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Abstract The aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemnai Viereck and A. matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) have high potential as the most effective biological control agents for controlling the cotton aphis Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this investigation, the effect of five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on the reproductive parameters was studied at 65 ±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L: 8 D hours In this study, the newly laid (one- day old) eggs were reared on third instar nymphs of cotton aphid, and the pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids were recorded daily, until the last individual was found dead. The experiments were carried out with 15 replications at each temperature. The results revealed that the gross fecundity and fertility rates were significantly different at all tested temperatures for both species (P

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Background and aims: The E2F family of transcription factors is encoded by at least eight genes, E2F1-8. These proteins are important targets of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) contributed in regulation of transcription, cell cycle and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of E2F protein family including E2F1, E2F2, E2F7, E2F8 and RB1 in the lineage negative (Lin-) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of young and aged black mice using Real Time RT-PCR and western blot techniques. Methods: Lin- HSCs of 4 young (7-10 weeks old) and 3 aged (76 weeks old ) mice have been isolated from their bone marrow cells using MACS column and after RNA extraction of culturing cells and cDNA preparation, samples were then analyzed by Real Time RT- PCR and western blot techniques. Results: The E2F7 and E2F8 expression levels of the Lin- HSCs of old mice were only the transcriptional factors significantly decreased when compared with young mice. In conclusion: It seems the functional roles of important E2F7 and E2F8 transcription factors in moderating potentially destructive activity of E2F1 and regulation of cell cycle have been diminished in Lin- HSCs of aged mice. Hence, the apoptotic activity of the E2F1 would affect to the most HSCs, reinforcing bone marrow to proliferate the HSCs in old mice. However, Real Time RT-PCR data showed that the expression level of the E2F1 in those cells was not increased significantly as expected. This is the first report in this regard and further investigation with more samples need to reconfirm these data.

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In recent years the growth rate of industry, science and technology has increased exceptionally and same relative changes in standards, practices and architecture operation has been more explicit. This suggests that nowadays architecture needs change and more dynamic than in the past and new buildings seem to be more varied, more flexible and adaptable to future possible changes, which needs architectural and structural solutions. In addition to being stable, one of the other mysteries of a creature is the ability of being responsible to many patterns which are expected in present and future. Although people are similar in humanity, they are unique in their aims, will and requirements. Therefore, in one place we encounter variety of requirements. In retrospect we can find out how man could solve their difficulties by the most basic movable structures and how he had designed mobile homes and flexible urban contexts to utilize in the future. This portable structure is also used in bridges, shelters, temporary and multipurpose spaces thus it has the ability to adapt to future needs. Although throughout history, man has lived in buildings which their function is fixed and unchangeable, but todays buildings function and users change rapidly and buildings should be constructed flexible and adaptable to the functional changes( for example climate changes), time change, social and cultural changes. What will be discussed in this article is examining, analysis and classification of structural systems of mobile and contemporary shelters. The purpose of these classifications is defining models that can be divided into various forms and production methods proposed for development and construction of systems available.

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A faunestic study on Stigmaeidae and Cryptognathidae families in Lorestan province was carried out during 2012-2013. In this study 18 species were collected and identified, of which Favognathus amygdalus and F. cordylus (Cryptognathidae) were new records for Iranian fauna, also all of the collected species in this study were new records for fauna of Lorestan province. Stigmaeidae with 14 species and Cryptognatidae with four species had the highest and lowest number of identified species, respectively.

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Elections are the most effective and practical tool and means for exercising the thoughts and beliefs of the people and recognizing social options and priorities in democratic societies, during which the voting and participation of the elected candidates and the voters play an essential role. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, a favorable circumstance and profitable condition has been provided for public freedom and a widespread and great political participation of citizens, groups and parties in order to determine the political destiny and fate through elections. Elections are mentioned a fundamental mechanism for gathering and recognizing social choices and preferences, hence its rule and legitimacy is determined by the people. The method which used in this research is a descriptive- analytic according to the nature and aims of the subject and also in accordance with the testing of hypotheses and data collection. The statistical population is the households living in Islamabad and Dalahou districts with a population above 176864 people and 51177 households. The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the sense of socio-economic status and the use of candidates' advertising techniques; In other words, the more suitable the socio- economic situation of the candidates, the higher the techniques will be in terms of quantity and quality
 

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Architectural Survey in recent decades shows that the modern architecture has not been considered compatible with climatic conditions and it not only causes Environmental pollution but also increases cooling and heating costs. Nowadays architects are looking for appropriate solutions to design buildings that can be in harmony with their environment and climate. As there are different seasons and days in each climate, so designing building system that can vary with ambient conditions seems necessary. Since the sunlight is one of the most important and effective climate factors in indoor conditions, in order to control of heat and light in the window, author got the basic idea from the shadow of a cup of tea. If the colored liquid is injected between double glazed windows, light passing through the window will reduce a lot. Variable Building Layers System (V.B.L.S) is an innovative design that has been patented by the author and can control heat transfer in buildings and improve thermal comfort. The system has been designed based on the basic idea after some trial and error and includes three main components: transparent layers, color tanks, pump and control valve. Its transparent layers can be made of tempered glass or Plexiglas that both of them are separated by a spacer. The way it works is that colored liquid is injected into layers through the pump. The system has the ability to change transparency in less than an hour and make one way vision glass, if necessary. Laboratory samples of this design were built during the 8 stages of the process which includes: -1 Controlling light passing through the window by colored liquid, -2 Controlling light passing through the window by various colors, -3 Controlling window visibility and transparency, -4 Creating various colors by mixing primary colors, -5 The ability to use the idea for walls: Using window idea in designing internal walls and Using window idea in designing external walls, -6 The ability to paint a wall with various colors, -7 The ability to move the location of thermal insulation, 8. The ability to control the system by a computer. In this paper, Variable Building Layers System is explained and discussed in detail as it is used for windows and walls. Three transparent layers that is injected colored liquid between them will create variable properties in windows and walls. The main objective was to achieve maximum variability in building walls and it was assumed that changing colors will decrease or increase the light passing through layers, so in order to prove this hypothesis, experiments were performed. Due to different absorption and passing light from various colors their shadow had a different temperature. The main advantage is that these layers vary based on outside conditions by controlling sunlight and heat daily. The external walls was also added a tank of argon gas (as a thermal insulation) to reduce temperature swing inside the building. These layers can achieve benefits such as varying color and transparency, and control the amount of light passing through them, decreasing or increasing the heat capacity, and also moving the location of thermal insulation manually or automatically by computer. Using various colors in windows and walls will provide different thermal and psychological effects on occupants. Opacity or transparency of these layers can provide appropriate view and sunlight because it is possible to make part of the layer opaque and also to allow daylight to pass through from transparent part. It also creates less design limitations for architects. As bright colors reflect sunlight much more than dark colors, so changing color of façade can increase or decrease absorption of solar energy and reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. Based on Johannes Itten’s Color theory, it can make you feel 3 to 4 degrees centigrade warmer or cooler by selecting warm color for winter and cool color for summer without using energy. Each climate requires walls with different heat capacity but in this system it is possible to adjust the heat capacity with indoor temperature. Heat capacity of water is more than air so if the middle layer of the wall fills with water, temperature swing will decrease and also with reducing water level and replacing air, heat capacity will become less. In these walls, thermal insulation can be inside or outside of the walleither manually or automatically by a computer daily. In temporary-use buildings heat is removed after passing through the thermal insulation but it is possible to change location of the insulation towards outside after passing heat and it is not allowed to remove. To sum up, Heat capacity and thermal insulation can vary in every climate based on different seasons that leads to reduce indoor temperature swing. Noting that the heat transfer occurs in the building by three methods, changing layers can make different thermal resistance. As thermal conductivity of water and air and argon is respectively less than the other, heat transfer by conduction and convection depends on what matter and what height layers is filled. Glass walls are able to allow sunlight to enter rooms in the winter (if heating is needed) that absorb and store sun’s warmth and so radiation heat transfer causes a reduction in heating. Another advantage of this system is that external and internal walls are respectively up to 10 centimeters and 3 to 5 centimeters in thickness and so reduced thickness of walls leads to increase surface area and volume of the building. Wall thickness reduction compared to the same walls is noticeable because of reducing weights of building materials. Therefore it will decrease building subsidence and increase earthquake resistance of the building. As previously mentioned glass layers will provide natural light and suitable perspective and even if walls need to clean, these layers will allow washing. According to descriptions, Variable Building Layers System can be use in many buildings such as houses, offices, greenhouse, museums, galleries, libraries and etc., because of varying color of walls, controlling heat and light and moving thermal insulation and generally compatible with each climate.

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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pest species, with an extended range of host plants in the world. Use of chemical acaricides is one of the principle ways of controlling this pest. Considering the resistance to acaricides, as well as undesirable effects of chemical compounds, finding a suitable alternative way to control this pest is necessary. In this study sublethal effects of Dayabon®, a herbal extract, were investigated on some biological parameter of T. urticae at 2.140 g/l (LC₅), 2.682 g/l (LC₁₀) and 3.526 g/l (LC₂₀). The estimated LC₅₀ for T. urticae adult was 5.950 g/l. When adults were treated with LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ of Dayabon, the oviposition period was significantly reduced compared to LC₅. The highest and the lowest fecundity (number of eggs laid per female) were 56.02 offspring/individual in control and 39.11 offspring/individual at LC₂₀ respectively. In addition the net reproductive rate (R₀) was decreased as concentration increased. Whereas, intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not affected by Dayabon. Considering the detrimental effects of Dayabon on some biological parameters of T. urticae, it can be concluded that this product can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at integrated management of T. urticae. 
 

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For successful implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, having knowledge on lethal and low-lethal effects of pesticides on natural enemies is necessary. The present study evaluated the low-lethal effect of thiamethoxam on life table parameters of the subsequent generation of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory conditions. The low-lethal concentrations LC₅, LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ were determined based on a dose-effect assay. The raw data were analyzed based on age-stage two sex life table analysis. Exposure to the low-lethal concentrations of thiamethoxam had no significant effects on developmental time of offspring of treated mites. Compared with control treatment, the oviposition period of treated mites with LC₅, LC₁₀ and LC₂₀ decreased significantly. The highest and lowest values of total fecundity were obtained at control (35.3 eggs/female/day) and LC₂₀ (23.6 eggs /female/day), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R₀) decreased with increasing dose from LC₅ (22.6 offspring) to LC₂₀ (15.0 offspring). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ), were not affected by increasing concentrations. The mean generation time (T) decreased significantly at upper dose (LC₂₀ = 13.2 d), compared with control (14.7 d). In consequence, the low-lethal concentration influences of thiamethoxam in combination with N. californicus in order to design management programs of T. urticae are discussed.
 

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The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important and destructive herbivorous mites in farm and greenhouse that has developed high levels of resistance to many acaricides. In this study, we investigated the effect of sublethal concentrations of hexythiazox at LC₁₀, LC₂₀, and LC₃₀ on the development and reproduction parameters of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey T. urticae. The crude data were analyzed based on age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. Hexythiazox (at LC₂₀ and LC₃₀ levels) reduced the oviposition period (9.68, 8.06 days), total lifespan (22.37, 20.88 days), and total fecundity (50.97, 46.21 eggs/female) compared to the control but did not affect those parameters of A. swirskii. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly different at tested concentrations, but the net reproductive rate (R₀), gross reproductive rate (GRR), and mean generation time (T) reduced significantly. Our study demonstrated lower toxicity of hexythiazox on A. swirskii compared to its prey. It could be concluded that the use of selective acaricides at lower concentrations may be helpful in integrated pest management programs.

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Breast cancer is a serious health concern for women. It contributes to about 23% of the cancer cases, and accounts for the second largest number of deaths among all cancers. Expensive and time consuming recognition methods currently available for recognition of breast cancer potentiates the need for improvement of novel, specific and ultrasensitive strategies. Biosensors are sensitive, specific and cost effective procedures. These also display the benefit of quick response due to direct calculation in physiological fluids (saliva, blood, serum, milk, urine etc.) in a non-invasive way. Aptamer-based biosensors for cancer cell recognition have shown advantages of rapidness, simplicity and cost-efficiency over traditional approaches. In this study, by linking DNAzyme and aptamer together, we established colorimetric biosensor for the detection of MCF7 breast cancer cells.  MUC1 and PTK7 aptamers used as specific aptamers to binding to the breast cancer cells. This manner may also evade the modification of DNA and the use of labels, which can intensely rise the cost-efficiency and simplicity of cancer cell discovery. Our results indicated that these aptamers showed good activity for breast cancer cells detection in which in the control cells no activity was observed. Results also indicated that there is a good linear relationship between the cancer cell values and colorimetric signal. Finally, the obtained results indicated a cost effective and conveniently operated approach for cancer diagnosis in future.

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Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of nosocomial infections. Today, the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium has created many therapeutic challenges. This study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern and the presence of the most important resistance genes in A. baumannii complex clinical isolates collected from two medical centers in Tehran.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 73 clinical isolates of A. baumanii complex belong to patients hospitalized in Sina and Shariati hospitals in 2018 were obtained from the university's microbial collection. Standard biochemical tests and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) detection of the 16srRNA gene were performed to confirm A. baumannii complex isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done using disk diffusion method. Isolates with resistance to three or more antibiotic classes were defined as multidrug-resistant (MDR). The frequency of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and those responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was determined using PCR method.
Findings: A total of 73 isolates were confirmed as A. baumannii complex. The isolates showed the highest resistance (100%) to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime They also showed high resistance to other antibiotics. Ninety-three percent of the isolates were classified as MDR. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of bla_OXA-2, aphA6, and bla_VIM genes in 100% of A. baumannii complex isolates. Furthermore, the isolates contained ant (87.67%), bla_IMP (65.75%), aacC1 (76.71%), aadA1 (35.61%), and aadB (61.64%) genes.
Conclusion: The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii complex strains has increased among hospitalized patients, leading to significant therapeutic challenges.

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Aims Building information modeling (BIM) is a process based on three-dimensional model that has provided tools to change the educational and professional approach. The purpose of this study is to test an active and constructive educational structure with a focus on the BIM approach and the application of this method in promoting the performance and creativity of architecture students in building technology courses.
Methods The research test was performed by quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups using pretest and posttest. Pre-test was performed by Torrance creativity test and two design tasks and Mann-Whitney U test was used for post-test.
Findings The findings of the analysis of pre-test results did not show a significant difference between the two groups. But by conducting a post-test, the experimental group in the indicators of concept technicality, coordination of executive issues, site technical plan, quantity and quality of phase two plans, executive details, presentation of design and overall score had a significant advantage over the control group.
Conclusion The results show that the use of the proposed educational method was effective in improving the overall performance of students in the experimental group and had a significant advantage over the performance of the control group. Regarding the promotion of studentschr('39') creativity, no significant difference and superiority was observed between the two groups, but the average ranks of students in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group. Therefore, the research results confirm the increase in studentschr('39') learning using this educational approach.

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The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of many crops worldwide. Combined tactics for pest management have a significant special effect on reducing pesticide use and maintaining the activity of natural enemies, which is the main objective of IPM programs. The effect of low-lethal concentrations of Eforia (24.7 SC, Syngenta Co.) at LC₅, LC₁₅, and LC₂₅ were investigated on biological parameters of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory condition at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L: D) h. The data were analyzed based on a two-sex life table procedure. The results showed that Eforia caused a significant reduction in fecundity (Control: 37.17; LC₂₅: 23.04 eggs/female) and total life span (Control: 42.67 days; LC₂₅: 24.65 days). The net reproductive rate (R₀) was 22.31, 20.12, 15.14, and 14.98 eggs/individual, respectively, at control, LC₅, LC₁₅, and LC₂₅. The maximum and minimum values for the intrinsic rate of increase (r) were recorded to be 0.17 (Control, LC_5, and LC₂₅) and 0.15 (LC₁₅) day^-1 for the treated mites. Based on the results, the application of low lethal concentrations of Eforia harms some biological parameters of this predatory mite, and the results of this study showed that Eforia may not be applied for the control of T. urticae pest together with A. swirskii.

 

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According to trade theories, economic integration results in increasing trade and income among trade partners. This paper tries to test the major factors affecting the exports of agricultural products in ECO members using spatial econometric approach. For this purpose, the exports statistics of ECO members has been used in the form of panel data during 1992-2008. Agricultural exports function has been estimated using the Static (fixed and random effects) and Dynamic (generalized method of moments (GMM)) methods in panel data with classic and spatial econometric approaches. The estimated results indicate the existence of spatial dependence among the countries, so the using this estimation procedure is justified. GDP, Exchange rate and spatial variables (such as proximity) have positive effects and Population has negative effect on agricultural exports. Finally, it is suggested that the estimation equations should consider the proximity between the countries and with the increase in the exchange rate and GDP, increase exports in order to provide the necessary basis. Population control policies may also apply.

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      In this study, the effects of full fat soy flour(FFSF) addition and drying temperature changes on sensory evaluation and textural characteristics of spaghetti was assessed(P<0.05). The addition of 2%, 5% and 8% of FFSF and different Levels of temperature, Low Temperature(LT), High Temperature(HT) and Ultra High Temperature(UHT) drying caused the significant changes in organoleptic and textural characteristics of spaghetti. In texture analysis of spaghetti, Hardness factor was increased and Adhesiveness, stickiness factors were decreased significantly when used of HT and FFSF combination at the same time. Springiness factor in HT and UHT drying has been shown an insignificant changes in spaghetti. The results of sensory evaluation shown, color, odour, taste, texture and overall acceptability was improved when used of HT for heat treatment, but Mailard Reaction (non-enzymatic browning) developed when used of UHT drying. LT drying didn’t has an efficient result and beany flavor was sensible in dried spaghetti with 5% and 8% of FFSF. The result shown that using of HT drying has a positive effect on sensory and textural characteristics of dried spaghetti.  

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  Reduction of wheat consumption utilization in bread and wheat flour products is one of the main ways to reduce the costs and get more economical processes. So the aim of this study was evaluation of sanginak (latirus sativus) flour (in four levels of  0, 10, 20 and 30%) and guar gum (in three levels of  0, 0.25 and 0.5%) on moisture content, special volume, texture and sensory  properties of semi bulked Barbari bread. The results showed by adding sanginak flour moisture content and firmness was increased and specific volume were decreased. However the panelists gave the highest score to the control samples. contain 10 and 20% sanginak flour. On the other hand the moisture content, specific volume, porosity and overall acceptability were increased and firmness was decreased by increasing the amount of guar gum. The final results of this project showed the sample contains 20% sanginak flour and 0.5% gaur gum In terms of specific volume, rheological and sensory properties was Competitive with that of the control sample (100% wheat flour).  

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Nowadays, the investigations on sugar replacement with other sweeteners increased because of the relation of sugar consumption with some diseases such as blood pressure, dental decay, obesity and increment of the glucose and insulin which especially is dangerous in diabetic patients. In this study, sugar was replaced in 5 levels (0, 25, 50, 75 & 100%) with date puree in dunat formulation and physicochemical and sensory properties and shelf life of final product were assessed. Results showed that moisture and water activity values increased with more replacement of dunat was decreased in 75% replacement level. The oil uptake percent and special volume decreased from 50% and 75% replacement levels, respectively. Although L٭ and b٭ values of the dunat crust was decreased in 50% and higher replacement levels in compared with control sample, a٭ value was increased in 25% and higher replacement levels. While the a٭ value of the dunat crumb increased in 25% and higher replacement levels, L٭ and b٭ values decreased from 25% and 50% replacement levels, respectively. Results from panelist’s assessment also hadn’t significant difference with control sample up to 50% replacement level. Results from this study showed that 50% replacement of sugar with date puree in dunat formulation not only keep appropriate sensorial properties of products, but also reduce oil uptake in a significance difference in compared to control sample and in special volume and porosity, treated samples haven’t significance difference with control sample. Also increment in replacement level up to 50% of date puree, whilst increase moisture and decrease hardness of products in each three period times and regard to water activity value, lead to increase in dunat maintenances time.

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Production of drought tolerant crop is an important strategy for avoiding water scarce crisis. Improvement of the root structure leading to the higher yield and seed quality. In this study, three genes affecting root structure, drought tolerance and phosphorous absorbance are used in producing hybrid constructs used for the rice transformation. Three genes: a serine/threonine protein kinase (PSTOL1), a gene from the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase family (OsCKX4) and a transcription factor induced under stress from the NAM-ATAF-CUC family (OsNAC5) isolated from the rice wild cultivars are cloned under  separate regulatory elements in the T-DNA region of the Agrobacterium binary vector. OsNAC5 gene was cloned under RCc3 root specific promoter and PSTOL1 gene under ubiquitin promoter. Also, OsCKX4 gene was cloned once under ubiquitin promoter and once under RCc3 promoter. Two hybrid multi-gene constructs named pUhrN5CkPstol and pUhrCkPstol harboring multiple genes are synthetized and used for the gene transformation into the Hashemi cultivar. Gene transfer was done to callus obtained from mature rice seeds. Transgenic plants were confirmed using PCR analysis. From the number of 107 regenerated plants in which the presence of transgenes was proved, 14 transgenic events were finally obtained. Root structure of the T0 plants showed drastic phenotypic difference in comparison to the non-transgenic ones. By now, one transgenic event harboring CKX4 and PSTOL1 is confirmed to have a homozygous line in T2 generation. It is hoped that genetic engineering of rice for enhanced root structure lead to drought tolerance, reduce water consumption and improve yield under stress conditions.