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Background: Aureobasidin A is known as a cyclic depsipeptide antibiotic with toxic effects against yeasts such as Candida spp at low concentration. Combination therapy is used as a conventional treatment for fungal infections, especially drug-resistant cases. The current study aimed to investigate the combined effects of fluconazole and Aureobasidin A on fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates using broth microdilution method.
Materials & Methods: Antifungal activity of Aureobasidin A (AbA) compared to fluconazole against C. albicans ATCC 76615 strain was determined using the standardized broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, document M27-Ed4) guidelines. The checkerboard method was used to test the combined effects of Aureobasidin A and fluconazole. The synergy, indifference, and antagonism were defined based on the fractional inhibitory concentration values below 0.5, 0.5-4, and more than 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Findings: MIC50 and MIC90 evaluations of Aureobasidin A and fluconazole were done at concentrations of 0.25-2 and 32-64 μg/mL against C. glabrata isolates, respectively. The synergy between fluconazole and Aureobasidin A was observed against Candida isolate. A reduced MIC was demonstrated against C. albicans isolate when fluconazole was combined with Aureobasidin A at 4 to 0.12 μg/mL concentrations.
Conclusion: The present study findings revealed that Aureobasidin A combined with fluconazole exhibited potent inhibitory effects against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. Further studies is recommended to investigate the synergistic effects of Aureobasidin A and other antifungal drugs.

 

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Determination of applicable law in contracts is done with two main methods: objective and subjective. Objective theory in a new consideration results in restrictive comment of party autonomy.  Objective test, which is recognized as the legal positivism, declares the solely privilege of the rule of government, which is the source of rights and assignment of parties, controls the contract, and determines the validity or nullity of the contracts too.
On the other hand, there are national conflicts of rules that confer the freedom of choice to the parties and determine the frames of this freedom by making specific limitations to protect the fundamental interest of the government or the weaken contracting party.  Base of this limitation is also the superiority of governments for making the order of society by regulating the mandatory, protective and supervisory rules, which in some cases are not able to tolerate the foreign law, in conflict of fundamental interest and goals of the society. From economic aspects, in contracts, which are the economic tools of transfer of investment, it is important to pay attention to the economic gravity center of the contract. It would be possible by applying the objective theory in determination of the proper law, which has the closest connection with the contract.