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The Quranic word "raht" is associated with two semantic domains: kinship and community, and it encompasses various meanings. The present study seeks to address the issue of why the word "raht" has multiple meanings and what its primary meaning is. Commentators and linguists have not provided any answer to this issue. These meanings are believed to have originated from potential twin roots in the Afroasiatic language family and the reasons behind the polysemy of this word by examining the processes of semantic construction of the word, along with its usages in Arab culture. This will be achieved by utilizing historical sources and then analyzing the word in the context of relevant Quranic verses, using a descriptive-analytical method. In the end, it has been established that the origins of this word can be traced back to two possible root meanings in ancient languages, one related to "combining" and "hand" and the other associated with "digging." These meanings have evolved over time and have shaped the various interpretations of the word. The association of common concepts of "group" and "collective" in classical Arabic and genealogy texts is derived from the concurrent meanings of "combination" and "symbol of the hand" in one branch of the word's historical roots and Considering the historical and cultural context of this word and its usage in the context of Quranic verses, it becomes clear that "Raht" is the smallest group within a tribe, often associated with unity and cooperation in facing or dealing with turmoil and challenges.

 

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Feminism and feministic critique of works of literature are the new topics in literature in the last century that has been highly regarded by writers and literary scholars. In contemporary Persian and Arabic literature, especially after the second half of the twentieth century, the growth of feminist approach to literature and poetry and prosing works of women-centered has been remarkable. Nawal El Saadawi and Shahrnoush Parsipour were feminist writers that protest a patriarchal system of social customs in their novels and look at the world with women mentality. Thus, due to the influence of feminist thinking and the current situation of women in novels of Saadawi and Parsipour, with an emphasis on descriptive - analytical and comparative approach, this article attempts to analyze the novels of "Diary of a doctor" and "The Dog and the Long Winter" based on feminist criticism. The findings suggest that the authors pay particular attention to factors such as protest against a patriarchal society, expression of oppression against women and women's identity an also have been trying to figure out individuality. In the field of differences, gender apartheid and hatred love and emotions of women in society are among feminist clear differences between the novels.

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Water erosion causes a series of on-site as well as off-site damages and problems on natural ecosystem. These damages include soil and nutrient loss and finally loss of productivity which causes costs to the society. So, this study attempts to quantify the economic value of soil productivity conservation as one of the important functions of rangelands vegetation and its economic cost by productivity losses. The soil loss amounts were obtained from integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and map of erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Supplementary data such as soil nutrients (NPK) valuated from the measurement plots of a portable rainfall simulator (E65). Field plots were constructed to measure soil nutrients and soil loss from different soil types with different resistance to erosion. Rainfall simulation was carried out in three sites on the basis of geology map and different resistance to erosion. Nine experimental unit plots (1*1 m) were used to correlate nutrient loss to sediment losses. Assuming that nutrient loss by erosion could be replaced by fertilizers, economic cost of major nutrients estimated by market prices of fertilizers. Results showed that mean annual soil loss using RUSLE was 27.44 t ha^-1 y^-1 ranging from 0.0 to 996.06 t ha^-1 y^-1. Also, 114.17 kg ha^-1 y^-1 of N, P, K elements were lost in 2010 due to soil erosion in the degraded rangelands which costs (738944 Rial) 71.5 US$ ha^-1y^-1. Total economic cost of soil nutrient loss in 94978.6 ha of the rangelands of Nour-rud watershed basin, was estimated 70×10^{^}9 Rial (6.8×10⁶ US$). The maximum annual cost of soil nutrient loss was estimated in the "TRujs" geological formation (1.23×10⁶ US$) consisting of "gray shale, silt, sandstone, conglomerate" and the least cost belonged to the "Jl1" geological formation (0.916*10⁶ US$) which consists of "thin gray dolomite limestone". In economic terms there was a direct relationship between soil nutrient loss and its economic cost.

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Considering the colorful role of sports in raising the level of physical and mental fitness of citizens, sports facilities are considered one of the city's most important uses. The present research was carried out to spatially analyse sports venues in Mashhad using the geographic information system. According to the type of research, the research method is descriptive and analytical of the survey type, and according to the research purpose, it is applied research. The statistical population of the present study includes all sports fields, sports complexes and swimming pools in Mashhad city in 13 areas within the service area, and the research sample is equal to the statistical population (in full). First, the Information and Communication Technology Organization prepared geographical information of sports venues and maps related to population parameters. Spatial statistical analysis and the method of preparing cluster maps were used to examine the spatial distribution, and in the next step, the hot spot analysis method was used to examine the most important area. All these steps are under the category of Spatial Statics Tools. Spatial Analyst Tools was used to prepare density maps and depict layers. According to the results obtained, the sports facilities are somewhat distributed in clusters, and in some areas, they are randomly distributed, which indicates the uneven distribution of sports facilities in Mashhad. Sports have no significant dispersion, and the concentration of sports places in Mashhad is also in Regions 10 and nine.
 

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Background: Environmental stresses, especially salinity and drought, are effective on seed germination and growth.
Materials and Methods: After breaking seed dormancy by simultaneous use of leaching (48 hours) and gibberllic acid (1000 ppm), germination characteristics and seedling growth of Citrullus colocynthis from two ecotypes of Sistan-Baluchestan with six  levels of drought (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5 Mpa) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) were studied. This experiment was carried out in two different factorial experiments using completely randomized design with four replications. Statistical analysis was performed using version 18 of SPSS software and Factorial analysis of variance (general linear model) and mean comparisons were done using Duncan's multiple range test. Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences among different levels of drought and salinity in all measured traits (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in seed germination and seedling growth were observed with increasing levels of drought and salinity (P<0.01). The results revealed that there were significant interactions effect between ecotype and different levels of drought as well as salinity (P<0.01), so seed vigor of Zabol’ ecotype was higher than that of Saravan.
Discussion and Conclusions: This species has acceptable germination at -0.6 Mpa droughts and 50 mM salinity. These issues must be considered in its intense planting in Sistan-Baluchestan province and using of Zabol’ ecotype seed is recommended.

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Energy efficiency and comfort consideration in building, contribute to significant energy saving and improvement of spatial quality. According to the importance of energy issues and lack of researches on energy use in educational buildings, climatic variation in the country and huge amount of energy consumption in educational buildings, the need of redefinition environmental design criteria is essential.
The main purpose of this article is to assess the influence of different design variables on comfort condition and energy consumption in the hot-Arid climate of Tehran. Most of the literature concerned with energy performance of school buildings is focused on using saving methods such as utilization of solar energy, constructional issues such as thermal insulation, infiltration, thermal mass, building materials, sun shadings and HVAC performance while assuring thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the building. However, the topic of energy performance and comfort condition of schools located in Iran’s climatic conditions has not been explored.
Nowadays, the subject of energy and optimizing energy consumption in different buildings and different societies is of great importance. On the other hand, energy experts claim that in designing educational buildings, natural energy resources should be used most. This subject is related to the energy consumption of schools. Furthermore, the positive effect of thermal and visual comfort on the quality of students’ education has been confirmed. Educational buildings generally are spaces with different functions.
However, classrooms not only have a central role, but also cover a great part of the school surface. Classrooms are the most fundamental and important units of the educational buildings in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort. Students spend most of their time in the classrooms. Classrooms are more important, given the relative congestion in comparison with other educational spaces. Due to this fact, proper ventilation is considered necessary. Furthermore, students’ presence as latent thermal energy sources needs special attention in hot seasons. On the other hand, the same thermal sources can play an effective role in creating the comfortable conditions. Therefore, according to the difference of using pattern of these places and their higher internal heat gain, energy saving patterns in designing office and residential buildings cannot meet the needs of designing these buildings.
Methodology
This research using simulation method is looking forward to realize the influence of different physical variables on energy consumption in educational buildings in Tehran’s climate; the different circumstances that were resumed by diverse variables were assayed. this process took place with the help of E quest energy simulating software and during this process in two separate parts, the independent effect of each variable and the simultaneous influence of applying diverse variables on energy consumption were simulated and its results were compared and discussed in various steps.to enumerate the most essential effective parameters in determining the amount of energy consumption in educational building in Tehran’s climate, we can point out the infiltration rate, heat isolating of the building roof and windows dimension.
To understand the range of influence of each variable on the comfort condition and energy consumption in the classroom, the difference between the maximum and minimum energy consumption obtained for each of the evaluated variables was considered. This difference represents the potential savings that can be achieved by improving a variable within the considered range of values. In this work, the four main orientations were analyzed.to observer the influence of design parameters on energy consumption, a base case classroom was designed and then the absolute and simultaneous effects of different parameters were assessed. The base-case was a common classroom to where all changes were applied and examined. Based on the similar studies, the recommended value for each design variable was determined to achieve a high
performance classroom. The fixed parameters of the classroom were its size and height. The thermostat of the heating system was set at 21.1 C while the thermostat of the cooling system was set at 24 C, due to the dissimilarity in the children’s clothing in different seasons. The ventilation system provides a minimum of 4.5 air changes-per-hour (ach) when the classroom is occupied. When there were no children in theclassroom, the ventilation rate will reduce to save energy and the lighting level on the children’s tables was set at a minimum of 300 lux.
Results
The results indicate that by reducing the infiltration rate of the classroom from 4.5 ACH to 0.75 ACH, an energy saving of about 65 KWH/m2.y will achieved. The airtightness of a classroom depends on windows and doors type, quality, and materials as well as on the quality of the construction process. For obtaining infiltration rate of about 0.75 ACH, designers and contractors should give more attention to the quality control of materials and construction and energy performance of the windows and the doors. Meanwhile according to the high amount of sun radiation during the year, roof heat insulation with a 6cm polyurethane layer would reduce the energy consumption by 40 KWH / m2.y in comparison with a roof without any heat insulation. Since the windows have a significant influence on the energy consumption and performance of the classroom, In order to reduce the energy consumption, dimensions and position of the windows should be choose very carefully. It was observed that the recommended size of north and south facing windows is equal to %12 of the classrooms floor area, whilst east and west facing windows should not be exceeds from %10 of the classroom area. If the windows size exceed from %12 of floor area, the glare effect would make visual discomfort for the students. In the simulation process, three types of light control features were evaluated. The results show that with the aid of smart lighting control system, the required electrical energy for lighting would reduce 34 KWH / m2.y. And finally the types of glazing have an important role in energy consumption of the classroom. It is observed that high performance was achieved when using lowemissivity
glazing to reduce cooling loads and encourage daylight in classroom. Double glazed windows shows acceptable performance as well, in all directions compared to other alternatives.
Discussion and Conclusion
After analyzing the absolute effect of each parameters on energy consumption and comfort condition in the classroom, the cumulative effect of all parameters were analyzed. It is obvious that by changing of each parameter, the effect of other parameters will be changed. In this case two combination of design variables are assessed in “set-a” and “set-b” in which the annual energy consumption of the classroom is maximum in “set- a” and minimum in “set-b”. Based on the results obtained by simulation, this can be claimed that the proper design of classrooms in hot and arid climate, like the city of Tehran can reduce the amount of energy required for cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting systems from 232 KWH/ m2.y in “set-a” to 104 KWH/ m2.y in “set- b”. It means a %55 reduction in the classroom’s energy consumption. This statics are in conformity with the results achieved by researches in European’s green school which can reduce %55 up to %75 of heating energy consumption and 30 % up to 40 % of electrical energy consumption by using different tricks.

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The application of self-valuation system within the framework of fictional/factual positioning can be remarkably useful in providing a new approach to the analysis of the relation between the novelist and his/her fictional hero. In this paper we are examining the valuation system of the protagonist of the novel Man in the Dark (2008) by Paul Auster. Based on Hubert Hermans’ Valuation Theory, we examine the meaning units and their affective connotations in the narratives of the protagonist/author during his factual storytelling and his fictional confrontation with his hero. Moreover, basic motives of self-enhancement and the contact and the :union: with others and finally their affective profiles are discussed based on the model presented in the paper, i.e. Virtual Fictional/Factual Positioning (VFP). The findings of this research truly indicate that the art of storytelling helps the protagonist to rebuild his own identity and fix the ruins of his past. The dynamics of fictional and factual positioning motivate the I-as-storyteller position, which could effectively overcome the challenges created by I-as-husband and I-as-creator-of-war position and eventually develop new positive perspectives for the future. 

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Background: The escalating prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) commensal intestinal bacteria characterized by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production is an alarming global health threat. Drug users have been introduced as a major source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, possibly due to drug abuse. The present study aimed to investigate the potential factors related to fecal carriage of MDR ESBL-producing intestinal Escherichia coli (E. coli) in drug users in the southwest of Iran.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, stool samples of 109 drug users were collected and cultured. After the biochemical confirmation of E. coli isolates, the antimicrobial resistance pattern and ESBL production of the isolates were determined. Then logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine possible factors related to fecal carriage of MDR ESBL-producing intestinal E. coli.
Findings: Logistic regression analysis indicated that increasing age and duration of addiction were associated with increased risk of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli carriage in the intestinal flora of drug users (p< .05). Moreover, oral drug use compared to the smoking method led to a higher carriage rate of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli in the intestinal flora of drug users (p< .05). Also, self-employed drug users compared to those with fixed public occupation showed higher rates of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli carriage in their intestinal flora (p< .05).
Conclusion: Age, duration of addiction, method of drug use, and occupation were significantly associated with MDR ESBL-producing E. coli colonization.

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Jarr, as a preposition, is significant among the other particles since it functions as a connector between the verb and noun in a given sentence; thus, the mere connection between the verb and the noun as well as its type depend on the precise definition of Jarr. Early grammarians took Jarr as a connector between the verb and the noun, but the recent ones, routinely, define it as words that modify the noun following it. This difference in definition has brought many debates regarding the number of Jarrs and their semantic analysis. This study aims to investigate different definitions of Jarr suggested by grammarians through a descriptive-analytic method to answer the following questions:
1. What are the labels and etymology of each Jarr?
2. Which definition matches more with the function of Jarr in Arabic?
3. What is the categorization of Jarr based on the agreed-upon definition?
4. How many Jarrs are there in Arabic and how many of those are used in the Quran?
The study aims to find a precise definition of Jarr to be matched with its functions in Arabic, particularly Quran, so that it could be taken as a scientific criterion to evaluate grammarians' ideas on definition, number, categorization, and function of Jarr.
The findings of the study suggest that:
1. The comprehensive definition of Jarr which is structurally and semantically matched with the general Arabic texts, particularly Quran and the Imams' narratives, is the one suggested by the early grammarians. Therefore, Jarr means to connect, convey, or make transition in the meaning of the verb and some words (e.g. derivatives, nouns derived from verbs, and noun clauses) to nouns, and nous to verbs. Based on this definition, Jarr, addition, and connection (Ibn Ghayim's expressions) have overlap, and Khafdh functions as the e'raab for these prepositions.
2. Based on the definition, Jarr should have at least two features. Firstly, it should connect the verb prior and the noun after it. Secondly, following the noun after it, it modifies the verb coming before. In other words, it belongs to the verb coming before. So, each preposition which does not have these two features cannot be taken as Jarr. Moreover, as the prepositions are not independent, and Jarr and Majroor belong to the verb coming prior, it is imperative to analyze the modifier and modified altogether to understand the meaning of Jarr and Majroor, meaning that the mere analysis of the preposition is not enough.
3. Khafdh is a noun to "Matta, Ki, La'al, Shaz". The use of Lola for the target pronoun and the connected Majroor makes the clause influent and reduced. So, even if it is a preposition, it cannot be included in the Jarr prepositions. "Hasha, Ada, Khala, Rab, Manz, and Maz" are nouns, too.
4. The Jarr prepositions, therefore, are "b, t, l, w, an, fi, men, ela, hatta, ala'a" all found in the Quran.
5. As Jarr prepositions need to be belonged and they function as means of transition for verbs, assuming them to be redundant is paradoxical and meaningless
 
 

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Abstract
Aim: Common yew (Taxus baccata L.) is one of the endangered species in Iran. Considering the prospect of climate change and global warming in the coming years, research on the tolerance of its seedlings to drought stress can be useful.
Materials & Methods: This research was conducted on four-year-old common yew potted seedlings. For this purpose, the effect of drought stress (100% and 30% of field capacity (FC)) on growth and physiological traits of common yew seedlings was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications for 6 months. Findings: The results showed that survival, shoot growth and root diameter growth of seedlings did not change under water deficit, but a significant negative effect in most of the physiological variables (except for stomatal conductance) was found under the stress (30% of FC); so, the activities of photosynthesis, transpiration, mesophyll conductance and water use efficiency decreased by 68.3%, 23.9%, 69.6% and 57.9%, respectively; On the contrary, intercellular CO₂ increased by 4%.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the growth traits of yew seedlings were not affected by water scarcity in the first year of growing season, due to the slow-growth nature. Since, common yew seedlings need several years of care in the nursery to prepare for the transfer to the natural field, it is recommended to manage the seedlings in well-watered conditions for a better response of physiological traits and more favorable growth in the coming growing years.
 

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Molds can be noted as one of the major factors in bread corruption that mainly caused by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. In addition to the economic losses caused by mold, types of toxins produced by them can also cause health problems. Chemical preservative such as propionic and sorbic acids are mainly used for preventing mold growth that it is not receptive to consumers. In recent years due to increasing public awareness, Customers demand to reduce the use of chemicals and the use of natural preservatives. Lactic acid bacteria are one of the biological preservatives that because of the antimicrobial properties and in some cases due to the positive effects on organoleptic properties have received much attention. In this project, the effect of spraying the bacterium Lactococcus lactis PTCC 1336 at three concentrations (zero, 10⁴ cfu /cm² and 10⁶ cfu /cm²) and also the combined use of calcium propionate in three levels , zero, 2 and 4 % (w/w) on improving the duration of preservation and its effect on organoleptic properties of bread and also its effect on reducing the amount of calcium propionate was investigated. In those bread, the quantity of pH, acidity, and the amount of mold formation (macroscopic and laboratory observations) were measured. The results showed Spraying bacterium Lactococcus lactis PTCC 1336 on bread Can be more powerful Compared with calcium propionate Compared with calcium propionate reduces the mold. So the least amount of mold at the sample M3P3 (Samples containing 10⁶cfu/cm², 0.4% PC) observed.  as well The results showed concomitant use of Lactococcus lactis PTCC 1336 and calcium propionate Activity on mold synergistic effects are produced.

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In the holy Quran, several words have been used for the meaning of perception and knowledge. The verb "šaʕara" as one of the words in Persian translations more often is equated with words ‘know’ and ‘understand’; but its more detailed component is the issue of this essay that is devoted to two sections of etymological and contextual study. Etymology based on the methods of historical linguistics and sources of Semitic languages, a comprehensive contextual study of all applications alongside each other, content analysis of verses and use of the anthropological achievements in discourse analysis of Quranic verses are the methods used in this article. Etymological evidences suggest that this word dates back to the ancient Semitic language and is made up of the hypothetical root of the "šʕr" (to divide, break open) in the same language and this root is also derived from the Afro-Asian root (ĉaʕ), meaning "cut" but in the Pre-Islamic Arabic discourse it is influenced by the word šiʕr (poetry) by semantic contamination. Negative application, no application in descriptive phrases, devotion to the perception of hidden affairs are the functional features of the term šaʕara that make the definition of the Qur'anic meaning of šaʕara as a "non-process perception" justifiable. Non-process perception entails an increase in the role of imagination and reducing the role of time-consuming rational processes.

1. Introduction
In the Holy Qur'an, many words are used for the meaning of understanding and knowledge, "ʕalima", "šaʕara", "ʕaqala", "faqiha", "daraya", "ʕarafa" are verbs that specifically indicate the meaning of "understanding". In the translation of these words, words such as "understand, know, percept, feel, recognize" are equated, which are covered under the general title of perception and cognition, but what are the more detailed components and characteristics of each of these words, is the place of questioning and each of them requires a separate research, so the purpose of this paper is exclusively to research about the root of "šaʕara".
In the end, it is expected that this article can open a way to clarify the topics related to cognition and knowledge in the Holy Qur'an, topics that, in addition to being important for the intrinsic value of understanding the Holy Qur'an, also have double importance in some ways, and that is the ever-increasing effort about the question of "cognition" in the current era. In recent decades, a branch of science under the title of "cognitive interdisciplinary studies" has also emerged, which brings together the different fields of human knowledge around the issue of "cognition" and tries to solve the problems of this issue through the synergy of different fields of knowledge (Afrashi, 2015, p. 22).

1.2. Research Questions:
The two questions of this research are:
1. What is the meaning of the root of "šʕr" and the relationship between the different meanings derived from the three-letter root of "šʕr" based on historical linguistic methods and Semitic language sources?
2. What is the meaning of "šaʕara" in Quranic applications according to the context of the verses and the analysis of the content of the verses and using anthropological achievements in the discursive analysis of the verses of the Quran?
2. Literature Review
There are some efforts have been made in the Arabic dictionary and Quran commentary sources to clarify the meaning of this root. These efforts can be divided into two parts: a) etymology, which examines the relationship between different meanings derived from the three-letter root of the "šʕr"; and b) examining the meaning of "šaʕara" in the Qur'anic usage, which has been done according to the context of the verses and specifically the object of the verb "šaʕara". In the continuation of the article, this background will be quoted, examined, and criticized in detail. In today's studies, there is no background for this research, although it can be considered as a similar background to the research organized about words related to the semantic field of perception and knowledge, such as:

1. Barooti, M., Akbarian, R., & Saidimehr, M. (2018). Tabatabaie on semantics of divine attributes. Contemporary Wisdom, 9(2), 23-45. doi: 10.30465/cw.2018.3448
2. Hajikhani A, Roohi K, Dehqan A. “Etymology of “Ilm” (knowledge) as a Quranic word in the Semitic languages”. LRR, 7(5), 27-47; URL: http://lrr.modares.ac.ir/article-14-6733-fa.html
3. Dehqan, A., Roohi, K., Pakatchi, A., & Parvini, K. (2018). Research on Components of Universal Concept of Wisdom in its Quranic Concept. Ketab-E-Qayyem, 8(18), 7-30.
4. Tayyeb Hosseini, S. M., & Sharifinasab, H. (2015). Semantic analysis of "Poetry" and "Poet" in the Quran. Journal of Quranic Theological Exegesis, 2(4), 595-618.
5. Falahpour, M. (2013). The semantics of science in the Holy Quran and human schools. Scientific Journal of Islamic Education, 21(20).

However, in this article, an attempt is made to pursue these efforts with a more scientific approach and with a more comprehensive view, and to obtain a comprehensive meaning for the word "šaʕara" (understand) and its semantic differences with other words in the field of perception.
Therefore, the current research is organized in two directions: 1) the etymology of the word "šaʕara" based on historical linguistic methods and Semitic language sources, and 2) the study of the context of the word "šaʕara" in the Qur'an, with a comprehensive look at all the uses together, analyzing the content of the verses and usage among the anthropological achievements in discursive analysis of Quranic verses.

3. Methodology
The main research approach is linguistics (specifically lexical semantics), which is possible regarding Quranic words in two ways: diachronic and historical research (etymology) and synchronic research of word usages (in the context of Quranic verses). In this article, to provide a comprehensive and reassuring judgment about the meaning of the word, both historical and synchronic paths have been followed.
However, the innovation of this paper compared to the interpretive-lexical tradition is: 1. in the etymology section, relying on historical linguistics methods and Semitic language sources, and 2. in the context study section, a comprehensive look at all the uses of the word in the Qur'an, and an attempt to categorize them based on the common and different connotations of the word and finally a discursive analysis of the content of the verses, using anthropological achievements.

4. Results
The achievement of the present research in the field of two research questions can be expressed as follows:

1. In terms of etymology, the word "šaʕara" (to perceive) is not very clear. The most probable analysis is that this word dates back to the ancient Semitic language, although there is little evidence of its presence in non-Arabic Semitic languages, and the Semitic word "šaʕara" (to know) is also from the supposed root "šaʕara" (to divide, ‎break ‎open) in the same language and that also is derived from the Afro-Asiatic root (ĉaʕ) meaning "to cut". In the pre-Islamic period, this word was influenced by the word "šiʕr"(poem) in the discursive atmosphere of the Arabs (by semantic contamination) and assigned to a special type of perception and knowledge, the characteristics of which can be seen in the Qur'anic usages.

2. "šaʕara" in the Qur'an indicates a valuable and special perception that is used to understand secret and unseen things. In terms of defining the Qur'anic meaning of "šaʕara" (beyond the practical features), it seems that the view of the commentators and linguists who defined "šaʕara" as understanding the result of sense (material sense) is more compatible with the Qur'anic usage, but a more accurate interpretation is the definition of the Qur'anic meaning of "šaʕara" as "non-process perception". The non-processual nature of perception requires increasing the role of imagination and reducing the role of time-consuming processes of intellectual and verbal assessment.

 

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regarding Principle of 44 (privatization) in increasing entrepreneurship and developing industries by prospect of the vision 1404 ,which the announcement of the 4th five-year Development Plan of the country by the religious Leader in 2003 and its approval and implementation by related institutions regarding. The main purpose of the research, it is tried to study the implemented regulations of these laws pertinent to the 4th from Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) management’s attitude. this Plans such as: in fields including giving financial loan to SMEs, creating industrial districts, preparing the facilities for information exchange, paving the way for marketing and exhibitions, empowerment of human resource and official mechanization and creating export clusters, were gathered and the questions regarding the supportive indicators were reviewed by help of 15 experts in executive organizations, and faculty teachers and 35 industries managers and after confirming the reliability and validity of the research, referred directly to 180 enterprises and performing 144 reliable interviews with industries managers and after testing the normalization of indicators, the research hypotheses were tested through T- Student Test in which the results showed that, the government’s financial aid to the industries was successful for SMEs industries management’s view while other supportive policies were not been successful.Gaps evaluation between the ideal situation and showed that financial support policies only to some extent close to ideal and have the rest of this distance it was suggested to try on the necessary suggestions by content analysis to improve the Gaps in the future programs.

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Internationally, employability has recently become an increasingly controversial issue in higher education. The emergence of knowledge-based economies, accompanied by the by-products of globalization, has forced agricultural higher education systems all around the world to think twice about the quantity and quality of their courses. On one hand, there has been a surplus of highly educated graduates seeking a career, while on the other hand, potential employers complain of a skill-mismatch phenomenon. Employability is defined as the perceived ability of conquering sustainable employment appropriate to one’s qualification(s). This study evaluates factors influencing the employability of senior agricultural students at the level of Bachelor of Science (BSc) using a descriptive-correlation survey methodology. A sample of 274 out of 979 senior agricultural students was selected from agricultural faculties of five universities located in the western provinces of Iran through a stratified random sampling technique. Students showed moderate employability levels, which were significantly different depending on their field of study. The path analysis technique revealed that social class, university obligations, mastery in generic competencies, and agricultural background were the most important factors affecting students’ perceived employability, respectively.

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In production of tissue paper, the adhesion of a liquid adhesive creping aid, compound polymer, as creping aids on the Yankee dryer surface was investigated. A compound polymer was prepared based on mixing ratio of poly (amideamine)-epichlorohydrin resin (PAE) as an adhesive agent, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a modifier agent, and cationic fatty acid (CFA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as release agents. In order to simulate the Yankee dryer cylinder, the adherence of paper to the substrate that was coated by the compound polymer solution was measured using a peel strength test. Results indicated that increasing the percent of total solid content of compound polymer would increase peel strength of paper. Peel strength of paper increases if EG as a release agent is used. The amount of PVA/PAE resin in the formulation of creping aid was critical for building a flexible and tough coating layer on to the substrate and to provide adequate adhesion of paper in peel strength test.

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Incremental forming of sheet metals is a new method to produce parts in small batches. Since no die is used, relatively cheap equipment and also reduction of forming forces, parts with different sizes can be produced with lower cost in comparison with conventional methods like deep drawing. Due to low formability of Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature, forming of these sheets should performed at high temperatures. Simultaneous effect of heat generation and deformation can be realized in Electric Hot Incremental Forming of sheets. In this method, because of passing electric current through a closed circuit including voltage supply, spherical tool and sheet, local heat is produced at tool and sheet interface and by incremental movement of tool on the sheet, the desired geometry is formed. In this research Ti-6Al-4V sheet is experimentally formed by Electric Hot Incremental Forming method and effect of influencing parameters, namely initial sheet thickness, feed rate, spindle speed, tool vertical step size and amount of current passing circuit on formability and maximum forming angle of a frustum with varying wall angle is investigated. Amount of current entering the circuit has a significant effect on sheet formability and with increasing sheet thickness, amount of current required for deformation increases. Passing very high current through the circuit causes sheet burning and reduction of formability. It will be shown that a decrease in feed rate, step size and spindle speed and an increase in sheet thickness can increase maximum forming angle.

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Eric Landowski's semantic and interactive system based on four paradigms of "planning"; "Persuasion"; "Accident and adaptation" is based on the principles of "regularity", "intention", "chance" and "emotional", respectively. Naturally, it is possible to implement this model in epistemological and religious fields in which it is compatible with the interactive practices of the subjects, and based on this, the variety and difference of religious personality practices can be read with this model. Contract. One of the discourses in the Holy Quran is the conversations and interactive practices of Prophet Yusuf with other people in the surah. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to examine the dialogues and interactive practices of Yusuf's story based on the theoretical framework of Eric Landowski and to explain the relationship between this model and the characters of Surah Yusuf. The general result of the research shows that the subjects and interactive practices are distinguished from each other on the basis of four semantic systems, and each of the characters in the story is adapted based on one of the four semantic systems. Is interception; Among them: It is the interactive practices of Prophet Yusuf (AS) that are based on the type of insight and ideology of the origin and destination of the universe, within the framework of the programmatic semantic system, and other characters are also based on the type of insight and goals. Which follow are debatable and applicable in one or two types of this semantic system.

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The objectives of the present study were to evaluate spring wheat recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of diverse origin by estimating genetic parameters viz., variability, character association, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) for spot blotch resistance and yield components at BHU Agricultural Research Farm during 2010-2011. Grain yield per plot was significantly and positively associated with biomass, 1,000-grain weight, harvest index, chlorophyll content, and grains per spike at genotypic level. The line 65 exhibited lowest mean of AUDPC value (632) indicating its potential as resistant parent. Cluster analysis grouped all the 324 spring wheat lines into 19 clusters using Ward’s method. Extreme divergence was observed among clusters. By using D²-statistics, the highest inter cluster distance (584.72) was found between Clusters VIII and XIX. Cluster VIII recorded highest mean values for chlorophyll content, peduncle length, bio-mass, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. The major contributing trait towards genetic divergence was found to be AUDPC (60.36%). First 5 principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5) accounted for proportionate values of 20.66, 17.96, 15.07, 8.28, and 7.38%, respectively, contributing 69.35% of the total variability. The second PCs had high positive PC value for plant height, biomass, and 1,000-grain weight. The breeding objectives of the present experiment was to identify genetically diverse wheat spot blotch resistant RILs for developing high yielding spot blotch resistant cultivars especially adopted to south Asia in future breeding programs.