Showing 122 results for Alavi
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of irrigation strategies including sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on the growth, physiology, and photosynthesis of strawberry plants in order to maximize crop productivity while maintaining water resources. This experiment has four irrigation strategies (FI: control (full irrigation volume), PRD1 (full irrigation volume), PRD2 (50% of FI), and SDI (50% of FI) and two fertilizer strengths (EC1 and EC2) with four replicates per treatment. Gas exchange, leaf chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance (gs), and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F'v/F'm) were assessed on three occasions throughout the experimental duration in order to monitor the impact of different irrigation strategies on photosynthesis. Yield water use efficiency, as well as TSS (total soluble solids) and TA (total titratable acidity), two fruit quality-related parameters, were also measured. In the final stage, PRD2-EC2 photosystem II efficiency was 9% higher than SDI-EC2. Also, the PRD strategy effectively influenced and regulated the adjustment of stomatal conductance (gs). In diluted fertilizer (EC2), yield WUE of PRD1 and SDI performed 15% and 30.7% lower than FI-EC2. However, PRD2-EC2 treatment increased 72.5% more than the control. Our observations of leaf and fruit deficiencies showed that the PRD strategy had long-term benefits for the plant and reduced water consumption. However, to establish a sustainable irrigation strategy, the nutrient solution must be adjusted to control growth and photosynthesis attributes.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Financial markets have become one of the most attractive environments for investment in the modern era. Through the efficient allocation of capital, these markets exert a significant influence across various domains, including trade, education, employment, technology, and the broader economy. Financial markets are categorized into specific industries and sectors based on the characteristics of the goods and services produced. These unique features and industry-specific conditions influence productivity, which in turn affects returns.
Industry-level returns reflect a combination of financial and non-financial factors that shape stock market dynamics. Industry data offer critical insights into the sources of a country’s economic growth, particularly from an industrial standpoint. Furthermore, industries often act as a leading force in the stock market, as their performance is closely tied to macroeconomic fundamentals.
There are two primary approaches to investing in stocks and generating returns commensurate with risk: the fundamental approach and the technical approach. The fundamental approach is based on three key levels of analysis. The first is macroeconomic analysis, which considers variables such as gross domestic product, monetary policy, and the broader economic environment, along with their effects on the returns of various industries and sectors. The second is industry analysis, which evaluates the performance of companies within a specific industry based on the unique conditions and characteristics of that industry. The third is company analysis, which focuses on assessing a firm’s current operations and financial status to determine its intrinsic value and future potential. Therefore, industry-level analysis serves as a crucial component within the broader framework of fundamental investment analysis.
At the industry level, macroeconomic variables—especially government monetary policy—play a pivotal role. Monetary policy influences capital markets through four primary transmission channels: the exchange rate, interest rate, credit, and asset prices.
Methodology
To examine the research hypotheses regarding the impact of monetary policy on the returns of small and large industries from April 2010 to March 2024, this study employs the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator on monthly data. A key advantage of this method is its capacity to handle both stationary and non-stationary variables, thereby overcoming issues related to cointegration and the limited power of unit root tests in long-term estimations.
The model used is a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework, which enables the simultaneous estimation of short-term and long-term coefficients. In this framework, a long-run relationship is assumed between Yt and Xt , with fixed effects μi .
The error correction model is as follows:
∆yit=μi+∅iyi,t+βi'Xit+j=1p-1ωij*∆yi,t-j+j=0q-1δij*'∆Xi,t-j+…+εit (1)
The final equation is as follows:
∆yit=μi+∅iyi,t-1-θi'Xit+j=1p-1ωij*∆yi,t-j+j=0q-1δij*'∆Xi,t-j+…+εit (2)
In this study, the dependent variable is the industry return (IR) for small and large industries, and the key independent variable is Monetary Policy (MP)—measured via the Monetary Conditions Index based on principal component analysis. Additional control variables include Liquidity Volume (LV), Oil Price (OP), and the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Findings
The results for long-term relationships reveal a positive and significant relationship between monetary policy and the return of small industries on the Tehran Stock Exchange, with an estimated coefficient of approximately 4.1%. However, no significant long-term relationship was found between monetary policy and the return of large industries.
In the short term, the error correction terms are estimated at -0.78 and -0.70 for small and large industries, respectively. This indicates that roughly 78% and 70% of the disequilibrium between the independent and dependent variables is corrected each period, guiding the system toward long-run equilibrium. In the first model (small industries), monetary policy has no immediate impact on returns. Conversely, in the second model (large industries), monetary policy exerts a significant short-term effect at the 5% level.
Conclusion
Government policies exert a profound influence on financial markets, with monetary policy playing a distinct and varying role across industries. Despite its importance, this differentiation has received limited attention in Iran. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the differential effects of monetary policy on small and large industries, using the PMG model to estimate both short-term and long-term impacts on a monthly basis from April 2010 to March 2024.
The findings reveal that, in the long run, monetary policy exerts a positive and significant impact on the returns of small industries, whereas this effect is absent in large industries. In the short run, with the significance of the error correction term confirming the adjustment toward long-term equilibrium, the dynamics between the independent and dependent variables become balanced over time. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that monetary policy has no significant effect on small industries in the short term but demonstrates a positive and significant impact in the long term. In contrast, for large industries, monetary policy has no discernible effect in the long run but exerts a positive and significant influence in the short term.
These results confirm both the main and sub-hypotheses of the study, which posit that the effects of monetary policy vary between small and large industries and differ across time horizons. Consequently, investors are advised to consider firm size, as reflected in market value, when constructing their portfolios. Specifically, they should align their investment strategies with their time horizons—favoring small industries for long-term investments and large industries for short-term opportunities.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
Comparative mythology partly is a one of the modern courses, which have been used broadly from the second mid-nineteenth century. On the one hand, the relation of this approach has become firm in the comparative literature, and fixed in the mythical critic, on the other. Though at first, the necessity recognition of world's nations myths was introduced widely and comparatively by the European’s and broad researches were done by them, especially in the field of European nations (Rome and Greek's) myths, but the extent of this approach in the Islamic nation's myths did not progress, except of some small and separated surveys on myth motives. In 2000 AD, Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri, by understanding this poverty research, in “Comparative research in Arab, Iran and Turk's myths”, took the first step in comparison of Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths. It is wonderful that, even after a decade, researches did not refer to this. Mojib Al-Mesri, in this comparative research, has studied every Iranian, Arabic and Turkish's myths in three separate parts. However, this book does not operate according to the twentieth century mythical critic approach, but in Iran's myths study, it exhibits modern conclusions and achievements in comparative mythology and in this way, compares unfamiliar Arabic and Turkish's myths with similar Iranian samples that have not been studied in any research so far. This paper has tried firstly to clarify the myth relation and functioning of mythology in comparative literature and then introduce Hossein Mojib Al-Mesri's achievements. Then in a more limited scope, it reviews his theories that he received from Iran's myths. In the end, it shows the existing common points between Persian myths with Arabic and Turkish samples in two sections of religious and historical myths. The purpose of this essay is revealing the potential capabilities of Islamic nations' myths. It also recommend the necessary changes, which must occur in one-sided and unilateral views of Iranian or Non Iranian mythologists.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
Resistance literature is the most important cultural strongholds for nations under domination. This word has always been associated with anti oppression and evokes it. This genre of literature has got a long bachground in the history that because of ruling oppression in muslim countries from alien countries and also imposed wars, has got a special representation. Iran and Palestine are two prominent examples of this country. Saleh Mahmood Alhowariis one of the poets who pays special attention to Palestine. Also TaherehSafarzadeh,with his poetry has defended his nation confronting aliens, and we see manifestation of resistance in her poems. Pride and national identity and patriotism, challenge, hope for a better future, and invitation to solidarity are of the common themes in the poetry of both poets.This study intends to express the themes of resistance literature in poetry of both poets and compare these kind of themes in their poetry using library tool and descriptive-analytical method the American School of comparative literature.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
The biocontrol activity of two isolates of Candida membranifaciens against grey mold of apple fruit caused by Botrytis mali and their ability to induce biochemical defense responses in apple tissue were investigated. Apple fruit (Malus domestica) wounds were inoculated with 50 µl yeast suspension (1 × 107 CFU/ml) of C. membranifaciens followed 4 h later by 20 µl of conidial suspension of B. mali (1 × 105 conidia/ml). The apples were then incubated at 20 ºC for 8 days. Lesion diameter sizes were measured 4 and 8 days after pathogen inoculation. In addition to controlling grey mold, these two isolates of C. membranifaciens caused increases in peroxidase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities. These isolates also caused inhibition in catalase activity. The accumulation of phenolic compounds was increased in apple fruit treated with antagonists and inoculated with B. mali and reached its highest level 6 days after treatment. The ability of C. membranifaciens to affect H2O2-metobolizing enzymes and increase levels of β-1, 3-glucanase activity and phenolic compounds may be some of mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activity.
Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2012)
Abstract
Asiatic citrus canker is a devastating disease resulting in drastic economic losses in citriculture worldwide. Amongst three different types of the disease, i.e. A, A* and Aw, the A* type is genetically less known. In order to comprehend the behavior of the Asiatic citrus canker A*-type strain (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) in the vicinity of the host cells, a targeted semi-quantitative transcript analysis approach via RT-PCR was carried out. A subset of sixteen genes, as representative of different steps involved in phytopathogencity, was analyzed on the culture medium (as uninduced) and compared with the subset isolated from the infected Mexican lime (Citrus auarntifolia L.) plants (as induced). The results showed that certain genes were up-regulated in induced condition, suggesting a putative role in bacteria-host interaction. Furthermore, the transcripts in induced condition could be classified into constitutive, early- and late-responsive genes, demonstrating their functional relevance during the host-pathogen interaction.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Aims: Drug abuse among college students continues as a major public-health concern. Theory-driven research is necessary to address and find causes. The current research investigates the utility of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in designing and implementing a drug abuse educational prevention program among medical college students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 120 college students in two groups: experimental and control, who were randomly enrolled at the baseline survey. We used a questionnaire, which included three sections of background data (11 questions), knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse questionnaire (16 questions), and TPB-based questionnaire (20 questions). Educational planning was based on active learning with using group discussion, printed leaflet, and audio-visual CD. The participants were followed up after 2-month intervention. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 16 using appropriate statistical tests such as stepwise multiple logistic regressions and t-test. Findings: Almost 6.7% of the participants had a history of drug abuse. The three predictors of 1) attitude, 2) subjective norms, and 3) perceived behavioral control accounted for 48 % of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to drug abuse. There was a significant improvement in average response for knowledge about the side effects of drug abuse and TPB variables among the students who were under intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Designing intervention to reduce positive attitude and subjective norms toward drug abuse among college students could be useful to substance abuse prevention.
Volume 2, Issue 3 (12-2013)
Abstract
Length-weight relationship, age range and fecundity of 40 specimens of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, collected from two fishing stations in the southeastern Caspian Sea, were determined. Average length (TL) and weight were 129.5 cm and 12.7 kg for males and 145.8 cm and 22.15 kg for females, respectively. Absolute fecundity was 184000 in average and condition factor calculated 0/58 and 0/7 for male and females, respectively. Average age for males and females was 12.7 and 14.6 years, respectively. All these factors were lower than previous records from the Volga river estuary. Length-weight relationships results demonstrated isometric growth pattern with average slope of 2.978 and 2.822 for males and females respectively. These values were not statistically different between sexes (p> 0.05), but using this relationships for each sex separately will be useful for more reliable results especially in broodstock studies.
Volume 2, Issue 3 (8-2017)
Abstract
This article examines the common approaches of famous Rezafi and Farokhi Yazdi to the political and social freedom of expression, freedom of thought, press freedom, and the freedom of workers and peasants through an analytical descriptive method based on the American School of Comparative Literature. The most important results of this article are that both poets devote their poetry to the liberation and liberation of the people in the form of tyranny, and have followed ethical issues in this regard, although Farrokhi Yazdi's insistence on freedom is more than the famous one.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (8-2011)
Abstract
Public sphere and social ethics are always among the basic topics of sociology discussions. The main hypothesis of this study is that «action in the public sphere» is an effective factor on increasing the experience of shame as social ethics. For examining the relationship between these two, Hannah Arendt's «Public sphere theory» and Morris Rosenberg's «Reflective evaluation» principles were used. The model considered in this study includes freedom belief, plurality, private self-disclosure and public self-disclosure, which are participated as effective variables (in two forms: directed and indirected) on the experience of shame. Statistical population of this study includes the students of Tehran University at undergraduate, graduate and PhD degrees. 400 of them were selected by quota sampling for responding using proportional size method. The required data were collected using survey and questionnaire methods. The results of statistical analysis showed that students' public self-disclosure, freedom belief, plurality, gender and education degree have significant impacts on the experience of shame as social ethics. Only the significant effect of private self-disclosure was not confirmed statistically.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) is the most economically destructive wood pest in structures in Khuzestan province (Iran). Chemicals such as essential oils and plant extracts that are compatible with the environment and have high potential to be used in integrated pest management programs are extremely important resources. This study evaluated contact and digestive toxicity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehneh. (Myrtaceae)essential oil in no-choice and choice bioassays and feeding inhibition trials on M. diversus. Concentrations of the essential oil ranged from 0.3 to 1.6%. The results of the choice tests and feeding inhibition trial showed that the essential oil could act as a repellent at 0.7% concentration. Concentrations used in these tests resulted in mortality of termites, and a direct relationship between concentration and mortality was observed. The essential oil also increased the mortality of termites at concentrations higher than 0.7%. Termite feeding decreased with increase in concentration. Due to the ability of termites to choose the untreated filter-paper in the choice trial, values of LT and LC, were higher than in no-choice trials. The highest effects of Eucalyptus essential oil (≈100% mortality) was obtained by the concentration 1.6%. Overall, this study reveals that Eucalyptus essential oil may be suggested as an effective toxicant with suitable contact and digestive toxicity on M. diversus.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Number 1 - 2001)
Abstract
Many investigations have demonstrated that arid regions display ideal conditions for
remote sensing applications such as, land cover/land use detection. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the capability of Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal band in land cover/land
use mapping in the Ardakan region of Yazd province, an area of desert with severe salinity
conditions, and the Mook region in the Farse province, an area of mountains, forests,
dry farming and orchards. Landsat TM imagery recorded on September and October,
1990 were used for land cover/land use classifications of Ardakan and Mook areas respectively.
Maximum likelihood classifications were used by including TM thermal band
(TM6) in band combinations. The results of image classifications showed that TM6 has
improved the accuracy of classification in Ardakan, while no meaningful role was found
in Mook region. Based on the results obtained it may be concluded that the effectiveness
of TM bands for classification is highly dependant on land cover type, climatic, and geographic
conditions. Based on the results obtained it was also concluded that TM6 plays a
key role in separating urban and dark colour salt crust classes as in Ardakan area. In
other words, in climatic and geographic conditions represented by dry surface and sparse
vegetation, thermal band data may prove more useful.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Length-weight relationships and fecundity of 93 individual female Acipenser persicus broodstocks were investigated. The specimens were caught during 2001-2005 from Golestan, Mazandaran and Guilan provinces along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Total length and weight of each fish was measured to the nearest 1cm and 100 g, respectively. Age determination was carried out by using transects of the first ray of pectoral fin. The absolute fecundity was assessed by egg count per weight unit of all eggs existed in the body. The specimens were from 13 to 20 years old, of which the 16 years old had the highest proportion with 23.7%. Range of total length and weight were 132.5 to 211 cm and 14 to 42 kg, respectively. Mean absolute fecundity was estimated 267810 ± 92570. Total length, weight and absolute fecundity of fish increased with age in all cases, showed a significant positive correlation (p <0.01). The slope of the length-weight relationship (b) was equal to 2.745 and isometric growth pattern was determined in this species.
Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
Aim: Considering the fundamental role of parents' function and family dynamics including the importance role of family communication pattern on preventing early-onset substance use in children, the present study aimed to determine the correlation between family communication pattern and mothers' preventive behavioral intention regarding preventing early-onset substance use in children.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 234 Iranian mothers in Tehran who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. The participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire including I- demographic information; II- family-based behavioral intention regarding preventing early- onset substance use in children; and III- family communication pattern. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using Pearson's correlations, independent t-test, and ANOVA at 95% significant level.
Findings: The results reported a correlation between conversation (r=0.509**& P≥0.001), conformity orientation (r= -0.150*& P=0.022) and behavioral intention; as well as between conversation conformity orientation (r= -0.382*& P≥0.001), and conversation (r=0.218**& P=0.001), conformity orientation (r= -0.105& P=0.108) and age.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that to develop a preventive program, it will be useful to increase family communication pattern, specially conversation orientation to prevent the onset of substance use in children.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2001)
Abstract
To use remote sensing data effectively, one must understand the spectral characteristics
of the particular features under investigations. To study the relationship between soil salinity
and soil reflectance, four MultiSpectral Scanners (MSS) and seven Thematic Mappers
(TM bands) over the Ardakan playa located on the Central Iranian Desert margins
were selected. In this study soil map, soil salinity observations, an interpolated soil salinity
map and 13 images in all, including 7 TM, 4 MSS and 2 Normalised Difference Vegetation
Indices (NDVI) images were used. After smoothing the imagery using a 3× 3 kernel, and
delineating the bare soil from vegetated areas, the correlation coefficients between soil salinity
(Electrical Conductivity) and related Digital Number (DN) values from TM and
MSS bands on different soil types, such as gypsiferons and saline soils, were calculated.
The results obtained demonstrate the trend of the correlation coefficients between soil salinity
and the related DN values of MSS and TM bands. Based on the results obtained, we
may conclude that the presence of gypsum in soil plays a significant role in lowering the
correlation coefficients between soil salinity and surface reflectance -further studies are
required to draw more general conclusions. From the results obtained we may also conclude
that the behavior of band 6 of TM on gypsiferous soil is completely different from
that on saline soil and, therefore, we may generally conclude that Landsat TM imagery
with six reflective bands, on the one hand, and the TM thermal band as complementary
information to the TM reflective bands, on the other hand, contained some useful information
that may play an important role in soil salinity studies and also the detection of
gypsiferous soils in desert areas.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (9-2016)
Abstract
In Comparative studies, poem of Saadi and Motenabbi are comparable in many ways. One of the common parts of these poets is Proverbial method , this method has brought forth Saadi has followed Motenabbi in aspect to motif and poetic method. This article tries to analyze proverbial method in the poem of Saadi and Motenabbi and examined cultural base and mobility poetry and imagination in these poets. Vocabulary and imagination of Saadi are wider than Motenabbi and "I" Sadi especially has become human "I". Cultural base of Saadi is more powerful than Motenabbi and powerful culture and imagination are developed through both sides of the proverbial method, diversity and dynamic style.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2014)
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze affecting factors on agricultural experts moving toward becoming agricultural e-marketing users. During a correlation-descriptive research method, variables of the study were prioritized through Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and correlation between variables and adoption was computed and finally the most effective variables on adoption were determined using logistic regression. Results showed that behavioral belief (Attitude), normative belief (Subjective norm) and control belief (Perceived Behavioral Control) were affecting adoption. Among personal abilities and skills, engagement in agricultural jobs had the greatest effect on adoption which was related to control belief of the respondents.
positive belief toward e-marketing and believing that had next great effect on decreasing traditional interferences respectively and variables related to behavioral belief had more important role in forming attitude of experts. Finally, agricultural companies were the most affecting variables on subjective norm of experts among other affecting components of agricultural market included in normative belief. Respondents selected network of agricultural advisory service companies which had an interference role between producers and customers as a proper option in e-marketing for local farmers. In this case, companies could merely deal with providing information of farmers’ products to suppliants through internet websites without playing direct role in buying and selling.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (No.2 (Tome 18), (Articles in Persian) 2014)
Abstract
While writing a literal or educational text, especially for children, it is very important to know the characteristics of the readers. Children’s literature and educational professionals believe that using difficult vocabulary or structures in a text will eliminate the reader’s motivation, so using simple structures and core vocabulary is very important. Core vocabulary means a list of words that have high frequency in use, and everyone (in an age level) can understand their meaning. In this research, we study the usage of core vocabulary in 20 texts from “Roshde Noamuz” magazine according to Nematzade et al (2011). The results of this research can be fruitful in writing and translating childrenʼs texts. We further aim to find vocabulary that all Iranian children can understand its meaning to use in literal and educational texts.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Abstract
In the present investigation, infection of Lernaeacruciata parasite is reported in Farsi toothcarp (Aphaniusfarsicus) collected from Maharlu Lake basin in 2014. The prevalence of infection appeared 88.9% (45 specimens). Lernaeacruciataparasites were isolated from origin of fins, gill opercels and body surface. Frequency of parasite on each fish appeared 1 or 2 which mostly attached to branch and under operculum (45%) and base of pectoral and anal fins (43%). The L. cruciata may have been translocated into the Maharloulake Basin by an exotic Poecilid; Gambusiaholbrooki. Sever infection of this endangered endemic fish species warns that urgent reactions should be taken for conservation of Farsi tooth carps in area.
