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Learning-oriented assessment (LOA) has recently gained increasing attention among language researchers. It has been found momentous for both teaching and learning. However, its practical domain has remained under-researched and the current literature has mostly focused on its practicality. Nevertheless, the role of teachers’ assessment strategies in the implementation and success of LOA has been overlooked, to date. Moreover, there is a dearth of research on how English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers capture moments of spontaneous LOA. To fill these gaps, the present case study explored an Iranian EFL teacher’s questioning strategies as an aspect of spontaneous LOA. Utilizing Conversation Analysis (CA) and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), this study attempted to uncover the instances of LOA practice represented through questioning strategies during classroom interactions at a basic level. The findings revealed that two types of questioning strategies, namely metacognitive questions and designedly incomplete utterances (DIU), occurred when the teacher extended the main assessment task to focus on the earlier learning goals. In so doing, the teacher sought evidence of student learning status already elicited to take the next step. The study has insightful implications for EFL teachers and trainers concerning metacognitive questions and DIU as useful tools to practice LOA in L2 education.

 

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Sociology of literature is one of the systematic and scientific efforts that helps to study literature. To examine the role of social structures in the production of literary works, Lucien Goldman chooses the method of evolutionary constructivism, which discusses the effects of creative structures. According to him, the literary text shows the links between the mental structures of literary realities and social realities. The author does not reflect the pure reflection of consciousness, but there is a strong connection between the categories raised in his work and his social consciousness. In this research, relying on the method of formative constructivism, the relationship between the characteristics of the main character of Golshiri's stories and the political, social and cultural conditions of the time of their writing is analyzed. This study shows that although Golshiri belongs to the middle class of society, by entering the privileged group of intellectuals, he has paid more attention to the issues and problems in this class, including political and reformist concerns, more than the general problems of the people. This, along with his party and political leanings, has led most of the main characters in his stories to be selected from the new, educated middle class. Therefore, political ideology is more prominent in its stories than other ideologies. In this context, Golshiri provides a vivid picture of political deceivers, expedient actions, and the fear and pessimism of political repression. In social ideology, the confrontation between poverty and wealth and its consequences and the boredom of the main characters from family and professional life are prominent. In cultural ideology, the tendency of the middle class and the intelligentsia to study socio-political works as well as the tendency of deprived and rural people to superstition and popular beliefs is evident. Finally, from the point of view of religious ideology, most of the main characters have a religious nature, and the author, by creating them, shows his critical and anti-sectarian view of this ideology.

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of salinity on morphological and physiological traits of native Iranian melon landrace and Afghan melon cultivars using a Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications. Two salinity levels (2 and 8 dS m^-1, NaCl) and 39 cultivars from Iran and Afghanistan were studied. PCA comparisons were done between morphological and physiological parameters. The sensitive and tolerant cultivars were chosen based on proximity to high yield, morphological characteristics, and distance from stress indices. The biplot results showed a high correlation between vitamin C traits with soluble solids, proline, and relative water content, and a negative correlation with Fv/Fm ratio. These indices are good indicators for identifying saline resistance cultivars. Salinity stress increased electrolyte leakage, proline concentration, total antioxidant activity, sodium content, vitamin C, organic acid, and total soluble solids. In addition, salinity decreased the yield, mean fruit weight, firmness, fruit length, fruit width, internal cavity length and width, flesh thickness and fruit peel thickness, Fv/Fm ratio, greenness index, relative water content, and leaf potassium. The highest concentrations of sodium were found in the Gorgi Shirdan Jorgeaval cultivar under salinity, while the highest concentrations of potassium were found in the Torkamani cultivar under non-saline conditions. Analysis revealed two types of Torkamani and Zanki melon, which are recommended to plant in saline conditions.