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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
This research examined how to explain the constructional schemas of Persian complex verbal predicates(PCVP) based on CM and its aim was to identify and classify different types of PCVPs including compound verbs and verbal phrases (1036 data in textbooks related to Teaching Persian to Non-Persian Speakers). The research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and the data were analyzed based on the criteria of CM. The findings showed, through the analysis of PCVPs based on the constructional approach, their formal similarity and lack of the definite boundary between different types of PCVPs in the hierarchical lexicon is represented more transparently and their constructional continuum is more explicitly depicted in the Persian verbal network. In sum, in this continuum of PCVPs, three subschemas of Persian verb phrases, two subschemas of compound verbs, and one subschema of incorporated verbs were recognized in the data. In addition, all PCVPs were examined in terms of default inheritance and the degree of motivation in their form and meaning relationship, whether grammatical information of the higher levels inherited by lower levels, such as incorporated verbs, or not such as compound verbs with metaphorical meaning. As a result, the asymmetry in their form and meaning was not problematic. Assuming the holisticity of form and meaning, a generalized and cost-effective analysis can be presented for both regular and unpredictable PCVPs, and despite of a lot of idiosyncratic cases, all types of PCVPs could be explained through general schemas and subschemas coherently without proposing exceptional solutions.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2022)
Abstract
Aims: Meaning of life is of great importance to promoting various dimensions of the quality of life in women with breast cancer. The current study aimed to find out and describe the experience of the meaning of life in women with breast cancer.
Participants & Methods: 22 women with breast cancer were selected using the purposive sampling method in this qualitative study. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and then analyzed by conventional qualitative content analysis and Graneheim & Lundman’s approach in MAXQDA software (ver. 10).
Findings: Two themes and ten categories have appeared. Seven categories in the “development in the process of life” theme include: feeling the change in the life routine, achieving a better recognition of the life value, having life satisfaction despite the illness, hoping for and accepting that the illness will end, trying to cope with the illness, tolerating the pain and suffering from illness, worrying about future of the children, in the “the attempt to promote spiritual well-being” themes three categories: personal belief, spiritual contentment, and religious acts.
Conclusion: The meaning of life in women with breast cancer is multidimensional. Due to the important roles of women in the family and even in society, the health system should take necessary measures and supporting actions to improve the meaning of life in these patients.
Participants & Methods: 22 women with breast cancer were selected using the purposive sampling method in this qualitative study. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and then analyzed by conventional qualitative content analysis and Graneheim & Lundman’s approach in MAXQDA software (ver. 10).
Findings: Two themes and ten categories have appeared. Seven categories in the “development in the process of life” theme include: feeling the change in the life routine, achieving a better recognition of the life value, having life satisfaction despite the illness, hoping for and accepting that the illness will end, trying to cope with the illness, tolerating the pain and suffering from illness, worrying about future of the children, in the “the attempt to promote spiritual well-being” themes three categories: personal belief, spiritual contentment, and religious acts.
Conclusion: The meaning of life in women with breast cancer is multidimensional. Due to the important roles of women in the family and even in society, the health system should take necessary measures and supporting actions to improve the meaning of life in these patients.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Planococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) is a genus of mealybug containing 49 species worldwide. Many species of Planococcus are important pests of agricultural crops. Surveys have been set up in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra-Indonesia, on coffee plantations, in 2023. Planococcus bengkuluensis Zarkani & Kaydan sp. nov. was found in association with Coffea robusta Lindl. ex De Will. (Rubiaceae), described and illustrated. The new species has multilocular disc pores and oral collar tubular ducts on the posterior dorsum in limited numbers. It is another species of Planococcus possessing dorsal multilocular disc pores. An identification key to the known Planococcus species of southern Asia is also provided
Volume 10, Issue 4 (Fall 2022)
Abstract
Aims: Missed care affects the quality of care and endangers patient safety. The purpose of the present study is to assess the missed nursing care and its relationship with nursing social responsibility.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 342 nurses practicing in hospitals affiliated to Khoy University of Medical Sciences were studied as a sample. Data collection tools included a demographic profile, missed nursing care questionnaire, and Carroll's social responsibility questionnaire. The results were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and statistical tests.
Findings: The blood glucose control (1.74±0.96) and intravenous line care (1.90±0.85) were the lowest neglected nursing cares, and emotional support of patients and companions (3.12±1.28) and hand washing (3.80±1.27) were the highest neglected nursing care. Missed nursing care had a reverse and significant correlation with social responsibility (r=-0.56). Also, the variables of social responsibility (β=-0.401; p=0.0001), workload (β=7.365; p=0.0001), and exotic expectations (β=4.064; p=0.003) were good predictors for missed nursing care.
Conclusions: Nursing care is neglected among nurses; these errors have an inverse relationship with the social responsibility of nurses. First, the supervision system of supervisors is more effective than that of nurses. Secondly, nursing managers have special ethical standards in the selection of staff.
Volume 14, Issue 4 (September & October 2023)
Abstract
Among derivational outputs, we come across derivates with no symmetry between their form and meaning, and their analysis is problematic according to morpheme-based approaches. In this research, such asymmetries in Persian verbal derivatives within the framework of theories such as Paradigm Function Morphology by Stump (2001) and Stewart and Stump (2007), are studied. This study seeks to answer the question of how the theory of Paradigm Function Morphology, by using the theoretical device of paradigm, analyzes and explains Persian asymmetric verbal derivatives of 66 verbs collected from Sokhan comprehensive dictionary. Analysis of Persian asymmetric data in terms of paradigmatic approach showed applying the paradigm function (as a realizational rule) to the lexical root/stem of a verb and morphosemantics properties pair in one cell of verb paradigm can determine the form of a derivative. Also, the assumption of the separation of morphological dimension and semantic dimension in the paradigmatic organization of a lexeme makes the phenomena of suppletion, deponency, defectiveness and syncretismpossible and justified. So, the asymmetry between form and meaning will no longer be a problem. All verbal derivatives can be analyzed and explained in the same way, whether with or without symmetry between their form and meaning. As a result, a more uniform, general and economical analysis is provided, and there is no need to propose secondary solutions such as zero morpehme, zero derivation and allomorphy which all arise from the assumption of a one-to-one corresondence between the form and meaning of the components of derivatives in morpheme-based approaches.
1. Introduction
The need to study derivational paradigm that display an organized set of cells derived from a lexeme containing morphosemantic properties (such as action noun, agent, etc.), due to gaps and the asymmetry that occurs in the relationship between the form and the meaning of the morphemes in the derivation, is one of the reasons that led to the expansion of the lexeme-based and paradigmatic approaches in the domain of words. Therefore, in some morphological theories, including the theory of paradigm function morphology, morphological analysis is not based on a one-to-one relationship between the form of words and their morphosyntactic or morphosemantics properties. In Stump’s paradigm function morphology theory (2001) and Stewart and Stump (2007), this asymmetry between form and meaning, which is associated with the occurrence of the morphological phenomena of suppletion, deponency, defectiveness and syncretism in inflection and word formation, is analyzed and explained with the help of the paradigmatic approach and relying on the concept of the lexeme. In this regard, the explanation of Persian asymmetrical verbal derivatives in the framework of the paradigmatic approach is one of the necessities of this research. So, the analysis of Persian derivation based on the paradigmatic approach is conducted in order to find out how some challenges of explaining a number of Persian verbal derivatives with no one-to-one formal and semantic correspondence can be met. Specifically, this research seeks to answer the following question:
1- How does paradigmatic approach analyze and explain the asymmetry of form and meaning of Persian verbal derivatives regarding the phenomena of suppletion, deponency, defectiveness and syncretism?
2. Literature Review
Irregular morphological phenomena have always attracted the attention of linguists and an answer has been tried to express these irregularities. Within the framework of paradigmatic approach, by considering the word as the unit of analysis, one-to-many or many-to-one correspondences can be better explained. In the present research, these morphological irregularities in Persian are explained by means of paradigmatic functions. This research is one of the new researches that deals with these morphological irregularities in Persian within the framework of Stump's (2001) theory of paradigm function morphology. In this section, we will introduce a number of researches related to the topic of this research, which have been carried out based on lexeme-based and paradigmatic approaches. Ghatreh (2013) examines inflectional and derivational paradigm ,and by presenting and analyzing examples of derivatives in the framework of paradigmatic approach, states that paradigm has an important role in the uniform analysis of inflection and derivation. Sarahi (2015) gives many examples of asymmetric morphological phenomena that can be explained by both morpheme-based and lexeme-based approaches. According to the generative approach of Halle (1973) and Aronoff (1976), she examines the asymmetric cases in Persian and concludes although the lexeme-based approach seems to be better, compared to the morpheme-based approach, it does not fully match the Persian vocabulary system. Shaghaghi and Mirzaei (2014) studies inflectional paradigms, and by presenting Corbett's (2007) classifications of canonical types, they have introduced deponency and syncretism as violations of canonical inflection in Persian. Arkan (2017) ,in the framework of the lexeme-based approach, examines the stems related to the verb and calls them "morphological stems" that have a separationist concept and the existence of different morphological stems belonging to the same verb is a valid reason for showing the lack of one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning.
According to Booij's definition (2005: 129 and 143), in syncretism, the different cells of verb paradigm are filled with the same phonological form and the suppletive form occurs when two or more grammatical forms have the same word form. Like Stump (2001), he considers the supletive forms require the idea of paradigm in the morphology of language and believes that the suppletive form highlights the importance of paradigm, because it shows that the reason why the word forms of paradigm belong to each other is not always because they are phonologically similar, but it is because they form the paradigm cells of the same lexeme. Bonami and Stump (2016:490) state that the lack of correspondence between form and meaning leads to phenomena such as deponency and suppletion, which can be a motivation for the expansion of the theory in which the content paradigm of a lexexme is different from its formal paradigm. Hippisley and Stump (2016: 2-3) in the preliminary discussion about the correspondence of form and content, mention the phenomena of syncretism, deponency, defectiveness and null morphology violate the existence of a one-to-one relationship between form and content. The above researches mostly have explained inflectional morphology in terms of paradigms, but previously Stump (1991) has concluded that there is no objection to the notion of a derivational paradigm, or to the use of paradigm functions in resolving morphosemantic mismatches in the domain of derivational morphology. Also the notion of derivational paradigm has been proposed by Štekauer (2014) in attaching affixes to the root of a lexeme.
3. Methodology
The research method is basically qualitative and by using descriptive-analytical method, the verbal derivatives (derived from 66 frequently used Persian intransitive and transitive verbs of the modern Persian language selected from Sokhan comprehensive dictionary (eight volumes), have been described, analzed and explained. Specially purposefully, verbs with suppletive and irregular stems such as DIDAN “to see”, SUXTAN “to burn”, PEYVASTAN “to join" have been selected to explain more asymmetric derivative forms in the data. Importantly, the theoretical framework of Paradigm Function Morphology(Stump,2001), is used to find out how the Persian irregular morphological phenomena is described and explained.
4. Results
In this research, 66 verbal paradigm were examined, of which 20 were intransitive verbs and 46 were transitive verbs. Out of a total of 722 derived words (from 66 verbs), 510 cases were the derived forms of transitive verbs and 212 cases were the derived forms of intransitive verbs. In sum, 490 asymmetric morphological phenomena were identified. 145 morphological phenomena were related to intransitive verbs, which included 63 cases of suppletion, 59 cases of syncretism, 13 cases of deponency, and 10 cases of defectiveness. From the total of 345 cases of morphological phenomena in the derivatives of transitive verbs, 232 cases were supletive, 90 cases were syncretic, 14 cases were related to defectiveness, and 9 cases were related to deponency. In both types of verbs, suppletion and syncretism were observed in the largest number of data. The phenomena of deponency and defectiveness showed almost similar statistics in transitive and transitive verbs.
5. Discussion
The asymmetry between form (formal paradigm) and content (content paradigm) of Persian asymmetric verbal derivatives, regarding the above phenomena, has been examined from the theoretical standpoints of Stump (2001) and Stewart and Stump (2007). Here, the lexeme of verb(infinitive form) is the base of the content paradigm and the verbal root (present / past stem) is the base of the formal paradigm.The analysis of verbal Persian derivatives based on these theoretical standpoints, emphasizing paradigmatic functions, showed that all formal regular and irregular verbal derived words could be accomodated in the paradigmatic organization of a verb lexeme if we explain them by applying the paradigm function to the pair of the Persian verbal stem and morphosemantic features in each paradigm cell, whether they are symmetrical or asymmetrical. Following this, the final deivational output can be realized and it represents a specific cell in a verb paradigm. So, what is important is not the internal components of a cell, but the final derived product as a whole entity is important, during formation of which different regular and above irregular morphological phenomena may occur.
6. Conclusion
In the analysis of Persian verbal derivatives based on paradigmatic approach, since paradigm function is responsible for the formation of these derivatives, the form of these derivatives is determined independently of their meaning. The final deivational output represents a specific cell in a verb paradigm and its meaning is determined by means of a separate content paradigm. So, what is important is not the internal components of a cell, but the final derived product as a whole entity is important which represents a cell. Therefore, the formal irregularities in these derivatives relate to the morphological dimension, being different from the semantic dimension. As a result of assuming the above independent paradigms, one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning of these derivatives is not expected for all cases. So, there is no need to propose secondary solutions such as zero morpehme, zero derivation, allomorphy which all arise from the assumption of a one-to-one corresondence between the form and meaning of the components of derivatives in morpheme-based approaches. Thus, the proposed hypothesis about the separation between formal paradigm and content paradigm can account for the asymmetry of their form- meaning relation .
In addition, using theoretical device of paradigm, all derivatives of a verb are explicitly and simultaneously shown to be related and belonging to a verb lexeme as their common focal point in Persian verb paradigm. Assuming paradaigm organization of Persian verb lexeme results in representing explicitly all filled and empty cells of a verb paradigm (due to defetiveness and deponency), syncretic and suppletive cases along with regular ones in the derivational paradigm of the Persian verb. As a result, paradigmatic approach in the analysis of verbal derivatives is more explicit, transparent and general compared to other morphological approaches
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