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Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski, 1894 is newly recorded for the fauna of China. The genus Limothrips Haliday, 1836 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) now includes three species in China. In addition, two previously recorded Limothrips species were also distributed in Palaearctic region of China, and there is no record in south and east of China, Oriental region. A key is provided to identifying of Chinese species of the genus Limothrips.

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The genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thripidae: Thripinae) is one of the largest groups of thrips in Iran, which include some important pests. Majority species of the genus Thrips are herbivorous living on leaves and flowers on different plant families. In this paper, a key to 31 Iranian Thrips species is provided, along with additional new distribution information of 17 species in Iran.

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Four genera and five species of Idolothripinae are recorded in Iran: Allothrips Hood, Compsothrips Reuter and Pseudocryptothrips Priesner each with one species, and Megathrips Targioni-Tozzetti with 2 species. In this paper, the genus Nesothrips Kirkaldy, with one species N. brevicollis (Bagnall) collected on grasses in Marivan, Kurdistan Province, is recorded in Iran for the first time. A key is provided to distinguish five Idolothripinegenera from Iran. Diagnostic morphological characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species are briefly discussed.    

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Haplothripsverbasci (Osborn) is recorded from Iran for the first time. The specimens of this species were collected on flowers of Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae) from Hamedan Province, western Iran.    

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Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) of the subfamily Thripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected on flowers from Doha is reported in this paper, which represents the first record of both the genus and the species from Qatar. Morphological characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded thrips are given.  

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The objective of this study was to identify the species of thrips associated with rice crops in order to determine population fluctuation of the dominant species. Studies were conducted during the month of April to August in the year 2017 form different growth stages of rice in Babolsar city, Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). Samplings were done from four fields located at two sites, KeyxaMahalle and MirBazar. A total of seven species of thrips belonging to four genera and two families (Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae) were identified. Amongst them, Haplothrips eragrostidis Priesner was the dominant species accounting for 75.47% in abundance. This was followed by Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan comprising 6.47%. The other species include Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), F. tenuicornis (Uzel), Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Haplothrips flavicinctus (Karny) which comprised of4.85%, 4.32%, 4.31%, 4.04% and 0.54% respectively. The maximum number of thrips species was found in the middle of July and minimum in the month of May. Assessment of thrips abundance in rice fields were started at the beginning of dough stage and were continued until complete maturity.

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During the study of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) associated with colza (Brassica napus) fields in Sari (Mazandaran Province, Iran) in 2015–2016, a total of six species i.e. Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius), Melanostoma mellinum (Linnaeus), Paragus bicolor (Fabricius), Syrphus ribesii (Linnaeus) and Platycheirus jaerensis Nielsen are recorded for this region. Among them, P. jaerensis Nielsen is newly recorded for the Iranian fauna.

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Three species of the genus Helionothrips Bagnall, namely Helionothrips cephalicus Hood, H. mube Kudo and H. unitatus Chen were collected and identified for the first time from India. Geographical distribution and diagnostic characters for the newly recorded species and a key to identify all the species of Helionothrips recorded so far from India is also provided.

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In order to extend the work on Iranian Collembolan fauna, several samplings from leaf litter and soils conducted in Ilam province (west of Iran). Specimens were collected from different localities and extracted by Berlese funnels. Results from the study lead to identification of 11 species of five families: Onychiuridae (with two genera and two species), Tullbergiidae (with one genus and one species), Hypogastruridae (with one genus and one species), Isotomidae (with four genera and four species) and Entomobryidae (with one genus and one species). Sminthurus muscicolus Betsch, 1977 from Sminthuridae was new for Iranian fauna. All species from the present study reported for the first time from Ilam province. Short explanation of each collected species including the material studied, a distribution and a short description for the new record and some illustrations are given.

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The genus Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville is belonging in the subfamily Thripinae with only one species in Iran. Here, the second species, T. eucharii (Whetzel) is newly recorded from the country. Male and female specimens of this species have been collected on the flowers of Ixiolirion tataricum (Amaryllidaceae) from Ilam province (west of Iran).

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Aims: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections and their bacterial agents in patients admitted to Poursina Medical and Educational Center of Rasht.
Materials & Methods: The present retrospective descriptive study was conducted by referring to the Infection Control Unit of Poursina hospital and investigating the records of patients with culture-positive nosocomial infections from April 2013 until the end of September 2015. Bacterial agents were diagnosed based on the standard microbiological tests.
Results: During the research period, urinary tract and blood infections were reported as the highest and lowest nosocomial infections, respectively. The most common strains causing nosocomial infections were Acinetobacter spp. (24.7%) (as the most common strain causing respiratory infection), Escherichia coli (22.9%) (as the most common strain causing urinary tract infection), and Enterobacter spp. (19.9%) (as the most common strain causing postoperative infection). Based on the frequency distribution of bacterial strains in hospital wards, Acinetobacter spp was reported as the most common strain isolated from patients in the intensive care unit.
Conclusion: According to the present study results, Acinetobacter spp was the most common strain isolated, and UTIs were the most common type of infection. Due to the prevalence of UTIs and the financial, physical, and social damage they impose to the whole country and the constant change of common pathogens and their susceptibility and antibiotic resistance patterns, it is necessary to conduct studies on this issue in the academic centers of each province at regular intervals.
 

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This study was done during 2012 to 2014 to determine the species composition of thrips on fruit trees and weeds of orchards in three counties of Qazvin Province (i.e. Buin-Zahra, Takestan and Qazvin). For each county 14 orchards were sampled. In each orchard, 10 trees and from each tree four shoots along with their leaves, flowers and fruits were selected as a sample unit. Diversity was calculated by Shannon-Wiener Index and evenness by Pielou evenness index. Species richness was estimated using the first-order jackknife richness estimator. One-way ANOVA was used to test whether there exists significant variation in species diversity, evenness and richness along the three counties. Of the 4,489 adult collected specimens from three locations, 27 species belonging to 13 genera were identified. The highest number of thrips was collected on plants of family Rosaceae, followed by Vitaceae and Moraceae, respectively. The number of collected species in Qazvin (18) and Buin-Zahra (17) counties were more than Takestan (13) county. Similar trend was observed for the total number of adult specimens collected in the three counties as more specimens were found in Qazvin and Buin-Zahra than Takestan. Results of this study showed that Thrips tabaci L. was found on all species of fruit trees and weeds. There were no significant differences among the three counties in terms of both diversity (P = 0.41) and evenness (P = 0.45). Across the counties, thrips estimated richness was higher in Qazvin county compared to Buin-Zahra and Takestan counties. Among the trees in Buin-Zahra and Takestan counties, grape had the highest thrips diversity. The highest value of diversity for Qazvin county was recorded for apricot. The polyphagous species T. tabaci was dominant in all three counties, followed by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (in Qazvin county), Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (in Buin-Zahra county) and Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) (in Takestan county).

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The genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with 37 species, is the largest genus in Thripinae from Iran. However, Thrips coloratus Schmutz was excluded from Iranian thrips because of its misidentification. Here, this species is recorded from Iran for the first time based on two specimens collected on the flowers of clover (Fabaceae) from Ilam province.

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The American species, Tylothrips osborni (Hinds) is reported for the first time from Iran and presented with detailed photos. The single macropterous female, which has been collected in the Ilam province, shows an unusual variation regarding the number of sense cones on antennal segment III. This variation affects both antennae in form of a reduction of the number of sense cones.

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The monotypic genus Fulmekiola Karny of Thrips genus-group (Thripidae: Thripinae) is recorded in Iran for the first time. This is the sixth member of this group recorded from Iran after Microcephalothrips (one species), Sphaerothrips (one species), Stenchaetothrips (2 species), Stenothrips (one species) and Thrips (35 species). Diagnostic characters and the geographical distribution of the newly recorded thrips, Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) are provided along with an updated key to genera of the Iranian Thrips-group.

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Montpellier maple Acer monspessulanum L. is one of the trees in Zagros forests (Iran) which is host to several economically important thrips species. The purpose of this study was to find the fauna of thrips on Montpellier maple trees in Ilam province, western Iran, during 2015-2016. The abundance and species diversity of thrips were examined twice a month via standard sweep net and shaking flowers and leaves to white plastic tray at two location sites including Gachan and Manesht Mountains. Out of the 7062 thrips specimens that were collected, 16 thrips species were identified, which belonged to 10 genera and four families. The estimated domination coefficient showed that in both sites Taeniothrips inconsequens Uzel was eudominant and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman was dominant species. There were 5 and 4 species classified as subdominant for Gachan and Manasht, respectively. Four predatory thrips were found on Montpellier maple trees including Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall, Scolothrips longicornis Priesner, Haplothrips flavitibia Williams and H. globiceps. Of these, A. intermedius was the most abundant predator in both collection sites, whereas others showed a low population density. According to diversity index calculations, the Shannon diversity, Pielou’s evenness and Margalef’s species richness indices were 1.83, 0.68 and 1.67 for Gachan, and 1.48, 0.62 and 1.26 for Manesht, respectively. 

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 Genus and species of Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann) (Thripidae: Thripinae) is recorded from Iran, Ilam province for the first time. Specimens of this species have been collected on rangeland plants by beating an unknown plant over a white plate. Diagnostic morphological characters and the geographical distribution of the newly recorded thrips are given.

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The present list is based on all available published literatures on taxonomy and biodiversity of the thrips fauna of China (including Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau) up to July 2024. The known Chinese Thysanoptera fauna currently consists of 816 species in 206 genera, including 443 species in the suborder Terebrantia and 373 species in the suborder Tubulifera. In addition, the family Stenurothripidae Bagnall has been added to the fauna of China. In the past 10 years, many additional taxa have been newly recorded or described for China, that is includes about 12.6% of all species of thrips in the world. Amongst Chinese taxa, the family Thripidae is the most diverse, with 412 species, and within this family, the richest genera are Thrips, Stenchaetothrips, Mycterothrips and Trichromothrips, respectively. Totally, the most species have been recorded from Taiwan, with 292 records, followed by Yunnan, with 273 records, and Guangdong, with 237 records.

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Research on the local languages ​​and dialects of Iran and the collection of various cultural manifestations, including proverbs, leads to a better understanding of the culture and history of the tribes, preserving their dialect and culture, and finally a better understanding of the Iranian languages ​​and culture. Proverbs are a major part of the popular culture of the Baluch people, and a careful study of them will pave the way for the study of cultural patterns, social values, and sociological research.
Most of these proverbs have great moral meanings that play an essential role in teaching transcendent ideas and concepts, transmitting ethnic and generational experiences, and the advancement of individuals in society, but there are also proverbs that have negative functions in history, which have been the cause of social and cultural damage and failure. This research studied this group of proverbs by library and analytical method in order to have an increasing cultural awareness and promote rational views in Baluch society and culture. Although the number of such proverbs is limited, they have caused cultural damage in society due to their widespread use.
Cultural harms have been studied in three areas of individual, family and society along with superstitious beliefs in the field of culture. However, the findings of the current research show the highest frequency in injuries that are related to families. Nonetheless, an independent and documented research with a specific statistical community has not been done in this regard.

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In this paper a simple model of one and two-storey adjacent buildings excited by the horizontal and vertical components of fault-normal pulse and fault-parallel displacement with different magnitudes and time lags has been considered. In the considered model each storey consist of a rigid beam connected to two axially rigid mass-less columns by nonlinear rotational springs and linear rotational dashpots. For determination of the pounding force the non-linear viscoelastic model has been chosen. In this model, a non-linear spring following the Hertz law of contact is applied together with an additional non-linear damper, which is activated during the approach period of collision in order to simulate the process of energy loss taking place mainly during that period. The ground motion is described by fault-normal pulse and fault-parallel permanent displacement, and their amplitudes and duration are selected consistent with the variables that describe near-fault motions. An important physical characteristic of the selected pulse and displacement is large initial velocity associated with onset of these motions and it is proportional to the stress drop on the fault. It is assumed that the buildings are near the fault and that the longitudinal axis of the buildings (x-axis) coincides with the radial direction (r-axis) of the propagation of waves from the earthquake source so that the absolute displacements of the bases of columns because of the wave passage are different. It is further assumed that the ground motion can be described approximately by linear-wave motion. It is assumed that the excitations at all bases have the same amplitude but differ in terms of phase. The phase difference (or time delay) between the input ground motions depends on the length of the buildings and the horizontal phase velocity of the incident waves. The system of equations of motion has been solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method because of its self-starting feature and the long-range stability. For the considered models the results indicate: (1) for nonlinear behavior of material the impact force tends to increase of maximum relative displacement and permanent deformation specially in the second storey (2) the maximum impact force and the minimum distance required to avoid pounding of adjacent buildings under fault-normal pulse are many times larger than those induced by fault-parallel displacement (3) material nonlinearity reduces the maximum impact force and the minimum distance required to avoid pounding significantly, respect to the linear case. Also in nonlinear case the maximum impact force occurs at d>0, while for linear case it happens at d=0 (4) the time delay in ground motion can increase 1.5 to 2 times the maximum impact force and the minimum distance required to avoid collision. The horizontal component of the ground motion is predominant in this magnification and the effects of the vertical and rocking components of ground motion are negligible.