirty healthy individuals were also selected as a control group. "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test and “Unexpected transfer task” test were used and the data were analyzed, by SPSS 19 software, using MANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.
Findings: The theory of mind in the studied groups was significantly different (P=0.001, F_{(6, 230)}=7.1) in a way that it was significantly different between the major depression group and bipolar disorder I, II with the healthy group (p=0.001), But there was no significant difference among other three groups (p>0.05). The false belief showed no specific difference among 4 groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The score of theory of mind in the healthy group is higher than the major depression group and bipolar disorder I, II groups. However, there is no difference in the theory of mind among other three groups. Also, there is no difference in false belief among 4 groups.

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The genus Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville is belonging in the subfamily Thripinae with only one species in Iran. Here, the second species, T. eucharii (Whetzel) is newly recorded from the country. Male and female specimens of this species have been collected on the flowers of Ixiolirion tataricum (Amaryllidaceae) from Ilam province (west of Iran).

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  This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.