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This study investigates the factors affecting coffee exports in Cameroon. For this purpose, we employed the gravity model. Considering the sample characteristics, the model is estimated with the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) method. The main material of the study is a panel data set covering the years 2001-2021 for ten countries, Cameroon’s main coffee export partners. The findings show that the GDP of importing countries, coffee export prices, and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) positively influence exports, whereas distance, exchange rates, and Cameroon’s GDP have negative impacts. The results highlight Cameroon’s logistics infrastructure deficiencies and the significance of stable, high-quality production. The Cameroonian government should implement policies to improve production quality and efficiency by expanding agricultural extension services and offering farmers input and investment incentives to address these challenges. Additionally, improving port efficiency will necessitate the digitalization of operations, implementation of data-driven planning, and strategic infrastructure investments.

 

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From 2009 to 2012, 16 species of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from the subfamily Lixinae were collected on 17 species of food plants in Iranian rangelands. Identified species belong to seven genera in the tribes Lixini and Cleonini. The host plants from which they were collected were in the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Brassicaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Of the 16 species that we captured, two (Lixus subfarinosus Desbrochers, 1893 and Larinus remissus Faust, 1889) represent the first records from Iran. These new data also extend the known ranges of several species (Larinus fucatus Faust, 1894, Larinus grisescens Gyllenhal, 1835, Microlarinus rhinocylloides Hochhuth, 1847 and Bangasternus planifrons (Brulle, 1832) in Iran. The distribution of beetles and their associated host plants are presented and ecological notes on each species are provided.

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While sports are often viewed from a health perspective or with an emphasis on economic aspects, in this article, the author tries to examine the ethical function of sports and show its dimensions. The existence of some common patterns and attitudes towards sports and the dominance of medical or commercial attitudes towards them has prevented attention to the fundamental ethical aspects of sports. While sports, especially aerobic and non-competitive, are tied to moral virtues. With this in mind, the author suggests that non-competitive endurance sports have three moral functions in the long run. First, it leads to self-understanding, self-awareness and self-knowledge, second, it leads to domination of the body, emotions and feelings, and third, it cultivates many moral virtues, including courage, order, tolerance of pain and wisdom.
 

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Recent critical studies have expressed concerns regarding the state of international competition in Africa, particularly with regard to China's influence in African countries and its cooperation with both national and local elites. However, while some observers emphasize these risks, many African intellectuals and practitioners view China's presence as both effective and beneficial, highlighting the transformative impact of Chinese infrastructure initiatives on the continent. This divergence in perspectives has led to the categorization of the images emerging from China–Africa relations into three distinct types: (1) African images of China from a global perspective; (2) African images of China from a multilateral perspective; and (3) African images of China from a bilateral perspective. In light of these debates, the central question of this study is: What are the foundations of the problem-oriented image in China–Africa relations from the perspective of stakeholders on both sides? The hypothesis of this study is that the Image of China in Africa and Africa in China is not solely shaped by China’s competition with major powers; rather, the agency of African states plays a decisive role. Contrary to portrayals that depict them as passive actors, these States actively pursue the diversification of their international partnerships, creating a competitive environment where they construct a positive image of themselves while shaping a negative image of China.
 

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Soil and Water Assessment Tool model, SWAT, uses different layers of watershed data which out of soil layer is the important one. Soil layer data should be extracted from detailed soil maps. In most developing countries including Iran, these detailed maps are not available except for irrigation districts and rarely for dry land farming areas and also for some strategic places of development purposes. For larger plains, the available soil maps information are reduced to semi-detailed scale which adds uncertainty in data required for catchments and hydrologic modeling. This research studied the relations between land use (LU) maps, land suitability for agricultural activities (LS) and physiographic soil unit (PU) on one hand and detailed soil maps and their embedded data on the other hand. The research has focused on the replacement of data derived from the detailed soil maps (from large scale soil map information) with those of readily available LS, PU and LU maps. Using these two sets of data for modeling of hydrologic system with SWAT on a 5793 Km²-watershed in west of Iran showed no significant difference between the simulated discharges at the watershed outlet. So the available LS map for the whole country may be used for both plains and catchments in SWAT simulation.

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Aim: The center of family around the mother and her presence or absence can effect on the emotional intelligence and mental health of students. In other words, working mothers inside or outside home have different effects on both the boy and girl students. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health of students with working and non-working mothers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a population consisting of all high school girls and boys in the city (total n=140). Data were gathered by a questionnaire. After verifying the validity and reliability, the data were collected, and analyzed using SPSS18 and descriptive statistics. Findings: The findings indicate that mothers’ employment brings no negative and positive consequences for emotional intelligence and mental health, though it positively affects students’ educational performance. Results also revealed that the adolescent children of employed mothers had high emotional intelligence. The female children of employed mothers showed more emotional intelligence, while there were no gender differences in the emotional intelligence of adolescent children of homemakers. Conclusion: The research finding revealed that boys and girls with working mothers have low mental health, this results approves that presence of mother at home is necessary.

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Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3.32, 2.85, 2.37 and 1.45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2.59, 1.72 and 1.69 mean rank, respectively.

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Reproductive parameters and ovipositional preference of Plutella xylostella were assessed on some mutant genotypes of canola (RGS 8-1, RGS 10-2, RGS 8-13, Zar 9-9 and Talaye 8-3) and their cultivars (RGS, Zar, Talaye) under greenhouse condition (21 ± 6 °C, 65 ± 10 RH and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D h). Comparison of the reproductive parameters on RGS and its mutant genotypes revealed that mutant genotype RGS 8-1 was the most susceptible genotype to the pest, having maximum values of gross reproductive rate (182.7 female eggs/ female), net fecundity rate (248.2 eggs/ female) and mean number of fertile eggs (8.98 fertile eggs/female/day). The last parameter was the lowest on RGS 8-13 (3.05 fertile eggs/ female/day). In no-choice condition, the experiment of ovipositional preference indicated no significant difference among mean number of deposited eggs on the three cultivars compared with their mutant genotypes after 24 h. While, in choice test, mutant genotype, RGS 10-2 (151.67 eggs) was preferred over RGS and the two other mutant genotypes. This study revealed that effect of physical mutation on resistance of canola to P. xylostella may vary depending on canola cultivar and different mutant genotypes of the same cultivar. This point should be considered by plant breeders when releasing these mutant plants with appropriate cultural traits for utilizing by farmers.

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Research subject: Mazut is widely used in petrochemical, power, and marine industries. The use of these fuels, in addition to causing widespread air and sea pollution in the country, has also led to severe international penalties, rising costs, and corrosion of equipment. Therefore, the use of mazut fuel with sulfur compounds of up to 0.5% in the world, as a refining mazut fuel at the origin (in refineries) and taking into account all aspects, is more important. There are limited industrial methods for the hydrotreating of mazut (Due to the heavy oil cut and the complexity of sulfur compounds in it), the most common of which is hydrogen desulfurization (HDS).
Research approach: The goal of this research, The simulation and economic evaluation of the hydrotreating plant from Mazut fuel with a capacity of 13.75 million barrels per year. The simulation of this process was performed in Aspen HYSYS petroleum refinery software. In this simulation, the effect of effective operating parameters such as pressure, hydrogen to mazut ratio, and finally catalyst consumption on the removal of sulfur compounds, production of by-products, net production costs, and total investment costs are investigated.
Main Results: The results showed that for the hydrotreating process of this mazut with sulfur compounds 3.5%, total capital investment is 308.9 million US$ and the net production cost of treated mazut fuel is estimated to be 114.5 million US$ per year. Also, economic sensitivity analysis showed that the operating parameter of the hydrogen to mazut ratio had the greatest effect on increasing the total capital investment and net production cost, which should be minimized as much as possible.

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This article according to the American School of Comparative Literature is addressed  to the content similarities of the poems of Ali Reza Qazveh (born 1963) and Samih Al-Qasem (1939-2014), two contemporary Iranian and Palestinian poets in three areas of love;  protestation and satire.  It shows that in spite of the differences in the views of these two poets, due to the experience of similar situations such as the involvement of their homeland in war and some of its sufferings, their view of love, protestation and satire  is remarkable and thought-provoking;  As this view in love changes to the transformation of the beloved of lyrical poetry to the beloved who is a martyr and a fighter;  in protestation, he inclines to his own protestation and fellowmen, and  at a higher level, to human rights organizations.  And in satire, he uses biting and deep satire on three levels of vocabulary, sentence or clause , and the generality of the poetry.

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Aims: Tightness of the hamstrings and hip flexors are two well-known disorders in people with Low Back Pain (LBP). According to the kinesiopathological model, these two disorders may have occurred before the onset of pain and may be predisposing factors for LBP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the tightness of these two muscles in men who were identified as prone to LBP through the Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP).
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive comparative cross-sectional study in which the statistical population included men prone to LBP aged between 18 to 75 years. The criterion for identifying men prone to LBP was reporting at least 10 mm of pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Thomas test was used to assess hip flexors muscles length. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test was used to assess hamstring length.
Findings: The results of this study showed that hamstring tightness rate among men prone to LBP was 63% and hip flexor muscle tightness in this group was 35%. According to these results, hamstring tightness can be considered as a common disorder in men prone to LBP, and its identification as well as its correction in men can be one of the ways to LBP improvement.
Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be explained that hamstring tightness is one of the most common disorders in men prone to LBP, and its identifying and correcting in time, can prevent and improve LBP.

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Persian poetry has been a vehicle for reflecting plays and theatrical games, a source if absent might reduce the quality of performative arts. Accordingly, this study attempts to show which themes and features of the plays have been most prominent in the Persian poetry, and in this interplay, what the poetry has gained from the play, and which themes and images are taken from the world of play. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on the library study and document analysis. Two programs called Erfan e Noor and Darj have also been used. This study shows that the Persian poetry has retained some of the features of the play, and more attention has been paid to two games called acrobatics and puppet shows. Reflecting the themes of the play, the poets have paid more attention to theme creation and their poetic imagination, and the imagination based on the play has a significant role in this regard. The earliest Persian poets of Dari as well as the contemporary poets have reflected theatrical themes in their poems; from Ferdowsi and Manouchehri to Qa’aani and Farahani. Among them, Nizami Ganjavi has paid more attention to this aspect than the others. Also, for the first time in this study, the mystic attitude towards the plays has been examined; it has been realized that they have often used the allegorical form of the plays. The mystic allegories are rather codified. They are similar to Khayam's philosophical allegories. In terms of literary analysis, most images are created by metaphor, simile, allegory, and coded allegory.
 

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ECO is one of the relatively successful regional trade associations over the world and Iran is also an active member since it has been founded. After collapse of the Soviet :union:, a group of new independent Moslem countries along with Afghanistan has joined the ECO. Since Russia and China have strong economy and located in the ECO member regoin, this study examines the effects of joining these two countries in the ECO. Based on the econometric estimates of gravity models, in the first model in which the common border among countries under study is not considered, the joining of Russia will increase the volume of trade among the countries compared to the current situation. In the second model in which the common border is considered, the greatest trade will be achived when both countries, Russia and China, join the ECO. Based on the findings of three different models, if Russia and China join individualy, the average increase in the capcity of trade among the ECO members will be 74.0, 67.4, and 42.1 percentage.

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In some statements and literary terms of the Holy Quran, has been used body language to convey the message, such as "hand gestures". Proper translation is very important in translating these metalinguistic communications and requires extra attention on the part of the translator. Accordingly, due to the cultural similarities and extensive historical ties between the two languages, Persian and Arabic, it has been assumed that metalanguage concepts based on hand gestures have common Equivalents in Persian language. In the present study, the research method is descriptive-analytical and in it, the translation of literary terms and propositions based on hand language in the translation of Mousavi Garmaroodi and Khorramshahi has been studied with a comparative view to determine the commonalities of the two languages in this field and to explain the limits and dimensions of the strengths and weaknesses of translators in the use of cultural patterns and terms that reflect these patterns. The results show that most of the Quranic sentences and phrases based on hand movements and the resulting concepts have an equivalent in Persian culture and language, Regarding the performance of translators, it has been determined that due to this rich context in Persian, they have paid attention to body language Equivalents in their translation. In some instances, they have inevitably taken the literal method, and this is due to the difference in the cultural pattern of the two languages, and it is natural that one cannot expect the same and perfectly consistent spelling conditions.
 

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In Ferdowsi and his contemporaries' view, Shahnameh was not merely a literary and poetic work. In fact, it was a scientific and historical writing about the monarchical dynasties and traditions of Iranian real history. With the advent of archaeological sciences, the real history of Iran was distinguished from epic and mythical, so far, the history of Shahnameh and its counterparts has been called unrealistic and this raised the question in the Iranian societies: Is it all real or is it all fantasy? To answer this question, one way is to find evidence that could be be felt, seen and understood, in other words, discovering places or buildings which are related to Shahnameh and myths, there might have been many other places during the millenniums, which are either forgotten or kept unknown, places which have been more mythical and epic rather than historically or naturally real. In this paper, 25 of such places will be focused and analyzed considering the oral and folklore evidence about people's beliefs. Finally, the findings will be discussed