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Psychological capital is one of the new concepts in recent years that consider the capabilities and positive qualities in people and importance of a positive work environment; and try with the theoretical and practical approach and positive elements help to employees' life and work. Due to the developing the approach of psycap in the organizations, this paper has studied and identified the role of psycap on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Iranian public organization. Due to the developing the approach of psycap in the organizations, this paper has studied and identified the role of psycap on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Iranian public organization. So, first the researcher reviewed the research literature, then with the use of descriptive-survey method, statistical sample of the population that were employees of public organizations in Tehran province were selected and the research hypothesis were tested by using structural equations and regressions. The finds of research shows that psycap has significant positive relation with the organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result show resiliency has the highest rank, and optimism lowest rank. At last, psycap has the moderating role between organizational climate and organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Key words: Psychological capital, organizational climate, job satisfaction and organizational commitments

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Generally, the main objective of managers is improving organizational outcomes. Review the history of organization and management shows that to accomplish of this, were provided many different ways. One of the new ways is Psychological capital. Psycap is one of the new concepts in recent years, and it has entered in the field of management since new centuryPsychological capital is one of the new concepts in recent years that consider the capabilities and positive qualities in people and importance of a positive work environment; and try with the theoretical and practical approach and positive elements help to employees' life and work. Due to the developing the approach of psycap in the organizations, this paper has studied and identified the role of psycap on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Iranian public organization. So, first the researcher reviewed the research literature, then with the use of descriptive-survey method, statistical sample of the population that were employees of public organizations in Tehran province were selected and the research hypothesis were tested by using structural equations and regressions. The finds of research shows that psycap has significant positive relation with the organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result show resiliency has the highest rank, and optimism lowest rank. At last, psycap has the moderating role between organizational climate and organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

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The main goal of this study was designing and fiting a model of relationships among the components of intellectual capital and innovative behavior, with the Intervention role of knowledge sharing. So, the study was descriptive-applicant that followed correlation strategy. The populations for this study were line employees of Tehran’s hospitals; and due to the wide dispersion, 8 hospitals were chosen as key clusters. The research data were collected using standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equations. The findings of research show that intellectual capital doesn’t affect innovative behavior directly, but interventioan of knowledge sharing increases the correlation coefficient between them. On the other hand, the findings show that intellectual capital does not have direct relations with knowledge sharing. Besides the attitudes and subjective norms of employees affect the intention of to knowledge sharing; and this help to improve the relationship amonge intellectual capital and innovative behavior.

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In this research, we examine the Impersonal Constructions in Guilaki within the framework of Minimalist theory. The purpose of this research is to determine the nature of preverbal element. We will show how the case of DP at the clause-initial position of these constructions, is checked. Also we will discuss the merge position of this DP and where it moves in overt syntax. Examining Guilaki data reveals that the impersonal construction involves a compound verb and the verb is unaccusative. The preverbal element as the head of the predicate assigns experiencer theta role to the DP at the initial position of the constructions under study. This DP is in fact the complement of rā which is a postposition, so they form a prepositional phrase (PP). This PP is merged in the specifier position of the predicate phrase (or Spec of VP). We apply subjecthood tests to the DP and it does not pass any of these tests. So it does not move into the specifier position of tense phrase. Hence, we conclude that the PP has been topicalized and Guilaki lacks quirky subject. 
 

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 Tomato bacterial wilt and canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is an economically important seed-borne disease in the major tomato growing regions all over the world. Also, this disease is present in northern, northwestern, and central provinces of Iran. This study aimed to isolate fluorescent pseudomonads with efficient antagonistic activity against Cmm from tomato rhizosphere and rhizoplane. In the present study, ninety six fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from rhizosphere and rhizoplane of tomato plants using King’s medium B agar and tested for antagonistic activity against Cmm by co-inoculation culture in vitro. Seed and roots of tomato transplants were inoculated with representative antagonistic strains and planted in the soil infected by Cmm in greenhouse. The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed on tomato as well as growth parameters. Nineteen strains exhibited inhibitory activity against Cmm in vitro and two selected strains (M1R1 and H1R1) were identified as Pseudomonas putida based on their phenotypic characteristics and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. These two strains produced siderophore and hydrogen cyanide. In greenhouse, strain M1R1 reduced the disease incidence by 30% and 40% in Superluna and Falat cultivars, respectively. Strain H1R1 reduced the disease incidence by 20% only in Falat cultivar. Strains M1R1 and H1R1 decreased the disease severity by 52.93 % and 10.60 % in Superluna and 47.90 % and 42.88 % in Falat cultivars, respectively. Strain M1R1 increased the growth parameters, including fresh and dry weight, and height of the inoculated plants significantly in comparison with control. These results indicated that rhizospheric fluorescent pseudomonads could be effective agents in the biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt and canker disease.
 

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Regional impact studies of the future climate change effects are necessary because projected changes in meteorological variables differ from one region to another, and different climate systems can react in varied ways to the same changes. In this study, the effects of climate change on bioclimatic deficiency were compared in two cultivation methods (irrigated and rainfed) in a semi-arid region, Ahar (East Azarbaijan, IRAN). The agricultural land uses selected for evaluation were wheat (Triticum aestivum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and maize (Zea mays). In this way, Terraza model included in the land evaluation decision support system, called MicroLEIS DSS, was used. Terraza gives a quantitative prediction of a site bioclimatic deficiency. Soil morphological and analytical data were obtained from 44 sampling points based on a grid survey. Agro-climatic data, referred to temperature and precipitation, were collected from weather stations located in Ahar region, which benefits from more than 20 consecutive years of weather data. A future scenario of climate change was calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on regions of Asia under scenario A1FI (highest future emission) for 2080s. Although, increasing of precipitation being available by climate change in the future scenario, humidity index will be reduced because of high temperature. The results showed that climate change is likely to cause severe water stress in irrigated cultivation of alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, and maize, the use of irrigation methods being essential to maintain agricultural productivity. Although irrigation is indicated as very important in this regime of semi-arid agriculture, cultivation of rainfed wheat can be possible instead of the irrigated one. Also, it is revealed that climate perturbation effects on rainfed conditions are more serious than those on the irrigated conditions in the area.

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The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the important ornamental plant pests in urban regions. In this study, the microemulsion system was developed using cypermethrin insecticide as the active ingredient, xylene as the solvent, and surfactants including Tensiofix 8427 + SDS, and Tensiofix 8427 + SLS, and 1-butanol (cosurfactant), as stabilizer. The optimal microemulsion formulation was determined using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram using the water titration method. The microemulsions mean droplet sizes were in the range 11.2–22.8 nm. The droplets of all three formulations were spherical and uniformly dispersed in water. The mortality percentage was 66.66, 56.66, and 55.00% 24 h after aphids exposure to C_1-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SDS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 10:20:70), C_2-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SLS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 10:20:70), and C_3-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SLS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 15:30:55), which increased to 92.86, 89.29, and 83.94%, 48 h after exposure, respectively. The results revealed that the microemulsion formulation containing cypermethrin 250 g/L was more effective in controlling A. gossypii than cypermethrin technical material and 150 g/L cypermethrin-based microemulsion.

 

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Psychological capital is a new concept that has been discussed in the third millennium and entered in the field of management since 2006 Due to its unique role in organizational wealth-generation, it has become in the core attention of scholars and intellectuals research in the field of behavior, human resource management and human capital. So the main goal of this paper is designing a model to improve psychological capital in Iranianpublic organizations with identifying the role of human resource functions. This research has employed quantitative approach and followed correlation method. The populations for this study were employees of public organizations; the rational for selection of them was classification system in the governmental budget. Accordingly, they were classified into the three categories of general, social and economic. On the other hand, due to the wide dispersion and large organizations across the country, public organizations of Tehran province were chosen as key clusters. The research method is descriptive correlation study, and the data were collected using standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed by using structural equations and multiple regressions. The research findings showed that HR functions have significant positive relation with the psychological capital; however when organizational justice is placed as the intervening variable between them, the correlation coefficient is increased. The results also indicated that HRM functions have the greatest effect on Psycap by organizational justice. At last, fitness test of the model demonstrated that it is suitable for Iranian public organizations.  

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Performance assessment is one of the activities, which has many advantages and can have a considerable effect on the performance of organizations. Inadequate accountability of senior managers of marketing in recent years has incurred a loss to the position of marketing unit. As a result, studying the effect of marketing activities on organizational performance is specifically important. Framework of marketing productivity shows that it is possible to establish a relation between marketing activities and organizational performance. On the other hand, results of studies in many academic fields conducted about a specific issue are usually confusing and contrasting. Meta-analysis is a research approach that helps the researcher to a large extent to identify the moderating variables in the results of previous studies. Despite that various researches have been conducted, such contrast is also observed in the relation between marketing activities and organizational performance. Characteristics of the research sample can be referred among the several reasons that have been mentioned for such divergence in similar studies. It was tried in the present survey to identify the role of moderating variables the regarding characteristics of the research sample in relation   between marketing activities and organizational performance using meta-analysis approach. Given to the use of meta-analysis approach in the present paper, the statistical population consisted of all previous studies, which have explained and measured the relationship among marketing activities and organizational performance, and the researcher had access to them. On the basis of searching in the mentioned databases, 523 studies were gathered. With regard to the meta-analysis standards and the researcher constraints, ultimately 142 studies were selected to implement the mete–analysis method. The obtained results revealed that the moderating variables related to the characteristics of the research sample like the kind of industry, type of ownership of the organization and so on have led to a significant difference in the results of studies regarding the effect of marketing activities on the organizational performance of organizations.         

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Mill flower is one of the by-products that is produced in significant volumes. Mill flour is often mixed with mill ash from bagasse baking, which together forms the bulk of mill waste in sugar factories for disposal. Low levels of nutrients and high humidity make mill flour a dilute source of nutrients, and the demand for mill flour as a valuable material is higher from farmers and biotechnology companies, which leads to the accumulation of mill mud in most factories. The obvious use of mill mud is its use in sugarcane fields. As a result, the continued use of high-rate mill mud and ash, without proper knowledge of soil conditions and crop needs, has caused much concern in recent years. The risk of over-fertilization and heavy metal contamination on sugarcane fields and concerns about the off-site effects of leakage into waterways have raised questions about the excessive use of mill mud in industry. In this regard, this study examines the issues related to the responsible management of mill flowers produced in sugar or sucrose factories from sugarcane (a case study of sugarcane factories in southern Iran) and its cost-effectiveness in a wider range of farms away from mills. Reported as a means to minimize environmental hazards. Thus, the estimated size of food resources in the mill produced by Farabi and Dehkhoda sugarcane companies is 7300 tons of nitrogen and 4500 tons of phosphorus per year. This represents 60% of the 7700 tonnes of phosphorus estimated as fertilizer on sugarcane fields in 1400.
 

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a traditional crop species in Turkey that is cultivated in almost every province providing prominent economic income. Turkey has an important resource for both Cicer spp diversity and their phytopathogens like ascohyta blight caused by Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski) von Arx wherein resistance/tolerance is broken every 4-5 years in cultivated chickpea cultivars. In order to breed resistant/tolerant varieties in chickpea against D. rabiei, detailed and up to date analyses on population characterization is needed. This study was undertaken to define current aggressiveness patterns, pathotype and mating type distribution of D. rabiei population in chickpea growing areas of Turkey. The D. rabiei isolates were assigned to 5 virulence groups in which existence of pathotype IV, a new and aggressive group, was defined for the first time from farmers’ fields and research institutes exhibiting continuous arm race between plant and pathogen. The isolates in each pathotype group depicted statistically important difference (P≤ 0.05) in virulence levels on chickpea genotypes. The mating type distribution of 971 D. rabiei isolates was 1:1 for Mat 1.1 and Mat 1.2 isolates (X²= 0.87, P= 0.35) exhibiting random sexual reproduction. Overall, the data obtained revealed the unstable aggressiveness nature of D. rabiei population in Turkey, which, in turn, explains frequent resistance overcome in registered chickpea genotypes leading to epidemics.

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