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Mayetiola destructor (Say, 1817) originated in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East and is one of the most serious pests of wheat, rye and barley and more than 16 Poaceae wild species. Here, we report the occurrence of this species as an invasive pest for the first time in Iran. It was detected in wheat fields and rye in Qüshchï Pass, Urmia environ, West Azarbaijan province (September 2020) as well as in wheat fields in Bil-e Savar, Ardabil province (July 2024). The diagnostic characters and its life history as well as the photographs of the adult male and female, larvae, puparium, male genitalia and wing venation are provided. This is the second species from the genus Mayetiola that has been reported from Iran. To prevent the spread of this destructive pest in Iran, suitable management practices are urgently needed.

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Orchid bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) play a vital role as key pollinators in the Neotropical forests. Their preference for forested areas makes these bees more susceptible to environmental changes, particularly in areas under severe human impact, such as the Chocó-Darien biodiversity hotspot. This study presents new data on orchid bees within the Canandé Biological Reserve, a lowland rainforest in the Chocó region of northwestern Ecuador. At this site, four species of orchid bees were recorded for the first time in Ecuador: Euglossa bursigera Moure, 1970, Euglossa crassipunctata Moure, 1968, Euglossa villosiventris Moure, 1968 and Eufriesea macroglossa (Moure, 1965). We also provide species-specific information on diagnosis, distribution maps, and high-resolution images. With these records, the total number of orchid bee species recorded in Ecuador now stands at 119.

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Background: Various studies have reported the prevalence of low back pain in specific populations very differently. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain and related factors among the referees to health centers in Dehloran, Iran. Material and methods: In this cross sectional study, two hundred and seventy three referees to health centers in Dehloran, who aged between 20 to 45 years old and were satisfied to be studied, were entered to the study after providing signed written consent form. The data were collected using the valid/reliable researcher -made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire has been obtained by inserting the experts' views in the questionnaire and the reliability was measured through cronbach's alpha which was calculated as 78%. The data has been analyzed using SPSS16. Results: The lifetime prevalence of low back pain among the studied participants was 52.38%. There were significant relationship between low back pain and education level, residency location, hours per day working with computer and sedentary life style. (All p value was < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed low back pain was prevalent among referees to health centers aged between 20 to 45 years old. Sedentary life style and much working with computer were related significant factors. Designing proper intervention to prevent low back pain among this target group is recommended.  

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Aims: The assessment of threats and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure such as urban water infrastructure can, in many cases, significantly reduce vulnerabilities or minimize the consequences of a threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate the components of the contingency and impact severity of human-oriented and natural-based threats in urban water infrastructure.
Instrument and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, a library collection method, including the study of books, research, and domestic and International articles of researchers as well as Internet search was used. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Hazop model and Friedman test, using SPSS 21 software.
Findings: According to the experts, the highest scores were assigned to terrorism acts and suppression, and, ultimately, human error. The most critical type of threat was recognized as chemical attack, military attack, and drought by the Hazop model. The second threat was rocket attacks, earthquakes, and terrorism. The human error ranked next in critical threats. The military attack and drought were recognized as an unacceptable crisis and the probability of a flood, a military attack (ground) and human error were ranked one to three. The impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution were ranked one to three, respectively.
Conclusion: The most critical types of threats are chemical pollution in urban water infrastructure, military attack, and drought and are recognized as unacceptable crisis. The probability of flood, military attack (ground), and human error are ranked one to three, and the impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution are ranked one to three, respectively.
 

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Scapegoatig means the indirect transfer of evil and its disposal for a specific or indefinite period of time. Human had variety philosophies to fight against evil, and has employed common tools such as human, animal, objects, etc. Fore this purpose, the present work attempts to explore different ways of scapegoat by referring to the Sahname of Ferdowsi. To this end, after giving a brief introduction about scapegoating, the reasons of humans resort to scapegoating as well as types of scapegoating in Shahname have been studied. Accordingly, there are two forms of scapegoating (direct and in direct), one in Zahhak’s story, and the other in the story of Rostam and Esphandiyar. The present foundamental research is based on library research method, and has used descriptive analysis method.      

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Abstract Placing Informaiton Technology staff in suitable job positions of employees, regarding their skills and knowledge is very important. However, percepting it as a difficult issue or inability in dealing with them leads to superficial, non-scientific and haphazard decisions within enterprises. The very important note in this matter is the large quantity and variety of indicators that affect the recruitment of IT staff, as well as the qualitative, vague and fuzzy nature of employment that makes it difficult to decide about selecting the righ professional. In this paper, after collecting the important criteria in evaluation of eight IT occupational groups, we define intervals for each of core skills in eight IT occupational groups by seeking experts opinions through Fuzzy Delphi technique.In the next step, we design a fuzzy expert system with Matlab fuzzy toolbox for IT personnel selection that its inputs are the score in each skill and the outputs are his/her grade in each IT occupational group. The findings of this research can be useful for managers in employeeing IT professionals and in their purposeful educational planning for IT occupational groups.  

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Employees good placement, regarding their skills and knowledge are issues that there is no doubt in their importance. However taking them difficult or inability in dealing with them, has been led to superficial, non-scientific and decisions without planning in that enterprises. The first step in a good decision making process in this case is identification of important employment criteria and their levels. But highly important are the large number and variety of indicators that affect the recruitment of IT staff. Though their qualitative, vague and fuzzy nature makes it difficult for making decision in IT professional selection. In this paper, after collecting the important criteria in evaluating of eight IT occupational groups, we defined intervals for each of core skills in eight IT occupational groups with asking from experts via Fuzzy Delphi method. At the next step, we designed a fuzzy expert system with Matlab fuzzy toolbox for IT personnel selection that it's inputs are person's score in each skill and uotputs are his/her grade in each IT occupational group. Key words: Selection, General

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Talisman and breaking talisman in popular caulture of Jabālbārez
Popular culture include beliefs, customs and rituals that are common among the group of people. And has a place in everyday life. Engaging in culture as a factor to connect people that as an essential factor to influence on the character, cohesion and social solidarity, development, evolution and political change. One can not ignore the role of popular culture in finding to find personal attitudes and tastes. Talisman and breaking talisman is one aspect of popular culture. Talisman is the use of some ambiguous and strange shapes, lines and roles. The wizard writes these shapes and line on pelt and paper for a particular purpose
Jabal barez area located in Jiroft of Kerman province, has an intact popular culture for its impracticable ways and special condition. Talisman and breaking talisman is very in this area. The research is fundamental that the authors have collected the data with field work method
Keywords: folklore, Talisman and breaking talisman , Jabal barez area, Jiroft

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Due to the wide applications of gold nanoparticles, there have been great demands for their synthesis recently. Chemical methods produce pure and Non-dispersive nanoparticles, but these are quite expensive and potentially toxic to the environment. It has been suggested that the use of biological organisms and their components could be a suitable alternative for the production of nanoparticle in an eco-friendly manner (green synthesis). Using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis can be advantageous over other biological processes because it eliminates the elaborate process of maintaining cell cultures and can also be suitably scaled up for large-scale synthesis. In this study leaf extracts of Water cress, were used for green synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles were formed by treating an aqueous HAuCl4 solution by different amount of plant leaf extract as reducing agent at different temperatures. UV–visible spectroscopy was used for monitoring of the reaction progress. The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized with Dynamic light scattering (DLS) size analyzer, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that only a few minutes were required for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles at 60 °C and 80 °C by 1000 μl of plant extract, suggesting appropriate reaction rates in comparable to those of nanoparticle synthesis by chemical methods. TEM images showed that spherical nanoparticles (size, 10–50 nm) were obtained at higher temperatures and leaf broth concentrations. The analysis of FTIR bands show that the Polysaccharides and proteins are probably involved in the bio reduction and synthesis of nanoparticles.

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In the present work, Euurobracon cephalotes cephalotes (Smith, 1858) is recorded for the first time from India. A new state record of Euurobracon triplagiata (Cameron, 1900) from Madhya Pradesh is also documented. This species was previously known in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh. A distributional checklist of the world species of Euurobracon Ashmead is also provided.

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Apples are the main horticultural crops grown in West Azarbaijan province of Iran. In recent surveys of apple orchards in Urmia and Miyandoab, West Azarbaijan Province, symptoms including branch and twig bark cracks, cankers, dieback and tree decline were commonly seen. Isolation of the fungi from cracked and cankered branches yielded fungal isolates with typical characteristics of the genera Paecilomyces and Paramyrothecium. Based on combination of morphological characteristics and sequence data obtained from ITS-rDNA and β-tubulin gene sequences for Paecilomyces isolates and ITS-rDNA region for Paramyrothecium isolates, they were identified as Paecilomyces formosus and Paramyrothecium foliicola. Results of the pathogenicity tests on detached shoots of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars showed that isolates of P. formosus were pathogenic only on ‘Red Delicious’ cultivar, but Pa. foliicola isolates were pathogenic on both cultivars and showed symptoms of infection. Re-isolation of the fungi from inoculated shoots confirmed Koch’s postulates. To the best of our knowledge, the involvement of P. formosus and Pa. foliicola in the development of canker disease of apple trees is reported for the first time. Also, Pa. foliicola is a new record to Iran mycobiota.

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Objectives: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant predisposition to colon cancer. This hereditary genetic disease is characterized by more than 100 adenomatous polyps in colon and rectum. Additional features may include desmoids tumors, polyps in the upper gastrointestinal tract, osteomas and Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE). A mutation in APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) is found in the majority of cases. Mutation detection and genetic analysis of APC in this syndrome is highly recommended as the penetrance is almost 100% by 40 years of age. The APC gene expanding on 5q21-q22 has 15 exons and has an ORF with 8538 nucleotides which codes a protein with 2843 amino acids. Materials and Methods: 5 families among 150 families were selected according to accepted diagnosis criteria of FAP. CSGE (Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis) technique for the first time was set up to screen mutations in all 15 exons of APC gene by this technique. Direct sequencing was used as gold standard to confirm CSGE results. Results: CSGE analysis showed electrophoresis migration anomalies and heteroduplex formation in exon 15 of APC in all patients. Further analysis by direct sequencing characterized these heteroduplexes as deleterious mutations. These mutations can be classified as non sense, frame shift and deletion. Conclusion: For the first time, CSGE technique was set up for mutation screening of coding and some parts of non coding regions of APC. In comparison with other screening methods, this technique has many advantages so it can be used in routine clinical laboratories. As mutation detection in APC is laborious, needs high tech technology and is expensive, finding sensitive and cost effective mutation screening technique would have direct positive effect on clinical management of families with familial susceptibility to colon cancer.

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The ecological aspects, distribution, and possible conservation of a syrphid hoverfly, Axona chalcopyga (Wiedemann, 1839) is poorly known due to their rare records. Three female individuals of A. chalcopyga were discovered in the Gelam forests of Terengganu state, which is the first record in Peninsular Malaysia. Here, we provided a pictorial description of the female. We also noted the functional role of the hoverfly as a potential pollinator candidate for the Gelam trees by visiting its flowers.

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Two species of Austronomia Michener, 1965 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae, Nomiinae), namely A. goniognatha (Cockerell, 1919) and A. takauensis (Friese, 1910), are reported from India for the first time. Eleven Nomiinae bee species, Austronomia capitata (Smith, 1875), Austronomia himalayana (Nurse, 1902), Austronomia notiomorpha (Hirashima 1978), Austronomia pseudoscutellata Pauly, 2009, Hoplonomia incerta (Gribodo, 1894), Lipotriches ceratina (Smith, 1857), Lipotriches phenacura (Cockerell, 1911), Macronomia antennata (Smith, 1875), Nomia crassipes (Fabricius, 1798), Pachynomia nathani Pauly, 2009, Steganomus fulvipennis Cameron, 1898 are added to the West Bengal bee fauna. A checklist of Nomiinae bees comprising 30 species from West Bengal along with floral association is documented.

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Students’ understanding of literature is often neglected, while curriculums are usually determined by educationists whose expectations might not suit the students’ ability. To achieve a positive learning outcome in the literature classroom, the students’ perceptions and interests must be accorded much consideration. Therefore, this study aims to determine students’ perceptions of the importance of the English literature component in selected secondary schools in Terengganu, Malaysia. The study employed a descriptive survey method in which a structured questionnaire was used as a data-gathering instrument. The data were gathered from a sample of 403 students across four different public secondary schools in Terengganu: SMK Kompleks Seberang Takir, SM Sains Sultan Mahmud, SMKA Dato Haji Abbas, and SMK Kompleks Gong Badak. The study found that the students have positive perceptions of the English literature component to a large extent. The students also believe that English literature enables them to develop their cultural awareness, critical thinking skills, as well as improve their English grammar and vocabulary. The moral-philosophical approach is the most preferred approach amongst the students, followed by the information-based approach and the language-based approach. It is envisaged that the findings of this study could be especially useful in the process of curriculum development, particularly in the Malaysian context. Besides, this study could raise teachers’ awareness of their students’ level of understanding of the English literature component

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Wheat seeds harbor different microbial populations, which can be associated with each other in neutral, positive, or negative interactions. The present study investigated the interaction of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas translucens (Xt) as an important wheat seed-borne pathogen. In addition to P. fluorescens (A7) and P. chloroaphis (A4), which were previously isolated from the rhizosphere of potato as potent biocontrol agents, six more non-pathogenic Pseudomonas strains that were isolated from wheat seeds, were studied. According to the general biochemical tests and partial 16S rRNA sequences alignment, the isolated strains were closely related to the species of P. gessardii, P. orientalis, P. poae, P. koreensis, and P. cedrina. The Pseudomonas strains exhibit different antagonistic activities, such as phosphate solubilization, cellulase, protease, and lipase production. Also, they have an apparent inhibition effect under in vivo conditions against X. translucens. Seed treatment by these strains led to suppressing bacterial leaf streak disease incidence in an early growth stage. However, disease progress enhanced with the seedling growth, resulting in the treated plants' complete death. Only in treated seeds by P. fluorescens (A7), P. chloroaphis(A4), and P. orientalis (Ais119) decrease of AUDPC up to 83%, 74%, and 63% was achieved, respectively, compared with the untreated controls. Our results showed that some fluorescent Pseudomonas strains could cause delay at the beginning of the disease appearance due to competition or producing antimicrobial metabolites during that time. In contrast, some may be considered a threat, enhancing disease development through synergistic effects.
 

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In this paper, friction of the contacted surfaces with random roughness distribution in nano scale has been modeled and simulated. So, firstly the modified friction model, AMM, was derived for the contact of the flat/rough surfaces based on the JKR contact, HK friction model and random distribution of Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model. The results show, modified AMM model predict higher friction force. It is more accurate than the earlier AMM model due to considering of the surface forces. Following, the obtained model was extended for evaluating of friction between a flat particle and the rough surface, and especially for the tip of the atomic force microscopic on the rough surface. Then the effect of geometric parameters of surface such as standard deviation of the asperities height and radius of the asperities peak on the friction between tip and rough surface was done. It was observed that normal load and friction force are increased with growing of the standard deviation of the asperities height while as the friction coefficient will be reduced. Furthermore, the normal load, the friction force, and also the friction coefficient are raised by increasing of the asperity peak radius. Finally, it was observed that variation of standard deviation of the asperity height has more influence on the friction than the radius of the asperity peak

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In this paper, downlink resource allocation for a sparse code multiple access (SCMA) based heterogeneous  cellular networks (HCN) is investigated. The main aim of this paper is to obtain joint power allocation and codebook assignment to achieve the least total system transmit power. In this regard, the proposed objective function is formulated as total transmit power subject to users minimum rate requirement, total available power in each base station (BS), and SCMA constraint. To solve the proposed problem an iterative algorithm considering successive convex approximation (SCA) is applied. Also,convergence of the iterative method is investigated. In the simulation results the effectiveness of proposed resource allocation method are shown.

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Abstract—Base station assisted device-to-device communications(D2D) lets cellular users communicate directly.
As D2D connections can operate on a joint frequency band,interference management is essential to boost the spectral
eciency and users’ quality of service. Two dierent approaches are proposed to tackle the interference in D2D
networks. A power control scheme and a frequency-time scheduling are examined to achieve long-term fairness among D2D users. The power control maximizes weighted sum-rate of the users, where the weights indicate priorityof the users. The second proposed strategy is to avoid interference when it is high. In this algorithm, the spectrum band is divided among users as interference coupling rises.
A metric from the information theory literature has been adopted to measure the coupling. The proposed schemes
are tested through multiple time slots and the average rate of a user and network sum-rate have been observed.
The results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed power control scheme.