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The aim of the upcoming research is to study aspects of the problem of implicit meaning that show that the language indexes this meaning to express it. Therefore, the issues that have been reviewed here should be considered, in the first place, as a means to develop sensitivity to the extraordinary subtleties of language to process this meaning that, in our hypothesis, can only be properly understood if we return to it its inherent dynamism and follow the path of its evolution for each utterance exclusively. After that, the obtained results gave us the opportunity to improve some of the past opinions and help advance the discussions in this field. Our reading of the topic and the results of the analyzes strengthened our belief that commenting on implied meaning, regardless of the process of its production, will be mixed with a kind of dogmatism, the abolition of which depends on acknowledging the role that has the explicit meaning in this, because in our opinion, the explicit and implicit meanings are not separate and independent from each other. So, during the discussion, we have tried to include in the analysis the variables that change from one utterance to another and from one context to another and may be ignored, so that we can remain relativistic despite our orientations that are manifested in a set of new definitions.The results of the analyzes indicated this fact that language condenses meaning ...

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This research aims to study the effect of the internal aspect of the language in the development of the perception of meanings and its function in the translation process and to study the role of reminiscence and association of the translator's prior knowledge of meanings when choosing an equivalent in translation. However, in translation, only one of its semes will be able to manifest itself. But, when evaluating the equivalents chosen in literary translation, we sometimes encounter cases that indicate that the translator has gone beyond the usual vocabulary related to the semantic field of this word. The fundamental question is: in these cases, the question of choosing an equivalent is based on which intralinguistic factors and which elements of the language influence this choice? So, based on the opinions of Humboldt, Erdmann, and Gauker regarding the dimensions of language and the translator's thinking, a semantic study of the equivalents selected in three Persian translations of André Gide's novel Strait is the Gate was conducted. This comparative study demonstrates the translator's transition from the external to the internal domain of language to represent secondary meanings. Accordingly, although the translator can traverse the internal aspect of language thanks to his cultural and literary knowledge, to convey the semantic idea and figurative meaning that resides in the word in the source language, he needs a connection between his linguistic knowledge in the source language and his postulationist conception in the target language.

 

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Background:Estrogens play a substantial role in the proliferation, progression and treatment of breast cancer by binding with two estrogen receptors, alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ). Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancers and, in some cases, may be related to loss of ER gene expression. We have already showed that ERα methylation occurs in high frequency and may be one of the important mechanisms for ERα gene silencing in a subset of Iranian primary sporadic breast cancers. In the other hand, the CpG Island methylation status of ERβ and the relationship between clinicopathological features and the pattern of ERβ methylation in sporadic breast cancer are still unknown, especially in Iranian women. Methods: In this study, we examined the exact role of DNA methylation in the estrogen receptors, alpha and beta genes using Combined Bisulfite Restriction enzyme Analysis (COBRA) and Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) methods in 34 tissue and 40 peripheral white blood cells in the breast cancers. Results and Conclusions: ERα promoter methylation was identified in 29(72.5%) tissue samples and 35(87.5%) peripheral blood. Among these ERα-methylated cases, the co-occurrentmethylation of ER promoter in peripheral blood and tissue samples was evident in 25 (71.4%) patient (P=0.56). Furthermore, ERβ promoter methylation was detected in 13(32.5%) tissue samples and 4(10.0%) peripheral blood specimens. Of these ERα-methylated cases, the co-ocurrent methylation of ERβ promoter in the peripheral blood and tissue samples was evident in 1(7.7%) patient (P= 0.11). Based on COBRA analysis the percentage of DNA methylation at methylation-sensitive BstUI restriction site of the ERα promoter A ranged from 1% to 91%. The percentages at promoters A region showed a borderline associations with lymph node involvement (P=0.079, r=0.55) and a significant correlation with the grade of tumors (p= 0.27, r=0.65). No significant relation was found between ERα promoter and ERβ promoter methylation (Odds ratio =2.82, 95%, CI =0.28–28.5, P=0.36). The methylation of promoter ON was observed in only a subset of tumors without ER by IHC. In addition, we did not find any significant correlationbetween the prognostic factors such as grade, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and methylation status of this promoter. Our results indicate that methylation of ERβ promoter ON is not responsible for the loss of gene expression in of all breast tumors.

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Global aquaculture production has more than tripled during the last 15 years, and aquaculture is expected to account an increasing share in global seafood production. There are large differences among countries in the rate of growth and development of aquaculture. This review tries to explain the progress and problems of aquaculture during three last decades in Iran. The total production of Iran from aquaculture was 25,800 tons in 1994, approximately 8 percent of the total fisheries production. However, by 2008 it increased to more than 154,000 tons; 27% of total fisheries production. During the last decade, production share of different species in Iran has been variable. In the years 1998 and 2008 the highest percentage of aquaculture production was belonged to silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (50%) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 40%), respectively. The results showed that culture of rainbow trout has grown noticeably in the past two decades. At present, Iran has been acquired the first rank of rainbow trout culture in fresh water of the world. But in contrast, in recent decade shrimp aquaculture industry has failed due to white spot syndrome. Coastal and inland waters of Iran have more potential for aquaculture development. Recently, great sturgeon Huso huso and some species of barbus family have aroused interest from government and private enterprises for potential aquaculture use. Although aquaculture of Iran has shown a significant growth in the last decade, but it is concluded by introducing new species and overcome to present aquaculture problems in the country, the aquaculture production will be increased to several times.

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In order to understand the importance of particle size and agglomeration for nano-eco-toxicological studies in aquatic environments, the acute toxicity of two different types (suspended powder and colloidal) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were studied in alevin and juvenilerainbow trout. Fish were exposed to each type of AgNPs at nominal concentrations of 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 mg/L. Lethal concentrations (LC) were calculated using a Probit analysis. Some physical and chemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles were determined. In the case of colloidal form, particles were well dispersed in the water column and retained their size; but in the case of suspended powder, particles were agglomerated to large clumps and precipitated on the bottom. In alevins, the calculated 96 h LC50 values were 0.25 and 28.25mg/L for colloidal and suspended powder AgNPs respectively. In the case of juveniles, the 96h LC50 of colloidal form was 2.16mg/L, but suspended powder did not caused mortality in fish even after 21 days. The results showed that both in alevin and juvenile stages, colloidal form is much toxic than suspended powder; this shows increase of nanoparticles size due to agglomeration, will reduce the toxicity. Silver nanoparticles are toxic materials and their release into the water environment should be avoided.

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A study was carried out to determine whether naturally-occurring weeds and other cultivated plants in tomato growing regions could act as symptomless reservoirs of infection to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. A numher of F. oxysporum isolates from weeds and oubergines were used in this investigation. A susceptible tomato cultivar was used for comparison. The plants were artificially inoculated at the five to six leaf stage by root dip method. Only tomato showed wilt symptoms and died three weeks after inoculation. These isolates were identified as F. o. f. sp. lycopersici. Weeds including Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus. sp., Chenopodium album, and aubergines were colonized to various degrees and determined as symptomless carriers. Therefore, in infested areas, aubergines should not be rotated consecutively with tomatoes and proper measures should be adopted to control the weeds.

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The effect of nonylphenol on vitellogenin and zona pellucida 3.1 expressions in the liver, spleen, gill and muscle tissues of the juvenile Persian sturgeon were investigated. The fish were initially injected per kilogram of their body weights with 100mg nonylphenol, 5mg 17 beta estradiol, and 2ml peanut oil carrier agent (respectively, for the main treatment, positive and negative controls), and had the extracted RNA of their tissues converted into cDNA. Afterwards, RT-PCR reaction for each tissue sample was done separately. Results showed vitellogenin gene was expressed only in the liver, but zona pellucid 3.1 gene was expressed in the liver as well as the spleen of the fish exposed to nonylphenol and 17 beta estradiol. No vitellogenin gene in the spleen, gill and muscle was expressed; no gene for zona pellucida 3.1 was either observed in the gill and muscle. The expression rate of vitellogenin gene was 9.95±2.48 for the treatment with 17 beta estradiol and 2.85 ± 0.35 with nonylphenol; the expression rate of zona pellucida 3.1 was 9/98 ± 2/51 for exposed treatment with 17 beta estradiol and 3.37±0.35 for the treatment with nonylphenol. In conclusion, considering the meaningful effect of nonylphenol on vitellogenin and zona pellucid 3.1 expression in liver and spleen, it could be used for detection of xenoestrogen biomarker in the Persian sturgeon.

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Morphological changes of the chloride cells and the α_1b subunit gene expression of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in triploid rainbow trout (70.6 g average weight) were studied upon direct transferring to 6, 12 and 18 ppt salinities. Changes in abundance, distribution pattern, and the sectioned area of the chloride cells was studied through classic histology and Na⁺ K⁺-ATPase localization was performed through immunofluorescence light microscopy using a mouse monoclonal antibody IgGα5. Gene expression of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase α_1b subunit was studied by semi-quantitative gene expression methods.No mortality occurred among the fish in all salinities during the 10-days experimental period and treated fish kept their plasma osmolality at standard physiologic levels. All the fish also showed similar distribution pattern in their chloride cells that were distributed on filaments, between and over lamella. Histological studies confirmed some abnormal morphological changes such as lamella interruption. Immunohistochemical studies showed the highest number of the chloride cells on lamella and between lamella in 18 ppt and the maximum sectional area of the chloride cells in freshwater. Gene expression of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase α_1b subunit had direct correlation with increasing trend of salinity. In conclusions, triploid rainbow trout was found to be adaptable to the various experimented salinities and could be recommended for rearing in brackish water.

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Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is generally acquired in childhood. Algeria is a country with a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. The aim of this work was to take stock of H. pylori infection in Algerian children.
Materials and Methods: About 31antral biopsies were cultured, and then antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. The statuses of cagPAI and vacA s, m, I, and d regions were determined as well as geographical typing was done by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) method.
Results: Culture was H. pylori positive in 12 children. Only one resistance to clarithromycin and one to metronidazole were detected. Four out of six strains possessed cagPAI, and five out of six strains were identified as vacA s2m2i2d2. The five strains tested by MLST were of the hpEurope type.
Conclusion: This study revealed high prevalence of H. pylori infection and low resistance to antibiotics and reported for the first time in Algeria a genetic typing of H. pylori strains isolated from Pediatrics.

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 “Crisis of comparative literature” has not desisted after six decades: David Damrosch substitutes world literature for comparative literature, Tötösy de Zepetnek proposes the idea of a “new comparative literature,” Djelal Kadir promotes “a negotiated comparative literature,” Susan Bassnett is skeptical about the essence of comparative literature, and Gayatri Spivak has already declared the discipline’s death. Comparative literature has long allied its fate with that of critical theory. Today, subaltern, postcolonial and gender studies are among the advocated approaches in comparative literature. However, they all originate in critical theory. Besides, the two tracks of comparative literature-inter-literary and inter-disciplinary-are also similar to critical theory. In fact, comparative literature and literary theory and criticism are so intertwined that some scholars go as far as identifying them with each other. However, some comparatists are skeptical about theory. Legitimate doubts are expressed about the application of foreign theories to native cultural products. Yet, certain texts from certain cultures and literatures smoothly allow a rich application of one or more of foreign approaches or their modified and localized versions. Reading a certain cultural product within a foreign theoretical framework-as far as it is feasible-can offer rich and exciting possibilities in the study of world literature. This is actually a way to understand a literature or culture through the eyes of others.  The fate of comparative literature, thus, is bound with that of critical theory. Developments in critical theory, especially recent ones, offer suggestions for new perspectives in comparative literature. Surely, the intelligent employment of theoretical prospects can prove to open new vistas in comparative literature.  

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The Aeneid is one of the master pieces of the epic literature in the world and, without doubt, the most precious model of Latin epic. In spite of the fact that this book could be considered an artificial epic, but even in this case, the truth is mixed with the fantasy, and the mythology of the poet is based upon the neglected historical facts. This article has tried to contemplate the rhetorical aspects of the Aeneid, using the epical text of the archaic Latin poets who were influenced by Grecian poetry. Thus, after giving a brief biography of each author, the major stylistic character which has affected the Aeneid will be illustrated. It is considerable that the classical Latin grammar with its evident difference from the Vulgar Latin had a crucial role in the formation of the rhetorical style in the Aeneid.  

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The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of greenhouse crops. Nymphs and adults feed on plant sap and excrete honeydew, resulting in reduction of yield and quality. This pest has a high potential for developing resistant biotypes against different insecticides. Therefore, it is necessary to study the efficacy of different categories of insecticides against B. tabaci. In this research, efficacy of imidacloprid (0.5 l/ha), thiacloprid + deltamethrin (0.75 l/ha), pyrethrum (4 l/ha) andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) with four replications were studied in a completely randomized block design in Yazd and Bushehr provinces of Iran. Mean (± SE) efficacy of imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) were 73.42 ± 3.41, 89.57 ± 2.86, 90.29 ± 2.79, 68.13 ± 3.37 and 75.62 ± 3.76% against B. tabaci nymphs 7 days after treatment in Yazd, respectively; while in Bushehr, they were 57.30 ± 3.37, 68.45 ± 4.65, 64.17 ± 2.87, 30.0 ± 4.56 and 53.0 ± 3.35%, respectively. Thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (at 0.4 l/ha) can be suitable candidates in IPM programs of B. tabaci.

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Research subject: In recent years, due to limited water resources and the extraordinary increase in nitrates in the environment, efforts to remove and control in order to benefit from the natural adsorbents have been made. Although according to the negatively charged surface of bentonite particles, absorbent needs improvement.
Research approach: In the current study, the adsorption of nitrate columns by the modified calcium montmorillonite adsorbent was investigated. Furthermore, In order to change the surface load and increase the adsorption efficiency, three-step acid leaching, oxidation layering, and loading of the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide on the adsorbent were performed. Molecular interaction and crystallography of pure montmorillonite and synthetic nano-adsorbent (ACZ) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. Moreover, the morphology of ACZ nano adsorbents was evaluated using Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Main results: Nanoparticle compaction and less access to pores and cavities in the fixed bed column reduced the adsorbent capacity inside the column compared to the discontinuous system.
The results showed that an increase in inlet concentration from 80 to 150 mg/L increased the adsorption capacity from 67.39 to 88.25 mg/g. Reducing the inlet flow rate increased the penetration time, interaction, and greater access to the binding sites for nitrate ions and finally improved the column performance and increased the inlet flow rate reduced the adsorption capacity and breakthrough time. Therefore, the adsorption of nitrate ions by the stage of internal mass transfer is controlled and depends on the duration of interaction and the possibility of penetration into the active sites. With increasing the bed height from 4.2 to 9 cm, there was a significant increase in adsorption capacity from 60.608 to 77.167 mg/g. The effect of detergents and recovery showed an absorption column; After 3 leaching steps, acid leaching played an important role in increasing column recovery. Experimental data with correlation coefficients of R²>0.95 corresponded to Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models.
In this study, the ACZ nano adsorbent column for rapid removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions was introduced and for use in reusable systems was proposed.
 

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The architectural terms are always appearing in folkloric literature. Bathing and cleanliness were also important for Iranian people. The role of bathhouse in the social relations and its appearance in the most part of folk culture make bathhouse a distinguished place between the other types of architecture.We know also that only a few numbers of historic baths were remained; because this type is very weak against demolitions. Therefore, we must have no doubt about the necessity of documentation of all anthropological aspects of bathhouses. 
This study deals with the recognition, classification and analysis of baths in the Persian proverbs. This research based on a descriptive -comparative method and the analytical data were used to criticize the documents. For this respect, a number of related books and papers were reviewed and were found 134 proverbs, then they  were classified by the topic and were analyzed. 
The results show that more than 61 percents of proverbs are simple sentences which state the main idea as simple as possible. Only 32 proverbs have a story and only one proverb has an Arabic origin. Also most of proverbs have a witty tone, and only 10 proverbs have indecent words. Generally speaking, the social and moral issues are more important topic of discussion than the other ones. The results also show that architecture and anthropology have the same portion in the proverbs. This fact leads us to conserve them similarly.

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We examined two assumptions of the "Conceptual Metaphor Theory" (CMT) using corpus-based method. According to the first assumption, linguistic metaphors are merely reflections of conceptual metaphors; so linguistic metaphors have a marginal and secondary role. According to the second assumption, conventional linguistic metaphors are systematic. A 50-milion token sample of Hamshahri collection of Persian texts was selected as the corpus of the study. All of the corpus analyses of calculating the collocations and extracting the concordances were carried out using Ant Conc corpus software. Data analysis failed to find evidence in support of the first assumption provided by CMT, but the second assumption was partially confirmed. The findings suggest that the semantic patterns of linguistic metaphors are more complex than those predicted by CMT, and language use factors play an undeniable role in shaping the semantics of metaphoric expressions.  

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in consumer products mainly due to their antimicrobial action. The rapid increase in the use of nanoparticles has driven more attention to their possible ecotoxicological effects. In this study: first, acute effects of colloidal AgNPs during embryonic stage of Persian sturgeon and Starry sturgeon were investigated and then in Starry sturgeon, their short-term effects during early life stages (before active feeding commences) were analyzed. Based on the obtained results from the acute toxicity tests, AgNPs induced a dose-dependent toxicity in both species during early life stages. The short-term toxicity test was performed using 0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l of colloidal AgNPs. Silver accumulation in larvae exposed to 0.1 mg/l AgNPs was recorded significantly higher than the control treatment (P<0.05). However, the obtained survival rate data did not indicate any significant differences among treatments.

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During the last two decades, in psycholinguistic studies, particular attention has been focused on bilingual speakers in order to understand the cognitive relation between the two languages, especially in terms of their activation and retrieval. One of the most important reasons is that language processing and the speed of word retrieval are different between bilinguals and monolinguals. In this study, the speed of language processing and noun-verb retrieval in either of L1 and L2 and between L1 and L2 (Persian and English) were investigated through picture naming task in 42 BA students of English Language and Literature of Allameh Tabatabaee University. According to the results of this study, in inter-languages mode, the speed of verb processing and retrieval in English is significantly more than that in Persian. Moreover, in intra-languages mode, in Persian, the speed of noun processing and retrieval is significantly more than the speed of verb processing and retrieval. In the next stage, the results were analyzed by considering the gender variable. With respect to the purposes of this research in investigating the cognitive differences in the speed of word processing and retrieval in L1 and L2, a superior cognitive performance can be concluded in females.  

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In this paper, past stem of a number of Persian verbs which seem to be irregular have been investigated in OT theory based on Persian phonotactics. The research questions include: 1) How Persian phonotactics rules are applied to analyze past stems' segment sequences? 2) What phonological processes are applicable to preserve Persian phonotactics patterns after adding past morpheme? To answer these questions, 36 verbs which their final syllables are heavy (cv:cc) are taken into consideration according to syllable structure and phonotactics. In sum, the findings demonstrated that: a) these cases are completely regular and entirely consistent with the Persian phonotactic rules; b)there is a close relation between the nucleus of thec v:cc syllables and their final cluster; c) initial and final consonants play an indispensable role in cv:cc syllable and d)these stems obey sound sonority principle (SSP).

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One of the very consequences of language contacts is the presence of loanwords in a language. A great number of linguistic researches have focused on loanword studies through sociolinguistic approaches. In case of literary texts, the frequent and conscious use of loanwords reflects the style and the implicated purposes of the author which must definitely be transferred in translation. The present study aims to investigate the role of loanwords in literary texts, and their representations in translations. To this end, 148 loanwords were extracted from the American novel, Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, then their representations in the Persian translation were studied considering three variables: the donor language, the semantic fields of loanwords and the translation strategies. The results revealed that ‘equivalence’ and ‘definition’ were the priorities of the translator among the translation strategies, and this has led to lose some cultural aspects of the literary text in translation.

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This research aims at analyzing and comparing the development of lexical cohesive devices (repetition, collocation, synonymy, hyponymy, meronymy) in Persian-Speaking students’ written discourse at primary level (9 to 12 years old) according to logical meta-function introduced in Halliday and Mathiessen’s systemic functional grammar (2004). Descriptive analytical method is used in this study. 45 students (boys) studying at primary school (4^th, 5^th and 6^th grades) in 1393-94 have been selected through random-sampling. Two written tests in the form of picture stories were administered for gathering the written data. Frequency, percentage and pattern of development of using lexical cohesive devices were compared and analyzed. The frequency of lexical cohesive devices in 4^th, 5^th and 6^th grades were, 862, 967, and 1119. Repetition and collocation in all grades are the most frequent and hyponymy and meronymy are the least frequent devices. The percentage of repetition decreases from 4^th grade to 6^th grade while in hyponymy and meronymy it is increased. According to Kruskal–Wallis test the differences of using synonymy and repetition are not significant although differences of using collocation, hyponymy and meronymy are significant (p≤ 0/05). It seems that not only the frequency of different lexical cohesive devices in students’ written discourse increases as the grades increase, but also more sophisticated  lexical cohesive devices are found in writings of the students in higher grades.

 Keywords: Lexical cohesion, written discourse, Functional grammar, Students.