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In the Persian language, which follows the SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order, the interrogative complement or prepositional object usually appears after the object in the focal position. However, it is possible to move this phrase to other positions within the sentence. The aim of this study is to investigate the processing of interrogative complement displacement in Persian using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) based on Friederici's syntactic processing model. This study focuses on the central-parietal region of the brain, specifically the N400 and P600 components, which, according to Friederici's language processing model (1995), examine the filler-gap dependency structure and the mental representation of these phrases. Four different positions of the interrogative complement in Persian were examined, and 50 sentences were constructed for each condition.. The results indicate that the displacement of the interrogative complement leads to different brain responses, with an increase in N400 amplitude in the central-parietal region when the interrogative complement follows the subject, and an increase in P600 amplitude in the initial or focal position of the interrogative complement. These findings suggest that the displacement of the wh-complement in Persian, according to Friederici's model, has a neurophysiological basis and may represent a filler-gap dependency structure in mental representation.

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The adsorption of polymeric systems onto reservoir rock through altering the wettability of rock surface improves oil recovery and reduces the unwanted water production. . In this study, the adsorption behavior of dilute polymeric systems based on sulfonated polyacrylamide  on the glass particles surfaces (representative of sandstone reservoirs) was investigated and the effect of this phenomenon on changing their surface properties was examined. Results show that crosslinked polymeric samples have lower adsorption on glassy surface comparing with uncrosslinked sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. Furthermore, the contact angle tests results showed that crosslinked samples change the surface property of glass particle less than sulfonated polyacrylamide solution. In addition the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the isotherm data better than the Freundlich model for these dilute polymeric systems. Furthermore, study of the thermodynamic of adsorption showed that their adsorption behavior on glassy surfaces is a spontaneous and exothermic process. 

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Dispersion type of layered clay plated in aqueous media creates different structures and affects the final properties of its suspension. On the other hand, the presence of different electrolytes in some industrial applications affects the stability of clay suspensions. Considering the application of clay nanoparticles in various industries and the importance of this subject, in this research, the effect of preparation method, nanoparticle concentration, type and ionic strength of electrolytic medium and time elapsed on the stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions were studied. The results showed that preparing of the suspensions indirectly, results in more stable samples. It was observed that with increasing of sodium chloride concentration, the repulsion between the clay plates decreased and the phase separation and instability of the suspensions increased at higher NaCl concentrations. Furthermore, it was seen that in all electrolyte media, gel-like structure develop with increasing of nanoparticle concentration. In presence of bi-valance CaCl2 salt, most of suspensions were unstable and have two phases and increasing of this salt concentration had not significant effect on their stability. In electrolyte media containing mono- and bi- valance salts (studied in this research), concentration of calcium cation determines the type of stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions.

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Sohrab Sepehri and Abbas Kiarostami are artists who could express their thought in the form of another language using the myths and symbols.  The most important considerations in their works are neutral symbols. In this paper, the authors tried to review the symbolic nature using comparative approach and Gaston Bachelard's theory. We analyzed Hasht Keteb and Kiarostami's movies, and found that the mythical structure and contents briefly express differences and commonalities in their works. The most applicant natural symbols widely used in these works consist water, air, soil and plants. The results of our study showed that Water and soil, in various forms, involve a dual role in poetry and cinema: both as a symbol of death and resurrection, and creation. Wind is the symbol of divine origin and evolution. Also it indicates the death and destruction. Plant is the symbol of cosmic tree. Symbolic imagery and mythical nature, in Kiarostami's films and Sepehri's poems, can affect the poetic spirit of two artists, which is result of thier familiarity with Eastern mysticism and also for being influenced by painting and photography skills.  

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In order to develop the scope of application of polymer materials in the preparation of drilling fluids, in this study, various blends of wheat starch and copolymer of sulfonated polyacrylamide were prepared and the rheology and compatibility behavior of samples under different salinity and aging conditions were evaluated. The rheological behavior of starch-polyacrylamide blends in tap water and saturated brine water showed that the viscosity of the samples increased with increasing concentration of polyacrylamide copolymer in the both media. However, starch-polyacrylamide blends in saturated brine had less viscosity than tap water. It was observed that in both tap water and salt water saturated conditions after 4 hours of aging at 90 ° C, the viscosity of most samples increased. Comparison of the curves for empirical viscosity data and prediction of the mixing rule showed that in both of tap water and salt saturated water, positive deviation from the mixing rule is observed, which indicates the compatibility between the blend components. By performing the aging process, although positive deviation was still observed, this positive deviation slightly decreased, which means the negative effect of aging on the compatibility of the starch- copolymer of sulfonated polyacrylamide blend.
In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the blend of starch- sulfonated polyacrylamide copolymer is compatible at high temperature (90 °C) and saturated NaCl salt wate. Moreover, in some samples, this compatibility exists even after aging.
 

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Aim: Abnormal joint mobility is an important factor in movement dysfunction and physical disability. A general lack of descriptive details exists for measurements of hip rotation range of motion (ROM). This study was designed to establish the influence of hip position on active and passive range of motion of the hip in external and internal rotation(Ext & Int Rot). Material & Methods: Sixty healthy female college-age (22.17 +/- 1. 8 years) subjects were studied. Hip rotation of the legs of each subject was measured in the prone (hip near 0 degree of extension) and seated (hip near 90 degrees of flexion) positions using a standard goniometer. Results: Data were analyzed using an analysis of paired-t-test and Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney model. Pearson's r statistics were used to determine the reliability of measurements of hip rotation made in ext vs. flex (P<0.05, r>0.90). A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between mean hip Ext & Int Rot ,active range of motion measured in ext vs. flx. Conversely, mean hip Ext & Int Rot, passive range of motion measured in ext or flx was not statistically different. Our data indicate that measurement position had a significant effect on the amount of active range of motion of the hip in Ext & Int Rot. Discussion & Conclusion: These findings are clinically significant for they stress the importance of documenting measurement position. They also stress the need for representative normal valves to be established for each hip position and gender. Our normal valves ROM values for the Int & Ext Rot of the hip calculated from this population based sample were found to differ from estimate found in textbooks. This may be due to young age and female groups and lifestyle of Iranian population , too.

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Antarctic is one of the few regions on the Earth whose issues (particularly its legal issues) have not been adequately addressed and examined in the past decades for various reasons, including due to its geographical and natural location as a remote area. Notwithstanding, the new changes and developments occurred in the international community in the recent decades have demonstrated that there is no longer any area on the Earth towards which the world’s countries may be indifferent. In particular, the unique characteristics of the Antarctic have made it an area which has a special situation in the view of the world’s countries, especially developing countries. This is why the examination of the legal issues related to the Antarctic and the analysis of its existing legal regime are important. Although the presence of explorers in the Antarctic in the recent centuries and such justifications as adjacency have been used by a few states to claim territories in the Antarctic, the status of the Antarctic is so unique that it can be considered in the category of the areas recognized by international community as areas subject to the legal regime of common heritage of mankind (the areas such as the seabed and subsoil of the high seas and outer space). Accordingly, this paper analyses the status of the Antarctic and its legal regime and argues that, considering the unique characteristics of the Antarctic, it has the potential to be recognized by the international community as an area of common heritage of mankind. As a conclusion, the Antarctic can be subject to the legal regime arising from the concept of common heritage of mankind or a modified approach towards the common heritage of mankind in a way to meet the interests of the claimant states on one side and the international community on the other. .

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Background: Viral infections may play a significant role in the development of heart failure, especially in people with related cardiac conditions such as myocarditis. Hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV-HDV) are potentially fatal liver infections. This study examined the influence of metabolic syndrome and its associated disorders.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated hepatitis D antibody and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 239 people aged 35 to 65 years in Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran in 2018-2019. There were two study groups: those with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and healthy individuals. Serum samples of all subjects in both groups were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Findings: HDV infection was detected in none of the study groups. Only one patient (0.8%) in the case group tested positive for HBsAg. The average LDL (low-density lipoprotein) (p= .8) and cholesterol (p= .3) levels in terms of lipid profiles were similar in both groups. Although the mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the patient group was lower, the mean triglyceride level in this group was higher than in the control group. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) (p= .009) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly higher in CVD patients, while 59.3% of them exhibited metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: This study results demonstrate no connection between HBV/HDV infection and cardiovascular diseases. The findings confirm that metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia are underlying factors in cardiovascular diseases. Changes in HDL and triglyceride levels could impact cardiovascular diseases more than other lipids.

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In this research a new laboratory solar-vacuum dryer was designed and fabricated to study drying behavior of pomegranate arils with heat source of solar energy. Drying of the samples was implemented at the absolute pressures of 10, 20, 40 and 60 kPa. Impact of different absolute pressures on moisture loss trend, effective moisture diffusivity, color and shrinkage of pomegranate arils, dried in solar-vacuum dryer was studied. With regression analysis of the applied models, proved that the Midilli model had supremacy in drying behavior prediction of pomegranate arils. Results indicated that with decreasing absolute pressure, drying time was decreased. Minimum drying time was related to the absolute pressure of 10 kPa. Effective moisture diffusivity of the pomegranate arils was estimated at the ranges of 3.09×10^-10 to 4.13×10^-10 m²/s.Total color changes and shrinkage percent of the pomegranate arils were estimated at the ranges of 17.4 to 22.1 and 67.58% to 74.45%, respectively.    

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The aim of this study was to investigat the effect of modifierd starch and maltodextrin as a wall material on the microencapsulation of ginger oil in green tea extract by spray drying method. Ginger oil was encapsulated with modiferd starch, maltodextrin, and mixture of these by ratio(2:1، 1:1، 1:2) .The mean droplet size  of emulsion and Encapsulation efficiency, oil surface, particle size and moisture of microcapsul was evaluated. The results showed that by reducing the Gum Arabic content and increasing Maltodextrin content, the emulsion  particle  size became larger. Encapsulation efficiency  increased and oil surface decreased by the decreas in particle  size  of emulsion  and powder. And the results indicated the lack of effect of rim material on the amount of moisture. A 2:1 and 1:1 blend of Gum Arabic:Maltodextrin offered a protection, better than gum Arabic and maltodextrin .

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Investigating the role of drought stress conditions on physiological characteristics of plant may provide means to understand basic drought resistance. Differences in leaf emergence rate, leaf relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), leaf mass area (LMA), net photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), water use efficiency (Anet/gs) and recovery of gas exchange were investigated in two-year-old grapes of three Vitis vinifera L. cultivars ("Khoshnave", "Bidane-Sefid" and "Askari"), subjected to progressive drought stress (soil water potential: -0.2, -0.6, -1, and -1.5 MPa). The results showed temporary reduction in RWC, MSI, leaf emergence rate, LMA, Anet, gs and E. Ci decreased with increasing drought stress. "Khoshnave" grape showed a higher photosynthesis rate than "Bidane-Sefid" and "Askari". Higher LMA of "Khoshnave" may be attributed to the potential for carbon absorbance and higher Anet as compared to the other two cultivars. Complete recovery of Anet for all cultivars occurred one day after rewatering at -0.6 MPa and four days after rewatering at -1 MPa treatments. Complete recovery of gs was not observed in either one or four days after rewatering except for "Askari". The results showed that Anet of "Khoshnave" recovered quickly as compared to those in the other two cultivars. Water use efficiency was maximum in all cultivars under -1 MPa treatment. Similar patterns of Anet/gs were observed for the three cultivars. "Khoshnave" had higher Anet/gs as compared to "Askari" and "Bidane-Sefid" under severe drought stress conditions. "Khoshnave" cultivar, with a higher Anet, higher leaf emergence rate, higher LMA, rapid recovery of Anet, higher Anet/gs was found to be promising for cultivation in rain-fed areas across the west of Iran in comparison with the other cultivars.

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The present research investigates the productivity of compound noun maker patterns in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 1300 compound nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus based. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the only quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, the most productive compound noun maker pattern among compound noun maker patterns is (noun+noun). Moreover, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of compound noun maker patterns offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the compound noun maker patterns in Persian, (noun + noun) pattern has the highest productivity and these patterns ( pronoun + noun / pronoun + stem of present verb / noun + imperative verb / number + number) have the lowest productivity.

1.     Introduction
One of the most important word formation processes in the Persian language, which is also highly productive, is the process of composition, which is used in the construction of new words, especially compound nouns, and plays an important role in the formation and enrichment of Persian language words. Words play an essential role in the formation of human language, so knowing the productive word-forming processes and, above all, the productive noun-forming processes, can be one of the most practical methods of creating new words in any language, especially the Persian language. 
Languages have benefited from the process of composition, which is one of the most important processes of word formation and is considered one of the generative processes of word formation. Therefore, this research, based on the theoretical framework of the generation of Plug (2003) as well as the analysis of the data obtained from the corpus, investigated the quantitative methods of measuring the generation of patterns of compound nouns in Persian language, and the patterns of the formation of compound nouns which can help Persian language in naming and choosing words for new domestic or imported products and inventions.
Despite many studies that Iranian and non-Iranian researchers have done on nouns, only a few studies have been conducted in relation to the issue of the reproduction of noun formation processes, and so far no researcher has exclusively investigated the reproduction of compound noun formation patterns in the Persian language. Based on this, the authors intend to study the rate of reproduction of compound noun formation patterns in Persian based on the theoretical framework of reproduction of Plug (2003).

Research Question(s)
In this regard, the following questions have been raised:
1. What are the quantitative methods of measuring the productivity of compound noun formation patterns in Persian language?
2. Among the patterns of compound nouns, which one is more productive?
For the above two questions, two hypotheses have been proposed. For the first question, it is assumed that the quantitative methods of measuring the generation of compound noun formation patterns in Persian include counting the outputs of a noun formation process, using possible words, using monofrequency words, and counting new words. For the second question, it has been assumed that the pattern (noun + noun) has the highest rate of reproduction among the patterns that make up compound nouns.

2.    Literature Review
Shaghaghi (2011) defines productivity as follows: if a process can be used for phonetic changes or making new words or sentences, that process is considered productive, like the adjective-forming suffix (-y) in Persian language, which has a high productivity.
Amir Arjamendi (2009) in her doctoral thesis entitled "Productivity in the process of composition of the Persian language" based on the theoretical framework of Borer and Borer (1988) and by studying and researching the linguistic databases of the Persian language, provided a general picture of productivit.
Amir Arjamandi (2009) believes that it is possible to quantitatively measure the productivity in the composition of the Persian language by measuring the productivity by counting the outputs of the composition process using possible words and using single frequency words and by counting new words, but the reason for the limitations in the Persian language database was that it was only able to examine the productivity of the composition process using two methods of counting the outputs of the composition process and using single frequency words.                                                          
Badakhshan (2011) in his doctoral dissertation investigated the rate of reproduction of the composition process in Persian based on the theoretical framework of Plague (2003). According to Badakhshan (2011), fertility is not absolute, but rather continuous. He deals with productivity as a quantitative and qualitative concept and then introduced the methods of measuring productivity and because of the limitations he faced such as the impossibility of choosing compound words separately in the linguistic body and also the lack of software that can separate compound words from other words. He is satisfied with only one method and by counting the outputs of a derivational process, he measures the fertility of non-current compound words in Persian language.

3. Methodology
The method of conducting the present descriptive-analytical research and the method of collecting the research data is to use the language corpus available in the Persian language database in the Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies (PLDB). The data collected from the 8 linguistic corpora of the research included 1300 compound nouns selected from 63 sources. 

4. Results
In this article, the fertility patterns of compound nouns in Persian were investigated based on the opinions of Plag (2003). In this research, by extracting 1300 compound nouns from 63 sources in the Persian language database (PLDB), researchers tried to answer the two questions raised in this research and prove the hypotheses raised for each question.
In order to find the most productive pattern of compound nouns and after examining all the patterns of compound nouns, the authors came to the following conclusion: the pattern of compound nouns (noun + noun) with a frequency of 623 compound nouns and a sample frequency of 6740 compound nouns is one of the highest fertility among the compound noun patterns. Therefore, the hypothesis related to the second question of this research is confirmed.  The authors, in examining and comparing different methods of measuring the productivity of the patterns of compound nouns, obtained different results of these patterns.
For example, in the first method of measuring the productivity rate of the data extracted from the body of the current research through counting the outputs of noun formation processes, which is a quantitative method, the compound noun pattern (noun + noun) had the highest fertility rate, while in the second method of measuring, the fertility rate of the data extracted from the body of this research, that is, by using single frequency words, which is based on the model of Plague (2003), is not a quantitative method and in this research is only used to compare and verify different productivity measurement methods. The compound noun formation pattern (pronoun + current stem (present)) which had very low productivity in the first method, in the second method has the highest rate of productivity among the compound noun formative patterns and the most productive noun pattern, called compounder.
 

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In this study, the antagonistic activity of 1,000 bacterial isolates from different areas of Iran and two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens: CHA0 and UTPf5 were individually assayed against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum that cause potato dry rot in Mashhad, Iran. Using in vitro dual culture plate technique, most of the tested isolates significantly reduced mycelia growth of Fusarium spp. on PDA after 7 days of incubation at 25^oC, compared to the untreated control. Thirty bacteria isolates with the most inhibition and P. fluorescens CHA0 were selected for experiments on potato tubers. All isolates were tested on tuber of potato cultivar Agria under in vivo conditions. There was no significant difference between rot diameter by P. fluorescens CHA0 and the infected control, but other isolates reduced dry rot development after 21 days of incubation at 25-27^oC, as compared to the untreated control. However, three isolates, namely, VUPf40, VUPf44, and VUPf506 that belong to the P. fluorescens species were the most effective. Talc-based formulation of these three effective bacteria and P. fluorescens CHA0 were assessed for their in situ efficacy against potato dry rot development, caused by F. solani FPO67, on treated tubers compared to the control. The formulation of these bacteria significantly decreased dry rot development, but only P. fluorescens VUPf506, with 79.8% reduction of fungi development, and 18.57% prevalence, was the most effective in reduction of potato dry rot in natural conditions. Based on these results, P. fluorescens VUPf506 can be considered as a promising alternative to chemical fungicides.
 

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The flavonoid and phenolic compounds are among the main pharmaceutical components of medicinal plants. These compounds are considered as effective anti-oxidant sources. Five cyanobacterial extracts were used to stimulate the plant growth and increase production of specific secondary metabolites in Plantago major as a medicinal plant. These cyanobacteria were isolated from the growth bed of the plant in its natural habitats. Nitrate-free BG11 medium was used for preparing axenic monoalgal cultures. Pot experiments were performed by spraying cyanobacterial extracts on the soil of treated plants every 20 days from the time of planting. Growth of plants was evaluated by measuring growth parameters such as plant height, root length, dry and fresh weight of plant, leaf number, leaf area, as well as inflorescence characteristics 60 days after planting. In addition to growth factors, the total amount of phenol and flavonoid of plants was also assessed. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the vegetative and reproductive characteristics compared to the control plants. Also, the methanolic extraction of treated and control plants displayed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content 77.23±3.21 µg of GA mg^-1 and 389.67±34.43 µg of RU mg^-1 in plants treated with Cylindrospermum michailovskoence. Based on the obtained results, cyanobacterial fertilizers are suggested as the biological elicitors to improve the quantity and quality of medicinal plants products. As a result of this study, chemical content of cyanobacterial extracts and the production of plant growth stimulating substances such as phytohormones can be proposed as factors affecting plant growth parameters and metabolites production.
 

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Effects of salinity (0, 2, 6, and 8 dS m^-1) on some photosynthetic parameters and morphological characteristics of 3 almond cultivars (‘Tuono’, ‘Shoukofeh’ and ‘Sahand’), with or without Salicylic Acid (SA) treatment (at 0, 1 and 2 mM), were studied in a factorial experiment using the completely randomized design with 3 replications, in a greenhouse experiment. Results revealed that while SA at 1 mM significantly improved morphological and photosynthetic properties of salinized plants, its relatively higher concentration (2 mM) impaired growth and photosynthetic attributes. Of the tested cultivars, Shokoufeh grafted on the GF677 rootstock showed higher salt tolerance than the others. This study provides convincing evidence with regard to the potential of SA in improving almond plant growth under salt stress; suitable concentrations of SA when added to saline situations helped the plants in osmotic adjustment for alleviating the harmful effects of salinity. Efficacy of SA may be tested under field conditions before recommending it as a practical tool to enhance almond plant performance in saline soils.