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Electronic wastes are known as the most important solid wastes in 21th century. They are producing two or three time faster than other solid waste streams. Many researchers studied bioleaching of e-wastes using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The presence of alkaline metals cause e-wastes show an alkalinity nature. By adding e-wastes to the environment the pH of solution increases sensibly. Many researchers supposed the optimal pH range of A. ferrooxidans which is 1.5-2.5 as the optimal pH range to reach maximum recovery. So in the bioleaching process by daily pH adjusting in the range and using sensible amount of sulfuric acid, control the pH of solution about 2. In this research two same experiments, just the pH of one of them was adjusted daily, were done. In both experiments the environmental situation including pulp density of 15 g/l, inoculum 10% (v/v), the temperature of 30ºC, and shaking rate of 130 rpm was the same. For 25 days Cu recovery, bacterial count, pH, and Eh were examined. The results showed the maximum Cu recovery at the sample without pH adjusting was about 100% but at the sample with pH adjusting recovery was reduced to 90%. The bacterial count diagram showed the bacterium is well active in both experiments. To maximize recovery, reducing acid consumption, and increasing process economy there is no need to adjust the pH of solution.

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As far as the role of judiciary in development of environmental jurisprudence is concerned, a short survey on judicial record of Iran indicates that the Iranian Judiciary could not have taken any remarkable decision in this regard, yet! But, unlike the Iranian Judiciary, the Indian’s one has come forward actively to make good the deficiencies of law and provide relief wherever and whenever required. In this way the Indian Judiciary has made an extensive use of Indian constitutional provisions, environmental laws and even common law of tort to protect the environment and developed a new environmental jurisprudence in the country. For instance, the Supreme Court of India, in applying its significant role in construing and expanding the ambit of statutes, ruled that the right to live, specified in Article 21 of the Constitution is not confined to mere animal existence but extends to the right to live with basic human dignity which in turn necessitates enjoying a healthy and polluted environment. In environmental litigation the rule of locus standi has been relaxed by the Indian Supreme Court and the device of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has contributed to the raising of environmental awareness as well as shaking off administrative lethargy that seems to have set in the statutory enforcement machinery in that country. At the end, some suggestions have been rendered for protection and improvement of the environment and reinforcement of the Iranian Judiciary role in this field.

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Iran’s economy is vulnerable to fluctuations in oil price. This study examines the impact of oil shocks on economic growth using Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) method. The Mork’s (2010) method was used to test hypothesis of symmetry in negative and positive shocks. The results show that, the effects of negative and positive shocks on economic growth are asymmetric. In addition, the results of variance decomposition of economic growth indicate that the effects of positives shocks in explaining economic growth fluctuations are greater than negative ones. On the other hand, the results from impulse response functions show that positive and negative shocks have positive and negative effects on economic growth, respectively; however, the size of positive shocks impact on output growth is far more than that of  negative shocks in the long-run. Moreover, the estimated VAR model shows that there is a high and positive correlation between oil revenues and gross domestic product (GDP), which confirms again dependency of national economy to oil revenues.

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Abstract In this paper, a viscous all-speed flow solver has been developed based on Roe upwind scheme in unstructured database. In the presented method, stiffness of the compressible governing equations in low-speed region reduces using the preconditioning form. In calculating the artificial viscosity of a Roe upwind scheme, multiple matrices multiplication are needed. Frink reduced these costly operations by simplification of the matrices multiplication to some flux components which are related to distinct eigenvalues. In this research similar to Frink work, the equations of artificial viscosity in preconditioning Roe upwind scheme obtained and presented in the flux components form. This is a generalized form that can be easily switched to the preconditioned or non-preconditioned form. This is useful in converting any original Roe upwind scheme to the preconditioning form and also has application in adjoint optimization method. Results of the computer code were compared with experimental data of single and two-element airfoils in both preconditioning and non-preconditioning form. The results show that the non-preconditioning compressible solver hardly converged in low-speed regions while the preconditioned form converged more rapidly.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) administration on the growth performance, immune response, and haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout juveniles with an initial weight of 38±2.65 g were allocated into 12 tanks at a density of 15 fish per tank. Fish were fed four experimental diets containing 0% (as control diet), 0.5%, 2%, and 5% sumac-supplementation for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri, and survival rate was calculated for 15 days. Sumac diet significantly increased resistance to the pathogen and led to the control of infection in rainbow trout without changing weight. The leukocyte (WBC) and erythrocyte (RBC), lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil value was significantly higher in fish that were fed a sumac-supplemented diet when compared with the control. Serum lysozyme, and alternative complement pathway haemolytic activity (ACH50) as well as the hepatic expression of TNF-α and IL-1b were recorded to be the highest in fish fed 2% and 5% sumac-supplement. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of IL-10 significantly decreased in fish fed 5% sumac supplementation for 56 days. These results suggest that sumac administration, especially 2% and 5%, may effectively enhance the immune system, resistance to the pathogen, and hematopoiesis in rainbow trout.
 

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Introduction: Many studies have addressed the side effects of anabolic steroid abuse in different tissues such as heart tissue. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and testosterone consumption on some indicators of heart tissue damage in male rats.
Methods: 21 adult male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks (220 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, training (resistance training) and training + testosterone groups. The intervention of resistance exercise and testosterone injection lasted for 8 weeks. Resistance exercises were performed 5 times a week in the form of climbing a step ladder with resistance applied by tying a weight to the tail (4 sets, 6 repetitions in each set). Testosterone enanthate was injected intramuscularly 3 days a week (20 mg/kg). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare variables.
Results: Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) expression increased significantly in the training + testosterone compared to the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in troponin expression between the studied groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that testosterone enanthate administration during resistance training leads to cardiac tissue damage in laboratory rats.

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Introduction: Disruption of inflammatory profile in the presence of obesity and overweight is associated with reduced insulin action in target cells. In the present study, the effect of aerobic training on insulin resistance is evaluated with an emphasis on possible changes in adropin and fetuin-A in overweight women.
Methods: For this purpose, 24 overweight adult females (26 ≤ BMI ≤ 30) were randomly assigned into experimental (n=12) or control (n=12) groups. The experimental group underwent an 8-week aerobic training of 3 sessions weekly, and the control group did not participate in the training. 24 hours before and 48 hours after exercise training, fasting blood sample was taken to measure serum levels of adropin, fetuin-A and insulin resistance in the 2 groups. Data were compared between the two groups by independent and paired sample t test at a significance level of less than 0.5 percent.
Results: No significant difference was observed in all variables between groups at baseline (p < 0.05). Aerobic training resulted in significant increase in serum adropin (p = 0.001) and decrease in Fetuin-A (p = 0.001) and insulin resistance (p = 0.019) in experimental groups. All variables remained without change in control group (p < 0.05)
Conclusion: The improvement in insulin resistance following aerobic training may be attributed to a decrease in fetuin-A and an increase in adropin in response to this type of exercise. However, further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for these changes.