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Different layers of acorn (Quercus infectoria), hull, seed coat and seed kernel were analyzed for determination of chemical composition. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that acorn contained more than 65% carbohydrates, 8% lipid and 10% tannin among other constituents. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined using thin layer chromatography and comparing with standards. The results showed the presence of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acid: are C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C20:0. Unsaturated fatty acid: C18: 1 and C18: 2. Total saturated fatty acids represented 20% and unsaturated fatty acids contributed 80% to acorn fat content.

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Background: In this comprehensive study, the prevalence of sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition, was investigated among 477 patients displaying sepsis symptoms.
Materials & Methods: A detailed questionnaire was used to capture the patients' demographic information and clinical treatment outcomes.The E-test method was employed to determine the susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin and Gram-negative bacteria to cefepime, ceftriaxone, and imipenem.
Findings: Among the participants, 40 patients (8.6%) were diagnosed with septicemia, a condition whose prevalence significantly increased with age (p= .001). Out of 40 patients with positive blood cultures, 14 (35%) were infected by Gram-positive bacteria, while 26 (65%) were infected by Gram-negative bacteria. Acinetobacter lwoffii and Staphylococcus epidermidis were identified as the most common causes of sepsis among Gram-negative (30.7%) and Gram-positive (57.1%) bacteria, respectively Gram-negative bacteria exhibited the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (38.4%) and the highest susceptibility to imipenem (84.6%) in both laboratory and clinical settings. Gram-positive bacteria demonstrated the high susceptibility to vancomycin (78.5%), with only four patients exhibiting resistance to vancomycin in both laboratory and clinical settings. Encouragingly, there was a 77.5% concordance between laboratory and clinical antibiotic susceptibility testing results.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, vancomycin and imipenem are recommended as the preferred antibiotics for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Given the high concordance (77.5%) between laboratory and clinical results, it is suggested to perform antibiogram test using E-test method on blood culture isolates in septicemia cases to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment.

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Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) causes extensive economic damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in many regions of the world. The present study was conducted to find out if the variations in biochemical changes in reaction to WSMV infection in F2 generation of either potentially resistant (Adl-Cross) or susceptible (Marvdasht) cultivars are genetically inherited. A factorial experiment was employed with two factors of: genotypes (Adl-Cross, Marvdasht, reistant F2s and susceptible F2s), and inoculation (either infected or non infected) at Shiraz University, Iran during 2007-2009. Leaves of seedlings were harvested at different time intervals for total protein, total phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity analysis. Results indicated that virus infection caused stress in all genotypes. Total protein reduction in the inoculated resistant Adl-Cross and in its F2s was not significant whereas it was significant in the inoculated susceptible Marvdasht and its susceptible F2s. Viral infection reduced peroxidase activity in the susceptible Marvdasht cultivar and in its susceptible F2s whereas in Adl-Cross and in its resistant F2s the activity was increased. It is speculated that peroxidase enzyme may affect synthesis of compounds effective in resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus. The trend in the increase in phenolic compounds indicated that their formation and accumulation is faster in the resistant genotypes as compared with the susceptible ones. It appears that the extent of total protein, total phenolic compounds as well as peroxidase activity changes in response to WSMV are inherited by the next generations and these biochemical changes in a genotype could be adopted as selective factors in the preliminary experimental stages of selection for tolerance to the virus.

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The detection of Genetically Modified (GM) organisms is becoming a legal necessity. This study was carried out to detect genetically modified events in soybeans imported into Iran using simplex and multiplex PCR. Therefore, five samples of imported soybean were obtained from Bandar Imam Khomeini customs. Modified CTAB method was used to extract DNA from soybean seeds. The result indicates that the modified method is suitable for DNA extraction from soybean seeds and probably can be used for other oilseeds. Using specific primers for CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and epsps gene PCR reactions were performed. In this study soybean lectin gene was used as internal control. The results revealed that soybean samples imported from Canada and Paraguay were genetically modified and they had CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator and epsps gene in their genomes. The result of simplex PCR was the same as multiplex PCR, but multiplex PCR detected the GM soybeans very quickly and in a cost-saving and time-consuming way. Based on PCR analysis using GM soybean event-specific primers, it is suggested that the soybean plants may be GTS 40-3-2. No fragment was amplified when the DNA of US or Non-GM soybeans were used as template in the PCR reaction. This is the first report that shows GM soybeans imported to Iran without use of the "GMO" label in the shipment's documentation.