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Fire can not only lead to many human and financial losses, but also can cause structures to collapse and destroy them. For this reason, it is necessary and inevitable to protect buildings against fire and conduct more research in the field of better understanding the effects of combining different materials with each other and obtaining materials with greater resistance to fire. Concrete and concrete structures are always used by construction engineers due to their resistance, availability and resilience against fire. Ordinary concrete loses its strength at high temperatures, and the use of unreinforced concrete is not very useful due to its brittleness and weakness in tensile strength. In concrete, the tensile strength is lower than its compressive strength, and for this reason, researchers are trying to increase the resistance to fire and heating by improving the tensile strength of concrete. Reinforcing concrete with rebar is always a solution to increase the tensile strength in concrete parts, one of the most important weaknesses of using rebar in concrete is that the reinforcements form a small part of the concrete cross-section and actually cause the concrete to be inhomogeneous. In this research, double-bent steel fibers have been used to overcome the mentioned weakness and reinforce the concrete. It should be noted that concrete containing steel fibers has favorable compressive and tensile strength due to the high tensile strength of steel fibers. In order to achieve this goal and achieve fiber concrete that has good fire resistance, we defined seven different mixing plans with different percentages of steel fibers and lubricants. Concrete samples were produced using double-bent steel fibers in amounts of 0.5, 1, and 1.2 percent by volume of concrete and superlubricant in 0.5, 1, and 1.3 percent by weight of cement, and then in Cubic molds with dimensions of 10x10x10 cm and cylindrical ones were sampled as standard, and after setting the cement, the 28-day-old concrete samples, after heating and placing inside the electric heater with different temperatures, were divided into two The method of gradual cooling with ambient air and fog spraying (water spraying) is similar to what firefighters do when extinguishing a fire, after measuring the amount of weight loss of the heated samples, the weight loss values ​​were presented in the form of a diagram, then the samples were subjected to tests Compressive strength, tensile strength (Brazilian test) and ultrasonic wave speed (ultrasonic test) were placed, and the results and data of each of them for each mixing design were presented in the form of a diagram after examination and classification, so that the effect of high heat on Concrete containing steel fibers and super-lubricant should be determined. The results clearly showed the improvement of the tensile strength in three volume percentages of fibers by 14.6, 16.8 and 64.5%, respectively, compared to concrete without fibers, and also the compressive strength of concrete after bearing the heat of 250 degrees Celsius and cooling to the fogging method had 44.5, 31.6, and 9.3 percent, respectively, and in the gradual air cooling method, the compressive strength was 43.3, 44.9, and 50 percent, respectively.


 

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This research conducted in order to prioritize the effective criteria on development of medicinal plants cultivation in North Khorasan Province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Delphi methods. For this purpose, a list of effective factors offered to delphi group. Analysis of delphi process showed that among 23 offered factors 19 factors, had greater impact on development of medicinal plants cultivation. Hierarchy tree was drawn through grouping of 19 factors into four criteria including economic, promotional-educational services, cultural-social and supportive policies factors. The pair wise comparison questionnaires were then distributed among relevant researchers and experts of the province to get their opinions about the priority of criteria and sub- criteria. The questionnaires were analyzed using Expert Choice software. The result revealed that economic criterion with respective weight of 0.406 had the most impact among four criteria affecting the development of medicinal plants cultivation. The supportive policies (respective weight of 0.275), educational-extension services (respective weight of 0.193) and cultural-social factors (respective weight of 0.125) received the maximum towards the minimum priorities, respectively. The results of synthesis process showed that among the 19 factors, the guaranteed purchase and establishing of pilot fields of medicinal plants, farmers' awareness of comparative advantage of medicinal plants, and the development of processing industries had the maximum towards minimum impacts on development of medicinal plants cultivation.

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Aims: Mosques are one of the essential elements of Iranian and Islamic cities that interact with the urban environment. The entrance is the first space in the mosque that the audience encounters. According to the spiritual concepts, this space provides the audience with the necessary preparation to enter the hierarchy. Light hierarchy is one of the hierarchical factors that effectively understand space and evoke emotions. Light is a supernatural element that can change a person's feelings in space. Therefore, the present study quantitatively compares and contrasts lighting components in the entrance space of four-aisled mosques.
Methods: In the theoretical section, the research variables have been explained by studying scientific sources. Then, by simulating mosques, the light indicators at the entrance of mosques in the Climate Studio plugin are analyzed.
Findings: Considering the results of simulation data analysis, the relationship between the entrance and the inner courtyard of the mosque, entrance decorations, materials, and lattice opening are factors determining the light hierarchy in mosque entrance spaces.
Conclusion: The two parts of separation from the urban space and connection to the courtyard space have the highest light intensity and the changes in light intensity along the route are according to the location of the mosque and the characteristics of the human eye.

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Creation of capacity concentrates on understanding obstacles halting people, governments, and organizations from the realization of development goals. It also makes them achieve results of consistent development. The goal of this study is to propose a conceptual analysis of elements and results of organizational capacity building in higher education to respond to expectations of the society. The directionality of this research is developmental and its methodology is content analysis using an analogy approach concentrating on words, inspections, and precision in the text in order to analyze, describe, explain, and interpret the texts through creating primary codes and coding. The statistical population of this project involves academic scholars and the set of documents and papers related to the questions and variables in this study. 13 samples chosed through Snowball sampling. In this section, semi - structured interview method was used to collect data. To assess the accuracy of findings we used theoretical validation through the points posed by the scholars in the field known as the specialist committee to assess as well as Cohen's kappa coefficient for assurance of accuracy of study method and data collection in the intended phenomenon. By confirmation of the focal group and the estimation of the coefficient 0.761, the research findings had the ability to validate and trust. Results showed that organizational capacity building contains five major concepts of strategic, structural, systemic and procedural, cultural, resources and infrastructures development and a social responsiveness concept as the outcome of the phenomenon under investigations. Therefore, it is suggested to study individual analysis and environmental analysis levels in creating capacity.   

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Aims: Access paths to natural attractions in protected areas must be designed and developed considering their impacts on the environment. Visitors' movement in the areas where are highly sensitive to soil erosion may cause destructive impacts on trails such as widening, increasing susceptibility to erosion, and damaging surrounding vegetation. This research aims to suggest a sustainable trail network (off-road vehicles and hiking trails) in Sarigol National Park and Protected Area,
Methods:  The study has been carried out based on the least-cost path algorithm, and comparing the results with existing recreation trails. The required field information including the width of 431 trails and 15 environmental factors affecting the trail width was obtained through the study area. Analysis of Covariance has been used for estimating the potential of pathwidth expansion. The accuracy of the model was assessed by root mean square error which is 29cm for hiking trails and 126cm for off-road vehicles trails.
Findings: One optimized off-road vehicles trail and one optimized hiking trails in the study are were suggested using degradation map and least cost patch model. The findings of the present study indicated that existing paths are located in areas with high susceptibility to widening because of crowding.

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Nowadays, aromatic componds are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries. Due to the growing tendency of consumers to use natural products, biotransformation by microorganisms is an interesting method for the production of aromatic compounds. Gamma-decalactone is a cyclic aroma with a peach-like flavor. The non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica can bioconversion the inexpensive castor oil substrate into the valuable gamma-decalactone. The process begins with the hydrolysis of castor oil by the lipase to ricinoleic acid, then continues by shortening the chain by beta-oxidation, and finally ends by lactonization. In this study, gamma-decalactone production was optimized via Response surface methodology (RSM) by a mutant strain of this yeast with the ability to produce high amounts of lipase. For this purpose, castor oil, yeast extract, peptone and pH were studied as factors at five levels. Based on statistical analysis of the relationships between the experimental variables, a mathematical model was obtained for the governing relationships between the experimental variables. Based on the results, the best values were obtained for castor oil 35 ml/l, yeast extract 6 g/l, peptone 8.5 g/l and pH 4. To validate the mathematical model, the proposed values were tested and 126 mg/L of gamma-decalactone was produced by the yeast strain, which shows a 46% increase compared to non-optimal conditions. The results of this study can be used to make cost-effective production of gamma-decalactone from castor oil by microbial biotransformation process.

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In March 2004, a fluxgate gradiometer survey was conducted over Tepe Ghabristan, covering approximately 6ha of ground. It identified further areas of the Iron Age cemetery with possible grave pits (Areas B and C). In addition, an irrigation channel was discovered which could be contemporary to these Iron Age graves (Area D). The anomalies in Area E can be interpreted as buried structural remains, possibly linked to metalworking.

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In this report, we present a direct current piezoelectric nanogenerator based on ZnO nanosheets, which is driven by ultrasound waves propagating in water. ZnO nanosheets have been grown by hydrothermal method on Al layer as the bottom ohmic contact, while Ni layer serves as the top Schottky contact. Then, we have designed a 1D phononic crystal to realize localized standing wave at the position of nanogenerator, and consequently enhance the energy harvesting performance. The proposed phononic crystal consists of water/steel periodic slabs which are enclosing both sides of the nanogenerator, and the created mid-gap state is matched with the source frequency in the designed structure. Our simulation results confirm that the pressure difference exerted to the nanogenerator is enhanced by a factor of about 12.3, in comparison with the pristine ZnO nanogenerator.

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Hybrid laser-arc welding is a new welding process which received particular attention in various industries because of its technological and economic advantages. This process combines a laser beam and an electric arc to incorporate the advantages of both laser and arc welding processes. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the performance and ability of hybrid Nd:YAG laser-TIG welding compared to lone laser welding process for welding of aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) panels of AA6082. For this aim, a set of experiments for both laser and hybrid laser-TIG welding were done to investigate the effects of welding parameters including laser power, arc current and welding speed on weld dimensions. Then, appropriate welding parameters for the laser and hybrid laser-TIG welding of AFS panels were calculated by statistical analysis. The results show that laser power threshold for creating the keyhole was less in hybrid laser-TIG welding than lone laser welding. Moreover, increasing the laser power and decreasing the welding speed result in increasing both the weld depth and width. But, with increasing the arc current, the weld depth remains almost unchanged and only the weld width increases. Comparing the laser and hybrid laser-TIG results show that adding a 100 A arc to a 2000 W laser source can increase the welding speed from 2 to 3 m/min which prove the high ability and efficiency of hybrid laser-TIG welding process.

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In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria were used for production of blackberry and celery probiotic beverages in two concentrations of 1 and 2% at ambient temperature and refrigerator. The tests included determination of pH, titratable acidity, counting viability of target microorganisms and sensory evaluation. The results showed that with passing time and growth of target bacteria in blackberry and celery beverages, pH was significantly dropped. The results of counting viability showed that among all samples, blackberry beverage containing 2% of the bacteria stored in the refrigerator after 28 days had the highest viability of microorganisms, which is 8.25×10⁷ CFU/ml as well as celery beverage containing 2% of probiotic bacteria stored in the refrigerator after 21 days had the highest viability of microorganisms, 4.02×10⁷ CFU/ml, than the other samples, of which two samples were in these conditions Still called by the name of probiotic beverage. The sensory evaluation also showed that the sensory properties of the BLR₁ (Blackberry beverage with 1% bacteria in refrigerator), BLR₂ (Blackberry beverage with 2% bacteria in refrigerator) and CLR₁ (Celery beverage with 2% bacteria in refrigerator) with their evidence samples also scored without significant difference, but in general, samples of celery beverage scored more than blackberry beverage. From the findings, it can be concluded that blackberry and celery beverages were suitable raw material for growth of Lactobacillus plantarum.
 

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Demands for high speed vessels are increasing due to various usages. Reducing the resistance to achieve high speeds is an important objective in design of high speed crafts. Creating longitudinal side tunnels in the hull causes resistance reduction. Designing the boat is not right only for reducing drag force; stability and maneuverability are also important factors. In this paper, high speed tunneled hull performance is evaluated considering numerical simulation of turning circle maneuver as a standard maneuver. The numerical approach is implemented due to high and acceptable accuracy compared with mathematical models and lower cost compared to experimental tests. Among the various techniques, modeling of maneuver of the boat was performed by considering mesh movement with boat and combination of sliding mesh and movement of domain as an effective method. Reducing computation time and increasing the accuracy of solution is of its advantages. Finite volume method and k-ω model is used respectively for discretization equations and simulation of turbulence. In free surface modeling, mixture model was preferred instead of free surface model. Solution methodology was validated using experimental results of a single-hull boat. Path of the boat in various tests was presented in the result section, considering the effect of angle of rudder, thrust and movement mode of the boat on the maneuver parameters. The results show enhancing maneuverability of the boat by approaching the planing mode so that by increasing the speed and closing to planing mode, tactical diameter is reduced up to 7.5% compared to the displacement mode.

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The fiber metal laminate composites a new generation of hybrid composites that have high strength to weight ratio. Good mechanical properties combining the properties of metals and fiber composites, led to the widespread use of composites in the industry, especially the aviation industry find. Add shape memory alloy to fiber metal laminate composite, due to super elasticity properties of alloy, makes the alloy formed during the impact hysteresis loop, will attract a lot of energy and impact properties of the fiber metal laminate composites increased. In this study, effects of different strains of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy wire high temperature, experimental in this type of composites against low speed impact using the impact falling, investigated. In metal part of fiber metal laminate composites, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet and in composite part of glass fibers and epoxy resin is used. 6 wires with the pre strains 1, 2 and 3% in order to wrapping in the fibers metal laminate composites, was used. Increase the impact resistance of such composites by increasing pre strain as well as the energy absorbed by the shape memory alloy when impact, the results of this research was.

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This paper proposes a two phase strategy for proportional myoelectric control of Surena 3 humanoid robot which benefits from strength of two common myoelectric control methods, Pattern recognition base and simultaneous proportional control, for improving joint angle estimation. The aim of this research is to present a human-robot interface to create a mapping between electrical activities of muscles known as electromyogram (EMG) signals and kinematics of corresponding motion. First phase concerns with motion classification using Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) and Majority Voting (MV). Several common motion classification algorithms and feature vectors including time domain and frequency domain futures were investigated which lead to QDA and a superior feature vector with more than 97% classification accuracy. The second phase concerns with continuous angle estimation of shoulder joint motion classes using Time Delayed Artificial Neural Network (TDANN) with overall accuracy of 90% R2. QDA serves as a high level controller which decides between four TDANN correspond to each shoulder motion classes. QDA and TDANN models trained with several sets of offline data and were tested with online dataset. Online and offline data estimation accuracy and model robustness against disturbances show a significant improvement compared to similar methods in this field.

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The aim of this study was to produce a suitable cake with reduced fat with the help of apple pomace fiber as a fat substitute. After preparing fiber from apple pomace by water extraction method, first some properties of this fiber were evaluated. Due to the low amount of fat and energy and the amount of crude fiber, the extracted apple fiber was able to replace carbohydrate-based fat for flour products. In this study, optimization of the cake production process by three factors, including apple fiber with a ratio of (0.5, 10%) and oil (16.38, 15.47, 14.57%) with a shelf life of 0, 15 and 30 days. Response method was performed. The result showed that with increasing the amount of fiber moisture, fat, firmness and adhesion, the springiness of the cakes increased and the volume decreased. With increasing shelf life, moisture, fat, aw increased and the firmness and stickiness of cake spring decreased.  The results of this study show that the cake containing 5.163% fiber and 14.9% oil in 8 days was the best sample. The results showed that the use of apple pomace in the cake reduced the fat content by 9.3% compared to the control sample. According to the optimization results, the optimum sample moisture content is 22.847%, water activity 0.850%, fat 15.018%, specific gravity 82.737 cm3/g, hardness 10809 (N), spring content 0.747 cm and the amount of adhesion was determined to be 0.392.

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Food additives such as enzymes and hydrocolloids are widely used to improve bakery products. By setting a goal to increase crop volume and increase flour strength, in this study, along with a control sample, Sodium alginate and alpha-amylase enzyme during 8 samples (in different amounts, respectively, alpha-amylase and sodium alginate 75-0, 150-0, 0-150, 0-300, 75-150, 75-300, 150 150, 300-150 mg) were added to the bread dough and then rheological properties were investigated by farinograph and extensograph devices. The results showed that among all treatments, treatment 5 (containing 300 mg of sodium alginate) was the best treatment in the studied factors such as development time, consistency, water absorption, stability, degree of softening, farinograph quality number and tensile strength. Therefore, it is recommended to use 300 mg of sodium alginate hydrocolloid to increase the volume and strength of the flour

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The most important application of nanotechnology in the food industry is the production of active packaging with antimicrobial properties, packaging with special mechanical properties in terms of gas and heat exchange and nanosensors in intelligent packaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of silver and copper nanocomposites on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Nanocomposites containing silver and copper nanoparticles in 1, 3, 5 and 7% percentages were produced by extrusion method and were subjected to nanometric analysis. Then, the antimicrobial test of nanocomposites was performed on commercial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by measuring the inhibition of growth in the culture medium.  The data showed that the size of copper and silver nanoparticles was in the range of 20 to 50 nm and the dispersion of nanoparticles on the surface of nanocomposites was uniform with high purity. Antimicrobial test of nanocomposites showed that with increasing the percentage of nanoparticles, the diameter of the growth inhibition of nanocomposites increased significantly and the rate of inhibition of growth of silver nanoparticles was higher than copper (p≤0.05).  Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to copper and silver nanoparticles than Escherichia coli (p≤0.05). The results of the present study showed that silver and copper nanocomposites with high antimicrobial properties can be used for food packaging.

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Due to the lack of access to the data of three rotational components of earthquakes, seismic analysis of new buildings as well as assessment of the vulnerability of existing structures are usually carried out only by applying the translational components of earthquakes. Iranian Standard 2800 proposed an accidental eccentricity for considering the earthquake rotational component effect in the seismic analysis of building structures. The present investigation is focused on the effects of earthquake rotational excitation on the seismic response of buildings having various dynamic properties which situated on a rigid foundation. In addition, adequacy of the accidental eccentricity of 5% recommended by seismic design code for inclusion of the earthquake rotational component impact in the non-linear time history analysis of buildings is studied, as well. To achieve this, a large number of one-story torsionally stiff and flexible building models with a wide range of lateral vibration periods (T=0.05 to 2sec) and three different values of inherent eccentricity of 0, 15 and 25% were modeled. These models were once excited by the translational components of ground motions and once again by both translational and rotational components of ground motions. The building models were re-analyzed after applying the 5% accidental eccentricity based on the procedure presented by Standard 2800 (shifting the center of mass in the negative and positive directions by 0.05 of the plan dimension). For conducting the non-linear time history analyses, a number of earthquakes were selected and the rotational records for these events were generated by use of an indirect single station method based on the seismic wave propagation in an elastic and homogeneous medium. In total, over than 2600 nonlinear dynamic analyses have been conducted in this numerical research. In order to determine the role of earthquake rotational excitation in the seismic behavior of  buildings, the variations of displacement response for the left and right sides of diaphragm and the torsion of diaphragm about the mass center due to the effect of rotational component were evaluated. By comparing the results obtained in this study, it is found that the rotational component has a substantial influence on the structural responses, which this effect is a function of the fundamental dynamic characteristics of system such as uncoupled rotational to translational frequency ratio, lateral vibration period and irregularity. The displacement of diaphragm can be increased up to 50% when the rotational component of ground motion is included in the seismic load combinations. Decreasing the frequency ratio leads to increase of the rotational component effect for the stiff buildings with short periods, while in the other cases reduces the growth of displacement due to the rotational component. Furthermore, results indicate that the accidental eccentricity of 5% cannot increase the seismic responses as much as the earthquake rotational motion, and leads to unreal and underestimate results for the most of lateral vibration periods. Thus, the current Standard 2800 approach cannot be considered as an appropriate alternative for considering the accidental torsion induced by the rotational component of ground motion, and it seems that this approach needs to be re-evaluated.

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Olive oil is a unique edible oil that has attracted attention due to its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, pleasant taste, good stability, and special health benefits. In this study, the quality of virgin olive oils from the Arbequina, Mari, Shengeh, and Zard cultivars in the Tarem region was investigated, and the parameters of sterols, acidity, peroxide value, and iodine value were evaluated. Gas chromatography was used to determine and identify the sterols. The results showed that the amount of sterols in virgin olive oils from the Arbequina, Shengeh, Zard, and Mari cultivars differed significantly at the 5% level. The most abundant sterols found in all cultivars were beta-sitosterol, delta5-avenasterol, and campesterol. The free acidity level in the Mari cultivar had the highest amount, while the Arbequina cultivar had the lowest amount. The highest peroxide value was observed in the Zard cultivar, while the lowest was observed in the Mari cultivar. Finally, it can be concluded that the quality parameters evaluated for the Arbequina, Shengeh, Zard, and Mari cultivars were within the allowable standard range, and there was no significant difference in quality among these cultivars.
 

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Calotropis procera from the Apocynaceae family is called Stabregh in Iran. This plant is found in tropical areas and southern coasts in Iran and North Africa, Middle East Asia, and Southeast Asia on coastal sand dunes. In this study, the C. procera extract was separated using water solvent. The antifungal effect of C. procera aqueous extract on Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Fusarium solani was investigated. The antifungal activity was evaluated through, disk diffusion agar (Kirby-Bauer), well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). In the combined mode (interaction) of C. procera aqueous extract with nystatin antibiotic was investigated. In general, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Alternaria solani were the most sensitive and resistant fungal strains with the highest and the lowest diameter of inhibition zone, respectively. So that the diameter of the inhibition zone for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Alternaria solani in the presence of 80 mg/ml extract concentration was equal to 13.20 and 8.20 mm, respectively. In the interaction of C. procera aqueous extract with nystatin antibiotic, synergistic mode was observed for all fungal strains. The MIC and MFC values for S. cerevisiae were 32 and 128 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MFC results for Alternaria solani were found to 256 and > 512 mg/mL, respectively.