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The effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and physiological characteristics of seedlings Corylus avellana were determined in a forest nursery. For this purpose, in a completely randomized design (CRD) and four replicates, three putative bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter cloacae, as alone and mixed, were examined. The greatest height (26.88 cm), collar diameter (7.11 mm), leaf area (23.87 cm²)net photosynthesis (17.23μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), transpiration rate (3.22 mmol H₂O m⁻²s⁻¹­(, stomatal conductance (0.189 mol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹), water use efficiency (5.33 μmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹  H₂O) and chlorophyll content (26.16 SPAD) allocated to seedlings inoculated with a combination of three bacteria. The greatest root dry weight (3.98 g), root volume (10.87 cm³), total plant dry weight (9.91g) was detected in seedlings inoculated with P. putida. In total, for the beneficial effects of PGPR on growth and physiological traits of C. avellana seedlings, all three bacteria either as individual or as mixed were found suitable for seedling inoculation. In fact, it is affirmed that inoculation of root with PGPR can be a proper approach to produce healthy and strong seedlings in nursery.

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Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of nerves. The incidence of this disease has markedly risen in diverse regions, including the Middle East. Any factor that alters the quality and quantity of immune system components or influences the migration of immune cells toward the CNS may contribute to MS development. Evidence suggests that paragenetic, genetic, and environmental factors may be involved in increasing MS risk. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various infections on MS incidence.
 
Materials & Methods: This study included 475 MS patients and 260 healthy individuals from the Azeri population of East Azerbaijan province. Both groups filled out a questionnaire about their history of exposure to specific pathogens and infections before the age of 15.The relationship between a history of various infections and MS risk was examined.Findings: Mycoplasma pneumonia infection was significantly more prevalent in MS patients than in healthy individuals (p< .05). MS patients were more likely to suffer from common colds (p< .05), but no significant difference was observed regarding other infectious diseases (p> .05). Additionally, the prevalence of chronic infections was higher among MS patients (p< .05).
Conclusion: M.pneumoniae infection, common colds, and chronic infections were significantly more common in MS patients than in healthy controls. However, no significant association was found between other infectious diseases and MS risk. These findings emphasize the possible role of specific pathogens in MS development, warranting further investigation into underlying mechanisms and contributing factors.

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Aims: The arrival of European architects and the return of the Iranians students were the root of modern architecture in Iran. Roofing with truss structures is one of the architectural achievements of this period. In many buildings, and even for covering industrial buildings, trusses were used to cover large spans. The present study tries to address the differences between Iranian and non-Iranian truss structures in industrial heritage buildings.

Methods: The first step of the research is documentation. The second part is based on the field study and structural analysis. Six samples were selected from among from the shared-heritage of Iran and Germany in the late Qajar and beginning Pahlavi era in the Gilan and the Mazandaran provinces. The methodology was set to explain the difference between Iranian and non-Iranian truss structures.

Findings: Among the six selected samples of sloping structures, the two were made with Iranian truss systems and in the four other samples non-Iranian truss systems. The first group is only pretending to be sloping structures but the second group could be categorized as real truss structures.

Conclusion: Investigating the two different groups of sloped roof structures suggests that Iranian truss systems are different from the western truss due to deployment of elements, cut of the wood, joints and distribution of forces. It shows that what we name as Iranian systems of truss structure is only similar in face with the western truss systems; and in statics point of view, those are different obviously.

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This research deals with the semantic analysis of architectural elements in the paintings of Kamaluddin Behzad and the story of "Gonbad Firouze" by Nizami, focusing on folk aspects. At first, key concepts such as architectural elements, narrative, and semantics are defined to clarify the theoretical framework of the research. Then, the similarities between these two works are examined. The main question is how the architectural elements, especially the dome and color, are used in the narration of these works and what meaningful role they have in the narrative and visual structure. The research uses a three-stage approach: In the first stage, architecture and literature are introduced as two separate narrative structures. In the second stage, the picture and the story are reread simultaneously to analyze the popular aspects of each work. In the third stage, the findings are evaluated and twelve indices are extracted for narrative architecture and eight indices for folk literature. The results show that architectural elements and colors act as mediators for conveying symbolic concepts, and in these works they have roles such as evoking a special atmosphere and creating tension. This research also emphasizes the relationship between architecture and literature through a semantic approach and examines the role of architectural elements in the creation and development of cultural narratives.

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Objectives: The main goal of the research is to introduce tea factories and to recognize their architectural patterns, which are considered to be an exclusive example of industrial architecture in northern Iran. Therefore, the research takes into account 6 components and analyzes 4 selected examples of factories, and separates the architectural pattern of each one.
Methods: This research is based on quantitative-qualitative method, relying on descriptive-analytical strategies and studying the architectural features of tea factories built in Northern Iran, during the Pahlavi period. Historical studies have been done by referring to historical documents or referring to the archives of Iran Tea Organization and Tea Research Institute.
Findings: The analysis of the architecture of tea factories based on 6 components shows the plan, volume, roof structure and type of covering, materials, facade, openings and decorations.  In the 4 examples of tea factories, two are the first Pahlavi examples built by European architects, and in the other two examples from the second Pahlavi period, a combination of modern and traditional architecture is evident in the body of the buildings.
Conclusion: The predominant pattern of tea factories in Iran is an axial plan with a central projection, a sloping roof, row openings and a simple view. It was first performed by German architects in Iran. In the examples of the second side, with the presence of traditional architects and the use of materials such as bricks, the facade was reduced.

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In recent years,the need for low power electronic circuits like sensors and wireless systems, has been considered by many researchers.Excessive weight, limited lifetime of the batteries and also having problem in replacing them, are the main reasons for harvesting energy from ambient vibrations. Among the various sources of environmental energy, mechanical vibrations, has gained popularity due to the availability. Among the different methods of ambient vibration energy harvesting, piezoelectric method, is one of the good ways to harvest energy due to the favorable effects of electromechanical coupling. The most common means of harvesting energy from vibrations, is a unimorph or bimorph cantilevered beam. In the present paper, electrical energy harvesting from Euler-Bernoulli trapezoidal cantilevered unimorph beam with base excitation using distributed parameter method has been considered. First, equations of motion analytically obtained and then using Assumed modes method(for rectangular beam), system’s natural frequencies is calculated and output voltage, current and power diagrams are presented. For verifying results, presented voltage, current and power diagrams for trapezoidal configuration close to rectangular configuration that it’s results are published in references, will be compared. Then, functional parameters for trapezoidal energy harvester, with resistance value changes for energy consumer has been analyzed.

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Brucellosis is a momentous zoonotic disease. Unpasteurized milk and milk products are the leading sources of Brucella transmission to humans. The present research was conducted to investigate the contamination of local crumbled Kope cheeses distributed in Urmia city with Brucella species and evaluate the antibiotic-resistance pattern of the isolates. Fifty samples of local cow’s Kope cheese were randomly collected from traditional dairy retailers in different regions of Urmia by sterile conditions in 2022. The samples were cultured in Brucella enrichment broth and then in Brucella selective agar with a supplement. Molecular identification of Brucella spp. was done using specific primers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the isolates was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Among the tested samples, two samples were contaminated with Brucella (4%). One was contaminated with B. abortus bv. 1, 2, and 4 (2%), and the other with B. melitensis (2%). The isolates were sensitive to azithromycin, imipenem, doxycycline, rifampin, and co-trimoxazole antibiotics and were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone antibiotics. Also, the B. abortus strain was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, but the B. melitensis strain was resistant. The isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) characteristics. From the findings, it can be concluded that Brucella contamination in local Kope cheeses distributed in Urmia city is low; However, due to the high pathogenicity of B. melitensis for humans, it is recommended to screen infected cows, vaccinate sheep and goat herds, and prevent the supply of unpasteurized milk and milk products. It is also recommended to evaluate azithromycin and imipenem antibiotics along with other common antibiotics in brucellosis.