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Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has always been interest of readers, and many authors have tried to imitate it. Like other Iranian orators, the Kurd poets have recreated different stories of Shahnameh with innovations and sometimes translations. No doubt, the introduction and thinking of the epic verses after Shahnameh can expose some of the important issues of this valuable work and be effective on the morale of unity and patriotism among Iranian ethnic groups; therefore, in this study, we first introduced the verse of "Kordish Shahmghal and Rostam" and then compared it with the narration of " Shahnameh's Rostam and Shaghad", Salby's historical narratives, Toomar Naghali Shahnameh, Haft Lashkar, and Ferdowsinameh.

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The significant reduction of bollworm infestation by the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Bt Cotton as a component of IPM led to reduction in bollworm infestation and increase in yield. However, these alterations have brought in many new biotic problems hitherto unknown or of little economic importance. Field survey of rainfed Bt cotton fields in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India during 2008-2014 revealed that the incidence of various insect pests and plant diseases is on the rise in different Bt cotton hybrids. In 2008-2009, it was observed that the Bt cotton was damaged by cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley), green mirid bug (Creontiades biseratance Distant) and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) which caused severe yield losses. In addition to that, other pests like papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink) and Alternaria leaf spot caused more damage in Bt cotton during 2009-10. Besides these pests, the mirid bug (Campyloma livida Reuter), stripped mealybug (Ferrissia virgata Ckll), tobacco streak virus, grey mildew Ramularia areola and boll rot incidence in Bt cotton were noticed in 2010-12. Apart from this pest and disease problems, the Alterrnaria leaf blight, root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina Maubl) and Myrothecium leaf spot caused severe yield losses in Bt cotton during 2012-2014. The survey revealed that, the pests and disease problems are increasing year by year in Bt cotton which caused yield reduction and also increased the cost of cultivation. If left unchecked these pests and disease problems are capable of undoing all benefits gained due to Bt cotton in terms of increased yield and reduction in use of chemical pesticides.

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Ali Reza Barikloo Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, Tehran University  Gender is one of the important factors which has effect on the possessing of somrights. Therefore, if a person changes her gender, it is necessary to consider that what effect this change has on his or hos or her rights. If the rights of such person are resulting from a contract; in this case the role of gender in the contract must be considered; if it has an essential role, the contact is void , while if it has no essential role, the contract is valid but the other party has the right to cancel the contract. The transgender has no effect on the acquired right of a person who has changed his or her gender provided that his or her past gender had not any role on it’s subsist and he or she can posses the other rights in accordance with his or her new gender. In this article, the legal effects of sex-change. in accordance with the legal principles of Iranian Law and Islamic Jurisprudence, have been studied.

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Gilan Province is among the most important regions of Iran for rice production. The general aim of this research is to determine the best variety of rice for planting, so that the minimum level for farmer's expected living gross margin can be provided. On the other hand, determining the best variety with regard to the risk in price is another aim of this research. To this end two risk models based on Telser and Kataoka linear programming were used. Data needed for seven understudy varieties in this research during 2000-2006 were connected from 7 representative farms at the Gilan Province level. Taking the related risk-rows to gross margin per hectare of the 7 varieties under study during the aforesaid years, and using the Kataoka model, the highest amount of living gross margin per hectare at different probability levels was calculated. On the other hand, through the Telser model the area under planting of optimized varieties over different probability levels, showing that the probability of the gross margin per hectare of rice farming is less than the highest amount of living gross margin, was calculated. The results showed that at different levels the gross margin of the aim, considering the probability constraints, the two items Hashemi and Ali Kazemi were the best ones for achieving the aforesaid goals.

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In the light of the 2008 World Development Report, this paper revisits the impact of agriculture on overall economic growth, in the case of an oil producing country, using indices of intersectoral linkages. To this end, four input-output tables of Iran’s economy are utilized. The results support the importance of the agricultural sector in stimulating the economic growth of Iran, but also show that the manufacturing sector has a higher potential to increase domestic production through its intersectoral linkage effects. Consequently, the results provide a caveat to the recommended general policy of the World Bank that the agricultural sector can be considered a key sector for the economic development in developing countries, at least in an oil producing country like Iran.

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            Under Article 50 of the CISG, if the seller delivers a good that does not conform with the contract, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. In this case, the buyer acts unilaterally and is not subject to his/her resort to the court and substantiating the lack of conformation before it, although, in any case, the convention provides remedy for the buyer resorting to an undue option. In some cases, in Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law, as where there is the claim for some portion of the object of sale belonging to the other and the buyer may be able based on option in sales unfulfilled in part to get some portion of the price and, in some places due to defect in the object of the sale, may cancel the sale or keep it at the price of getting compensation; they all can be legally considered as instances of price reduction. This paper attempts to compare the instances of price reduction in the 1890 Convention, Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law, and while putting the concept of price reduction in the Convention, examines its similarities and differences with the ones in Imamia Jurisprudence and Iran Law. In the end, it is discussed whether this option can be possibly applied as a rule in other transactions or not.      

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Stability and instability of family, as the most important and fundamental social organ, has significant effect on the destiny of a society. The increasing rate of divorce, including legal or emotional ones, is a major social dilemma where the role of family cannot be ignored in fixing it. This is a problem that can be solved by altering the approach of lawmakers i.e. an approach based on 'Consolidation Principle' leads to the stability of family. In other words, this as a general legal principle has been in line with the Sharia law. Based on this principle, whatever causes the family stability is accepted and is in accordance with the religious decree and whatever leads to instability and shakiness of the family foundation is hateful and unaccepted. The consolidation principle is based on rationality, expediency, notoriety and necessity. Similarly, this principle, in clerical way from accessories to totalities, is based on the holy Qur’an and Islamic Traditions.

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Soil conservation practices aim to improve the degraded soil properties and to sustain soil quality. Intensive agriculture with conventional tillage in Igdır Province, Turkey, has led to soil degradation (compaction, loss of soil organic matter). For this reason, it is important to use soil conservation practices (minimum tillage, zero tillage, cover crops) in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different tillage practices and cover crops cultivated after corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on selected soil properties during 2016-2018 in Igdır. In this study, wheat and corn were used as the main crops, conventional tillage and no tillage as tillage practices, and vetch, fodder beet, and mixture of vetch-fodder beet as cover crops. In the first year of the experiment, organic matter, aggregate stability, bulk density, plant available phosphorus and soil pH values were 1.5%, 20.88%, 1.71 g cm^-3, 47.2 kg ha^-1, and 8.57, respectively. In the last year, they were determined as 1.56%, 22.30%, 1.50 g cm^-3, 56.4 kg ha^-1, and 8.47, respectively. As the result of the study, it was determined that the use of cover crops and no tillage practices led to improvements in the selected soil properties and can be important for sustainability of soil quality in arid and semi-arid regions.