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Volume 5, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Introduction
The relationship and interaction between the power structure and the government resulting from it, as a component of social organization with the process of spatial organization of metropolises and urban complexes, especially in recent years, has become one of the central issues and questions in the theorizing and researching of the program. The planning and management of the urban complex has changed without diminishing the importance of other aspects. The connection between the spatial structure and the social structure is influenced by the social-historical periods of the societies. In centralized bureaucratic societies without civil society and the lack of formalized and obvious groups and the government's lack of need for economic groups, these powerful groups gain access to other scarce resources through influence in the government decision-making apparatus. In industrialized societies, it is these social classes that have more access to scarce resources because the government needs these classes, especially the capitalist and middle class of experts.
Methodology
According to its nature, purpose and subject area, this research has a descriptive-analytical research method and the approach that governs the research space is practical. The collection of information in the theoretical part and findings has been done with reference to the library method, and for the relevant information and statistics, the information and yearbooks available in the Iranian Statistics Center have been used. This research has been carried out on the scale of Tehran metropolis because the capital of any country is usually the place where economic, political and cultural mechanisms gather and crystallize. In this research, the government's oil revenues are considered as one of the most influential factors in the accumulation of power and wealth in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and subsequently, the excessive concentration of government institutions and organizations in the metropolis of Tehran and the breakdown in the political management of space as factors. Influencers in the political management of space will be analyzed.
Result and discussion
From the point of view of the political management of the space, what is the most cause for concern and thought is the lack of integration, or in other words, the discontinuity of policy-choice and functional discontinuity. Integration in the political management of space is related to the management of interactive issues in policy-making, which is beyond the boundaries of the usual and conventional policy areas and does not conform to the responsibility of individual departments and ministries. According to Mulford and Ruger, policy coordination is defined as a process by which two or more organizations create new decision-making procedures or use existing decision-making rules to collectively deal with the task environment. O joint benefit. In general, policy integration requires greater interaction, accessibility, and adaptability, which leads to greater interdependence and requires more formal organizational arrangements, and requires the presence of more resources and delegation of authority and independence of action from the stakeholders.
Conclusion
In fact, it can be said that the policies of the government in the past few decades have caused a strong dependence of metropolitan management on government policies. On the one hand, this type of dependence has prevented the complete independence of the urban management complex from the government, and on the other hand, the multiplicity of government organizations, which itself is a result of the increase in government oil revenues, has led to the creation of many organizations with parallel functions in the metropolis of Tehran. The situation has finally created a political-spatial discontinuity in the metropolis of Tehran. Therefore, the formation of a centralized and simple government in the contemporary era, along with rich oil revenues, has caused the government to have all the political and administrative power and decision-making authority in all local, regional and national affairs, according to the goals and desires of the country. He can design and implement in any way he wants. So that the creation, liquidation, annexation and delegation of powers of all the units of the country's divisions are at the disposal of the central government. This case has emerged especially in the metropolitan area of Tehran, which is the place of gathering and concentration of the most important political-economic institutions of the country, and has made the political management of the space in the metropolis of Tehran face the problem of spatial-functional discontinuity. Examining the change of administrative and spatial territories of Tehran metropolis between 1966-2011 clearly shows that simultaneously with the expansion of the country's oil revenues, the number of administrative and spatial territories in Tehran metropolis has also increased and we have witnessed a very significant growth in this field.
Volume 5, Issue 4 ( Fall 2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Development plans define the strategy, framework and pattern of governance and political management of space, and these programs address the various dimensions and aspects of governance, one of the most important aspects of which is the environmental dimension. In this study, the environmental governance of the constructive discourse is presented with emphasis on the first and second development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran and using the thematic analysis method in the form of statements, open coding, sub-themes, main themes, organizing themes, and a visual Macro of the environmental dimensions of the constructive discourse.
Methodology
The study of the environmental dimensions of the first and the second development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been done using grounded theory. Accordingly, after studying all the development plans, 112 statements have been extracted separately for each plan. In accordance with the statements extracted from the development plans, 178 basic concepts (open coding) were identified. Then, considering the content subscriptions of the open coding, 52 sub-themes and 14 main themes were generated based on theoretical foundations, ecology refer to experts and researcher diagnosis. Organizing themes include economic, social, political-administrative, diplomacy, ecological, service, legal, and cultural and security dimensions. In addition, the network of themes for the environmental dimensions of constructive discourse has been drawn according to the main themes and organizing themes separately from the development plans.
Results and discussion
By reviewing the first and second development plans, the following can be mentioned in constructive discourse:
The political-administrative dimension and themes of "good governance", "decentralization," and "spatial planning" have the highest frequency in the open coding. In relation to this theme, only 1 basic concept has been extracted. The social dimension, which is defined by the themes of "welfare and social development" and "family planning", has a high frequency. The sub-theme "support for vulnerable groups" has the most open coding. The economic dimension is very important in constructive discourse. The main theme of "green economy," with 24 frequencies, confirms this issue. The sub-theme "optimization of energy consumption" is the most frequent in the economic aspect of this discourse. For the ecological dimension with the main themes of "environmental protection and rehabilitation", ecology adaptation" and "climate change management", 24 basic concepts have been extracted, which shows the prominence and boldness of this dimension and its themes in the constructive discourse. The cultural dimension with the main theme of "consumption pattern improvement" and 17 basic concepts has a relatively high frequency. The dimension of diplomacy and the theme of "environmental diplomacy" have only 5 basic concepts, which shows this dimension has not been given much attention. The legal dimension with the theme of "environmental rights" and five basic concepts shows that constructive discourse has paid little attention to this theme. Regarding the theme of "environmental security," which is under the security dimension, 5 basic concepts have been extracted, which shows the unimportance of this theme. The service dimension and theme of "green transportation," with 3 basic concepts, have the least frequency.
Conclusions
In the constructive discourse, the emphasis on the social and political-administrative dimensions of environmental governance is more prominent than its other dimensions. Also, family planning policies and population growth management and control are themes and concepts that were raised only in the first and second development plans and during the constructive discourse. On the other hand, the theme of "environmental diplomacy" is very faint and is only assigned one basic concept in the first development plan; it is not mentioned in the second plan, and the diplomatic dimension of environmental governance is very weak in the constructive discourse. In addition, the themes of "spatial planning" and "climate change management" are only mentioned a little in the second development plan, and in the first development plan, these themes are not observed.
Volume 26, Issue 3 (Fall 2022)
Abstract
Development plans define the strategy, framework, and pattern of governance and political management of space. These plans address various dimensions and aspects of governance, one of the most important aspects of which is the environmental dimension. This study, by using grounded theory in the form of a model of core categories, causal categories, context categories, interventionist categories, strategic categories, and consequences, answers the following question: what are the environmental dimensions of development plans in the Islamic Republic of Iran? After studying all development plans, 328 statements have been extracted separately for each plan. In accordance with the statements extracted in the development plans, 404 basic concepts (open coding) were identified. Then, considering content subscriptions of the open coding, 77 sub-categories and 16 main categories were generated. Also, using theoretical foundations, ecology, experts’ opinions, and researcher’s judgment axial coding was done. The results show that the main categories include axial categories ("Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation" and "Climate Change Management"), causal categories ("decentralization" and "institutional fit in accordance with environmental issues"), context categories (“environmental research,” Environmental diplomacy, environmental security, and family planning), interventionist categories (“welfare and social development” and “good governance”), strategic categories (“ecology adaptation,” “consumption pattern improvement,” and “spatial planning”), and consequences (“Green Economy” and “Green Transport”) interconnected in a paradigmatic framework.
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