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Background: Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) the cause of the acute febrile disease typhoid fever is the major public health problem in developing countries. Asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of typhoid. The aim of this study was to investigate methods for isolation and identification of S. typhi in asymptomatic carriers.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred stool samples were collected from foodstuff workers and distributors. Then culture characterization, biochemical tests, and nested-PCR were done.
Results: One hundred and seventy-one (85%) of the total cases were male and the mean age of cases was 35 years. Stool culture yielded bacterial colonies consistent with fecal flora but did not yield S. typhi. In nested PCR technique just one of the 200 samples (0.5%) was positive for the S. typhi capsular gene (vi gene).
Conclusion: Due to the improvement in the health status of the country and the low typhoid carriers, it is recommended that efforts be focused on other hygienic issues.

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Background: The importance of this research was to determine the prevalence of efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from hospitalized patients in Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, IR Iran during June 2013 to March 2014. Twenty-six strains were isolated from female patients (42.6%) and thirty-five from male patients (57.4%). Clinical specimens were cultured for isolation of the microbial agents of A. baumannii. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility, and E-test methods were also used. The prevalence of efflux pump genes was detected by PCR and sequencing methods.
Results: The resistance of A. baumannii isolates against tested antibiotics was analyzed as follows: 51 (84%) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 59 (98%) to ceftazidime, 60 (99%) to ciprofloxacin, 29 (48%) to amikacin, 46 (77%) to gentamicin, 30 (50%) to tobramicin, , 60 (99%) to imipenem,, 60 (99%) to meropenem,, 60 (99%) to ceftriaxon,, 60 (99%) to cefepime,, 60 (99%) to ofloxacin, 6 (11%) to colistin. By using E-test, 45 (73.3%) to imipenem, 57 (93.3%) to ciprofloxacin, 23 (38%) to amikacin were also analyzed. The prevalence of adeA, adeB, adeC, and abeMgenes was 54 (88.5%), 61 (100%), 57 (93.9%), and 60 (98.3%), respectively.
Conclusion: The result of this study showed high incidence of AdeABC efflux pump in MDR A. baumannii isolates and the growing number of nosocomial infections associated with XDR A. baumannii complex, leading to difficulties in antibiotic therapy.