---

---

-

---

Background: Miscarriage is one of the most common pregnancy complications for which various causes have been defined, such as genetic factors, infectious, metabolic, endocrine systemmal function and immune system undesired responses. The early development of embryo occurs in oviduct and uterine tube from which some factors such as growth factors, glyco-proteins and factors those stimulate development of embryo are secreted. The ETF3 embryotrophic factor which is a complex of C3 complements and its derivatives i.e., iC3b, enhances the development of trophectodermas a consequence of which expression of relevant genes are affected embryo. There are various response elements in C3 gene promoter region such as, estrogen response regions (ERE). Steroids such as estrogen and progesterone are secreted in early steps of embryonic period along with C3 secretion and cause increase in C3 expression through interaction with regulatory elements in promoter region of this gene. In this study the polymorphism in ERE regions of C3 gene promoter was investigated in women suffering from recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methods: In this study, assuming that polymorphism in ERE regions is correlated with recurrent miscarriage during early months of pregnancy, 40 blood samples were collected from female patients admitted to an Infertility Clinic, Isfahan, Iran. DNA was extracted, amplification of regions harboring ERE with a pair of specific primer was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Chain Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for studying possible polymorphisms in this region. Results and conclusion: The results indicated a specific symptomless infertility among the women, however there was no correlation between the ERE polymorphism and symptoms in control and cases.

---

Context-dependent modeling is a well-known approach to increase modeling accuracy in continuous speech recognition. The most common way to implement this approach is via triphone modeling. Nevertheless, the large number of such models results in several problems in model training, whilst the robust training of such models is often hardly obtained. One approach to solve this problem is via parameter tying. In this paper, clustering has been carried out on HMM state parameters and the states allocated to any cluster are tied to decrease the overall number of system parameters and achieve robust training. Two types of groupings, one based on the final trained model set parameters and their inter-model distances and the other based on the training data and a decision tree, have been carried out. In the implementation of the later, a decision tree based on the acoustic properties of the Persian (Farsi) language and the phonetic similarities and differences has been designed. The results obtained have shown the usefulness of both the approaches. However, the second approach has the advantage of making the estimation of unseen model parameters possible.

---

The aim of present study is to assess modularity of language. To this end, we measured the ability of children with specific language impairment in pragmatic and grammar and compaired them with normal children.  First we used narrative speech, language development and specific language impairment tests for diagnosis, then 6 children with specific language impairment were compared with 6 age-matched and 6 language-matched normal children in their grammar and pragmatics. Independent t-test, Man Whitney and Wilcox tests were used for analyzing data. It is shown that the children with SLI perform much lower their language-level with respect to grammatical properties (time agreement), but in pragmatic properties (reference) they don’t have meaningful differences. The result of this study shows that impairment in grammar beside good performance in pragmatic provides support for modularity of language.                        

---

Autism is the most concrete developmental disorder. Upon recent epidemiological studies, the prevalence of autism is about one in every 165 children. Only 25% of them have intellectual disabilities. So, it was thought that the disorder is not necessarily with severe cognitive damages. While the poor performance of children's communication is the main features of them, language profile of symptoms varies from person to person. On the one hand, children have ability to perform their language as the norm, and on the other hand, children who do not have the ability to speak. So, Language impairment is one of the main characteristics of children with autism; however, findings of the language deficits in these children have been inconclusive, and even less is known about the language profiles of Persian children with autism. Due to the heterogeneity in autism, we also need extensive investigations on the properties of their language in different languages. The aim of this study was to evaluate grammatical characteristics in children with autism by revealing the differences between age-matched and language-matched normal children.
Rizzi believes each structure will consist of three layers from top to bottom as follows: The complementizer phrase (CP), inflectional phrase (IP) and verbal phrase (VP). So, the Complement layer is syntactic materials to build question phrases, complement phrases and relative clauses. Inflectional layer is related to inflection, negative and auxiliary verbs while verb phrases are related to verb and its arguments.
Research data were collected at 10 autistic (ages 6 to 9) and 20 normal children (10 age-matched and 10 language-matched). First, we used The GARS-2, and the ASSQ for diagnosing high-functional Autistic children. The GARS-2 is a norm-referenced instrument that assists teachers and clinicians in identifying and diagnosing autism individuals aged 3 years to 22 years and in estimating the severity of the child's disorder. The ASSQ is a questionnaire which was filled out by the parents or teachers of children or adolescents (6 to 17 years of age). It stands for screening autism spectrum disorders. Children’s expressive grammar was measured by using the Persian Photographic Grammar Expression Test. It is the first reliable and valid test that exclusively and accurately evaluates grammatical characteristics of Persian-speaking children. It concludes 32 grammatical structures it has good content validity (CVI>80), convergent validity of two test (r P= 0.5) and a correlation coefficient equal to 0.91 and greater than 0.9 respectively. Also, the test has a good internal consistency (kr21= 0.82). And finally data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test.
 The result of this research showed that there is significant difference between autistic group and age-matched group in all structure except in WH question, yes/no question, different type of relative clauses, tense, aspect, mood, different type of pronouns and preposition. But comparison between autistic group and language-matched group showed that there is no significant difference in most structures except WH question, yes/no question, complementary relative clauses, different type of pronouns and preposition. Overall, autistic children demonstrated consistent expressive impairment in questions, relative clause and pronouns. It should be noted that these factors should be seriously considered in identification and treatment of this phenomenon.
 

---

Nowadays, experts in the field of translation studies agree that translation is one of the most characteristic patterns of interaction between two cultures that cannot be limited to a purely linguistic process. In the field of translation, theorists such as Berman, Venuti, Schleiermacher, Ricoeur ... emphasize representation and alienation of the other and consider it as a superior strategy. They warn the translator against any "sacredness of the mother tongue" and believe that he should introduce the other culture to the target language readers without any interference. But in reality this is not always the case. Sometimes the translator uses semantic substitution instead of acquainting the destination reader with the foreign culture. Sometimes it even involves deleting and changing content. Can alienation be considered a superior strategy regardless of the situation? What factors prioritize strategies? Is not choosing such a so-called superior strategy simply rooted in the translators' view of the translation process? What factors influence translator choices and differentiate different translations of a work? What effects can these choices have on the target language reader? This article examines the factors affecting translator choices in translating culturally oriented elements.  It then examines the impact of these choices on target language readers.
 

---

Since there is no special reading and writing book for the Persian children with autism and also their cognitive and linguistic abilities are different, the investigation of the effective factors on their reading skill is an important step for evaluating and modifying their using pedagogical books. In the other hand, Persian language has a different orthography and grapheme–phoneme correspondence from other languages (English, Italian...), so the effect of phonological awareness in it΄s reading is also different. Therefore, it’s necessary to identify the correlation between phonological awareness and reading in Persian children with autism. In this research, 26 children with autism and 30 normal Persian children living in Tehran were participated. Two tests (phonological awareness and reading) were performed and the results were analyzed by statistical tests. Results showed that in the group with autism, there is a meaningful correlation between word reading and phoneme combination and same first Phoneme recognition, and between non word reading and alliteration, phoneme segmentation, first and final phoneme deletion. In control group, there is a significant correlation between word reading (and non-word reading) and the onset and rhyme awareness, phonemic awareness, alliteration, same first phonemes, first phoneme and middle phoneme deletion. Also, there is a significant difference between the children with autism and control group in all subtests except for the syllable segmentation (0.075) and phoneme combination (0.163). Therefore, the degree of skill and correlation in the children with autism is different from the normal children and this should be noticed seriously in teaching reading.
 

---

Autism spectrum disorder has always been associated with pragmatic language disorder. The present study aims to investigate the effect of audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises on improving (non)verbal communication skills in children with autism. It is a clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling method which included 19 children aged 7 to 9 years old with autism spectrum disorder (level 1: requiring support). They received an intervention program organized in 18 individual sessions of 45 to 60 minutes. The findings of the study revealed that utilized audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises improved pragmatic level in children with autism spectrum disorder. In other words, it had a positive effect (p< 0.05) on the subscales of pragmatic skills in the Bishop Communication Checklist Questionnaire (1998). According to the results, it was shown that audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises improved (non)verbal communication skills in children with autism.
 
1. Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which one of the most important symptoms is deficits in social communication and interaction. Children with ASD have a wide range of communication, social, and speech needs and require special behavioral and educational programs. Since communication problems have always been considered as a core feature of autistic children, interventions with the increase of language use and the reduction of communication and language problems are necessary.
Social stories that are used as an intervention are short stories written in conformance with the guidelines provided by Gray (1991). By reading, seeing and hearing them, the child prepares in his/her mind to face different situations and to show appropriate answers and reactions based on the relevant situation. According to the speech therapists, the lack of localized stories and along with them the pragmatic exercises for children with ASD were strongly felt since comprehensive exercises in Persian have not been designed yet for these children. Attempts are made to help the language development of children with disabilities (level 1) by using researcher-made tools that include social short stories and pragmatic exercises to increase their language abilities. The focus of the designed stories has been on improving communication skills in different situations as well as daily routines. In the present study, we seek to answer the following questions:
1. Do the audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises improve pragmatic skills in children with level 1 autism (requiring support)?
2. Which of the subscales related to the cognitive-functional part of the children’s communication checklist of Kazemi et al. (2005) are affected by teaching the audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises?
 
2. Literature Review
Studies have found that verbal and non-verbal forms of communication are impaired in these children, and even if the linguistic structure ability left unimpaired, the social and communicative use is impaired. As a case in point, Surian et al. (1996) stated that these children ignore the principle of quantity in conversation, and the Gricean maxim violations made their speech irrelevant and meaningless.
Social stories were first developed by Carol Gray (1991) to assist individuals with autism spectrum disorders to develop greater social understanding. In these stories, by providing information about the conditions that have created difficulties for the child with ASD and explaining those conditions to him/her, we can help them to improve their mastery of the situation, with having role models and behavioral examples.
Feinberg (2001, cited in Quirmbach et al., 2008) has studied the effectiveness of social stories among 34 children with ASD, aged between eight to thirteen. In this study, pre-test and post-test methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness. The results of this study show that social stories have a positive effect on the initiation and establishment of communication between children with ASD and their peers.
In Iran, research has been conducted to teach social skills to children with autism through social stories. Tutuni (2011) compared and observed the performance of children with autism disorders structure domain (speech, syntax, semantics) and pragmatics (coherence, inappropriate initiation, stereotyped language, using context and conversational context) with the performance of normal Persian-speaking children. The performance of children with ASD is significantly different from the normal children. Children with autism have poorer performance in terms of pragmatics comparing to the linguistic structure. In addition , Golzari and Hemmati (2015) investigated the effect of social story intervention on improving the social skills of male students with autism. The results showed that the mean scores of social skills and its subscales (ability to understand the emotions and views of others, ability to start interacting with others, and ability to maintain interaction with others) in the experimental group increased significantly and their findings indicate the effect of social stories intervention on improving the skills.
Pragmatic skills — as the key components of social interaction — require the proper development of mind theory. The pragmatic aspects of language and how to learn them are closely related to children's learning of mind theory, especially their mental understanding of intentions and other mental states (Tager-Flusberg, 2000). The theory that can explain the simultaneous occurrence of deficit in socialization, language, and imagination in children with autism is called the theory of mind (Wing & Gould, 1979). Therefore, the inability to develop the theory of mind has been considered as an explanation for the problems of children with autism in social interactions (Baron-Cohen & Weelwright, 2003). It is because of this lack of mental capacity that these children talk about subjects aimlessly, failing to take turns in conversation and maintaining the subject of conversation. They have difficulty in understanding their own and others' mental states and cannot use their communication skills according to the situation.
As a result, in the present study, according to the theory of mind, in designing audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises, perspective sentences have been used to teach the children that the views of others are different from their own views and each behavior causes various feelings in different people. And this is the attention to the theory of mind approach that has been considered in stories and pragmatic exercises.
 
3. Methodology
The statistical population of the present study was all children with ASD in Shahrekord, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province. The number of final samples (convenient sampling method) was 19 children aged 7 to 9 years who were diagnosed by speech therapists and were selected from three speech therapy centers in Shahrekord in the summer and autumn of 1398. During 18 sessions of 45 to 60 minutes for each subject, which lasted for a maximum period of five months in total, their language and communication performance were examined.
 In this study, three tools were used, the first two, namely audio-visual social stories and pragmatic exercises as researcher-made tools, and the third one, which is a checklist of children's communication, were used to evaluate the performance of children with disabilities in pre-test and post-test.
Fifteen short audio-visual social stories were prepared, edited, and localized using the principles of social storytelling by Gray (1998). The pragmatic exercises are the second tool with a total of 42 exercises. In each exercise, by defining the objectives of the research, the question was read by the person or by the speech therapist. Then, with the help of the speech therapist the child was allowed to present his/her answer. This questionnaire Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) was initially designed by Bishop (1998) and standardized by Kazemi et al. (2005) for children aged six to eleven years. Its validity and reliability were assessed and an appropriate Persian version of the questionnaire was prepared. This version includes 70 questions with 9 subscales among which 5 subscales are related to pragmatics. To name just a few, we can mention inappropriate initiation, coherence, stereotyped language, use of situational context, and appropriate communication as pragmatic subscales.

 4. Results
The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods using SPSS 19 statistical software. The statistical methods used in the research include the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the natural distribution of data and the dependent t-test to show the difference between the means before and after the intervention. The performance of children with disabilities in pre‑test and post-test was evaluated. The data show that the mean performance of children in a total of 5 subscales related to the pragmatics section of the Bishop communication questionnaire is 114.8 in the pre-test and 120.7 in the post-test and the t-value with 18 degrees of freedom is significant at the level of p <0.05. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of all five subtests from the Bishop communication checklist has increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test stage. In other words, this difference was due to the application of the independent variable. In general, analytical statistics indicate a significant difference between pre-test and post-test. The results of the five subscales are shown in the table below:
 

group	Frequency	Mean	t	freedom	significance level
Pre-test	19	114/8	-8/72	18	*0/000
post-test	19	120/7

*p<./.5
 
5. Discussion
The underlying theory of social stories goes back to a defect in the theory of mind, and the purpose of the social story is to improve the social cognition of people with autism and facilitate the creation of a theory of mind by describing specific social conditions of which the person is unaware of. Due to the functional problems of children with ASD and its adverse effect on their social skills, by supporting the functional development of language in a child, it is possible to help develop his/her own language and communication skills. The results from these analyses show that visual and auditory social stories and applied cognitive exercises were effective in improving the verbal and non-verbal communication skills of children with autism, and thus the research hypothesis was confirmed because the difference is statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the findings of Feinberg (2001) and Andre (2004) who acknowledged that social storytelling had a positive effect on the initiation of speech and communication between children with autism and their peers. The results of the study are also in agreement with the studies conducted in Iran, including Bahmanzadegan Jahromi et al. (2008), Golzari and Hemmati (2015), who approved that teaching social skills through social stories led to the reduction of deficit in non‑verbal behaviors, deficit in the maintenance of relationships with others. On the other hand, these stories improved the social behaviors of the children considering the environment and others.
The limitations of the study include the absence of some children during the intervention due to the cost of speech therapy sessions, lack of proper cooperation of government-sponsored centers with the researchers in the field, and lack of cooperation from parents and their families in completing questionnaires and hypersensitivity of their parents in the educational process of their children. In general, due to such limitations, it is suggested that more awareness and information be provided to the families of these children.

---

The study of language development and metalinguistic awareness of children is one of the main topics in learning disorders. Some believe that linguistic ability and metalinguistic awareness play an important role in the ability of children with dyslexia to read; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the linguistic and meta linguistic skills of children with dyslexia and normal children.
For this study, 16 dyslexic students and 32 children of the same age were selected and after performing linguistic and metalinguistic development tests, the results were analyzed by SPSS software.
According to the results of the present study, there is a significant difference between the normal and dyslexic groups in most subtests of language development and phonological awareness tests. Unlike grammatical judgment and lexical awareness subtests, the difference between the two groups is quite significant in the verb tense subtest. In both groups, there is a correlation between some subtests of meta linguistic with some subtests of language development.
Therefore, these findings confirm the hypothesis of interaction between metalinguistic and linguistic development and show that dyslexic children, unlike lexical awareness tasks, have problems in most linguistic and metalinguistic, so it is necessary these skills will be Strengthen.

1. Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the linguistic and meta linguistic skills of children with dyslexia and normal children.
Language as the distinguishing feature of mankind from other beings is one of the issues that has been constantly considered by scientists in various sciences. The study of language development and child metalinguistic awareness is one of the main topics in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Metalinguistic awareness is the ability to focus and think on the features of language that are often measured using phonological, lexical, and syntactic awareness tasks (Bialystok & Herman, 1999).
Metalinguistic awareness is the ability to think about the nature and patterns of language. The extent to which children are aware of these rules is called "Metalinguistic awareness." The results of several studies by researchers clearly show that the majority of preschool children are able to make at least some cases of Metalinguistic judgment, and that Metalinguistic performance improves as children grow older. In addition, this ability is completely related to other aspects of language development. Numerous studies (Bialystok, 1991: 2001) have shown that language and Metalinguistic skills play an important role in the ability of these children to read and write, and recognizing their strengths and weaknesses to solve the problems of reading and writing of these children and also is very useful in their curriculum design.
Phonological awareness refers to a person's knowledge of the building blocks of language, which is the basis for learning to read in languages ​​with an alphabetic system. Phonological awareness is a subset of Metalinguistic knowledge. In fact, in order to achieve phonological awareness, the child needs to have a correct understanding and representation of spoken sounds, and this correct representation depends on the child's awareness of the specific coordinates of sounds and the rules governing their order. The ability to correctly understand and represent spoken sounds is called phonological ability, which is the basis of a child's phonological awareness and phonological skills. This ability enables the child to pay attention to language units. Phonological awareness skills develop based on two overlapping general patterns (Chen et al., 2004).
Word definition is a tool for predicting lexical knowledge (Marinellie, 2004: 241). Defining a word requires lexical knowledge and the use of semantic features, cognitive awareness, and Metalinguistic ability (Gutierrez-Cleflen & DeCurtis, 1999: 23). The skill of defining a word is actually related to the abstract relationships between concepts. The definition of a word is part of the cognitive domain of language and the same phrase that is used to describe the meaning of a word (Loria, 1998: 99).

2. Literature Review
In some studies, the phonological skills of children with dyslexia have been investigated. For example, Ashtari and Shirazi (2004) by examining and comparing phonological processing in children with dyslexia showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups and children with dyslexia group is weaker than the normal group in both tests. Shirazi (2012) also by examining the status of phonological processing, central auditory processing and working memory and their contribution to the reading problems of Persian dyslexic students showed that most dyslexics show different combinations of phonological processing, central auditory processing and working memory problems that It can indicate the non-homogeneous nature of dyslexia, but in all these combinations, there is a phonological processing problem, which confirms the central phonological deficit in dyslexia. Mardani et al. (2012) showed that there was a significant difference in the average rhyme detection between the two groups.
Ahadi et al. (2020) also investigated the phonological awareness skills of dyslexic children, and examined their reading of different words and showed a significant difference in reading skills and phonological awareness between children with dyslexia and the normal group of the same age. Ahadi et al. (2019) investigated the relationship between phonological awareness and reading in Persian-speaking children with autism.
Regarding the syntactic awareness of dyslexic children, Casalis et al. (2003) by examining monosyllabic awareness, which is a subset of syntactic awareness in developmental dyslexia, showed that in all tasks, the performance of the dyslexic group was weaker than the age-matched group. The number of syntactic studies in Persian-speaking dyslexic children is small. In this field, only two studies were found, one of which was about syntactic awareness by Nabifar et al. (2014) and the other one was conducted by Ahadi (1400) about examining the relationship between the ability Reading the word and understanding the syntax is the understanding of the text. Nabifar et al investigated and compared syntactic awareness in natural Persian and dyslexic children and found that there is a significant difference between the overall scores of this test in the two groups.
Ahadi (1400) investigated the relationship between word reading skills and syntactic comprehension with text comprehension in dyslexic and natural Persian-speaking children and showed that in both groups, the highest average error is related to reading nonwords and the lowest error rate is related to regular words. In the normal group, there is a negative correlation between reading speed and accuracy with the percentage of errors in reading regular, irregular and non-words, although there is a correlation between the percentage of errors in reading irregular words and reading speed, as well as the correlation between the percentage of errors in reading Vocabulary and reading accuracy are significant. In the dyslexic group, there is a negative and significant correlation between overall reading speed and accuracy and error percentage in reading regular and irregular words, but there is no significant correlation between overall reading accuracy and error percentage in non-word reading; Therefore, the ability to read words in a general form (whole word reading) plays a significant role in the speed and accuracy of reading. However, no significant correlation was found between the syntactic understanding of the studied structures and the understanding of the target text.
Several studies have been conducted on the language skills of children with dyslexia, for example, Man et al. (Mann et al., 1984) showed that children who have difficulty in understanding and repeating complex sentences, use less complex syntactic structures and make syntactic errors. They have more in their speech. Byrne (1996) also showed that dyslexic children have more problems in understanding and repeating related clauses. These studies indicate that dyslexic children have more errors in interpreting unknown sentences than the control group. Respens (2004) also investigated 8-year-old Dutch dyslexic children and found that these children were weaker in identifying subject-verb matching mistakes than children of the same age. In a subsequent study that used similar cases, he observed that dyslexics were weaker than controls in deciding the agreement between subject and verb, so syntactic defects were more common in dyslexics than in normal children. Robertson and Joanisse (2010) also compared the comprehension of spoken sentences in dyslexic children and children with language delay with their age peers. They used a picture-sentence matching task and sentences of two different lengths and two syntactic levels were grammatically The results of their research showed that sentence comprehension decreases with increasing working memory load and this decrease in the dyslexic group.

3. Methodology
In this study, the samples were selected from Persian-speaking children with dyslexia in the second grade of Tehran. Sixteen monolingual Persian children with dyslexia in Tehran, who were studying in the second grade of elementary school and were referred to learning disorders centers due to reading and writing problems, were selected as the experimental group. The reason for choosing the second grade is the completion of alphabet training and the beginning of whole word reading in this grade, in addition, most of the cases diagnosed and referred to learning disorder centers are second grade students. 32 students of the second grade of normal schools in Tehran were also selected as an available sample and examined as a control group (age-matched). Due to the small number of children referred to dyslexia centers and the withdrawal of some of them during the treatment period, sixteen dyslexic students and 32 normal students were selected and examined for comparison. To conduct this study, reading and comprehension tests were used. The average chronological age of the dyslexic group is 31.95 months and their average intelligence is 84.93, which according to the psychologist of the learning disorder center, all of them had normal intelligence.

4. Results
According to the results of the present study, there is a significant difference between the normal and dyslexic groups in all subtests of language development except the subtest of relational vocabulary. There is a significant difference between the two groups in most subtests of phonological awareness. Unlike grammatical judgment and lexical awareness subtests, the difference between the two groups is quite significant in the verb tense subtest. In both groups, there is a correlation between some subtests of meta linguistic with some subtests of language development, but other than the correlation between the subtests of lexical awareness and the oral vocabulary subtest of language development test, in children with dyslexia, there is not meaningful correlation in other subtests.
 

---

Cognitive linguists do not negate the metaphorical creativity inherent in the works of poets and writers. According to the ‘Cognitive Poetics’ theory proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989), poets and writers frequently employ the same conventional conceptual metaphors in their compositions that are prevalent in everyday language. The creative aspect of poetry emerges from the adept manipulation and modification of these commonplace conceptual metaphors, achieved through the application of four conceptual tools: expansion, complication, questioning, and combination. The primary objective of this research is to introduce these strategies and assess their applicability in conducting a cognitive analysis of certain novel metaphors found in two collections of short stories authored by Zakaria Tamer (1931), a distinguished contemporary Syrian writer. The analysis of the data indicates that Tamer has utilized the same everyday conceptual metaphors in his narratives. Consequently, the creativity exhibited by this author could potentially be attributed to the proficient application of the aforementioned tools in the usage of ordinary metaphors. Based on the data analysis, it is observed that Tamer, in the creation of the metaphors examined, has predominantly employed the tool of combination, sparingly used the tool of questioning, and has made moderate use of the tools of expansion and complication. The findings also suggest that Tamer, through his judicious use of metaphor, not only imparts elegance and beauty to his prose but also effectively communicates the underlying concepts and messages of his stories to the reader.
1. Introduction
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) challenged the traditional view of metaphor as a literary array by proposing a contemporary theory of metaphor. They found, based on linguistic evidence, that the conceptual system by which humans think and act is metaphorical in nature. In this theory, metaphor is one of the main mechanisms of the thinking process that plays a crucial and fundamental role in understanding abstract concepts and reasoning.
According to this theory, metaphors are present in all types of language; in the language of literature, science, politics, religion, art, and any linguistic aspect that is the product of the human mind. Everything that exists about metaphor and its principles can also be explained in the corpus of literary language, and in this respect, there is no difference in analysis, except that in literary metaphors, the principle of metaphorical creativity is more noticeable.
Lakoff and Turner (1989) in their book “More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor” examined and identified various types of poetic metaphors and claimed that poets and writers use the same ordinary conceptual metaphors of ordinary people in literary creation; with the difference that they complicate them, expand them, challenge their inappropriateness, or combine them in a way beyond the usual way.
In the field of recognizing the influential indicators in the creation of new metaphors and explaining the interrogative power of literary metaphor, no research has been done so far in Arabic short stories. This research intends to examine Zakaria Tamer’s creativity in creating metaphors or highlighting some colloquial metaphors in the short stories of two collections; “Suhail al-Jawad al-Abyad” and “Damascus al-Haraiq”.
Zakaria Tamer is a contemporary and famous Syrian storyteller who has brought this field of Arabic literature to a distinguished position with his short stories. In his works, he has addressed social and human concerns such as poverty and class conflict, oppression and tyranny in Syrian society, and has depicted the pain and suffering of the people of his land and their emotions and feelings. The literary status of Zakaria Tamer necessitates that his writing style be examined from a cognitive-linguistic point of view, especially metaphorical creativity in conceptualizing the themes of his stories.
Narrative literature tells the story of characters and situations that are related to human experiences, thoughts, and observations, and makes the reader think about the content of the story and the ideology of the writer. Therefore, the creative use of metaphor, in addition to adding to the delicacy and beauty of the text, highlights the themes of the stories and can practically provide the reader with a deeper understanding and experience of their message.
Research Questions
This research answers the following questions:
1-What has caused the difference in conceptualization in Tamer’s stories compared to ordinary language?
2-How is the frequency of the fourfold tools of metaphorical creativity in Tamer’s stories?
3-What impact has the creative use of metaphor, imagery, and anthropomorphism had on this author’s stories?

2. Literature Review
So far, no research has been conducted on metaphorical creativity in Arabic short stories. Among the related studies on Lakoff and Turner’s (1989) theory of poetic metaphor, we can briefly mention the following: Kovecses (2010) dedicated the fourth chapter of his book “A Practical Introduction to Metaphor” to the topic of metaphor in literature, explaining the tools of metaphorical creativity introduced by Lakoff and Turner (1989), along with examples in poetry and prose. In another work titled “Metaphor and Poetic Creativity” (Kovecses, 2009), he refers to the influence of cultural, material, and belief contexts that inspire poets to create poetry and poetic metaphors. Flores (1998), in his article “Time, Life, and Death in Shakespeare’s Sonnets,” aimed to examine the use of techniques for creating poetic metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). He studied the conceptualization of time, death, and life in Shakespeare’s poems and, after examining several general-level metaphors, mentioned specific-level metaphors such as “Time is a conqueror,” “Time is an oppressor,” “Death is a ruler,” and “Life is a war with time or death” in Shakespeare’s sonnets. While emphasizing the practicality of Lakoff and Turner’s model, Flores considered the techniques of expansion, complication, and combination in creating new mappings in Shakespeare’s poetry. He stated that the poet did not use the questioning technique, as this feature is more often seen in surrealist poems. M. Freeman (1995), in his article “Conceptualizing Metaphor: The Conceptual World of Dickinson,” examined Dickinson’s poems from a cognitive poetics perspective. He stated that this poet, using the questioning tool in the overall structure of her poetry, questioned the validity of the metaphor “Life is a journey,” which is a metaphor of religious and educational literature. Considering the scientific advancements of her time, she replaced it with the metaphor “Life is a journey in space.” From the research conducted in Persian, we can refer to the article by Pourabrahim and Ghayathian titled “Investigating the Poetic Creativities of Hafez in Conceptualizing Love.” The authors concluded that the difference between Hafez’s language and ordinary language in conceptualizing love is the result of the creative use of cognitive mechanisms in the work, using four indices of metaphorical creativity. Among these, combination and complication had the highest usage, and the questioning index had the least usage in highlighting the concept of love.

1. Methodology

This study employs a library research method and uses a descriptive-analytical approach. It’s grounded in the emergent theory of cognitive poetics and leans on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory, along with the literary strategies outlined in Lakoff and Turner’s 1989 book. From Tamer’s extensive works, the two collections “Suhail al-Jawad al-Abyad” and “Damascus al-Haraiq” were chosen for the research corpus. For the analysis, sections of the stories that exhibit metaphorical innovation were selected. Given that the article is in Persian, an effort was made to initially provide a smooth translation of the chosen text. Subsequently, the discussion delves into the analysis of conceptualization techniques in that section, based on the theoretical framework.

1. Results

In response to the questions posed in the article, it must be acknowledged: what distinguishes Tamer’s language from ordinary language is the creative use of metaphorical conceptualization, which results from the application of four tools: expansion, complication, questioning, and combination. The use of these tools creates complex meanings and introduces a unique innovation in conceptualization, something that does not occur in everyday conventional metaphors. Among the four indices mentioned, Tamer has made more use of the combination technique and less of the questioning technique. He has moderately benefited from the expansion and complication techniques. In addition, the author has simultaneously used the techniques of expansion, complication, and combination in most cases. He first expands a part of our knowledge about the source domain - which has not participated in previous metaphorical mappings - and then unusually describes this part using the complication tool. The simultaneous use of the expansion and complication techniques gives a new meaning to conventional surface-level metaphors and leads to the creation of new or specific-level metaphors. Along with these two techniques, in the combination process, by mixing conventional conceptual metaphors, our inferential power from the concepts of the text is placed beyond our inferential power from each of those metaphors. The creative and immersive use of metaphor, imagery, and characterization in this author’s stories brings the reader to the peak of artistic pleasure during a dreamy encounter with the text. In addition to creating delicacy and beauty in the text, it highlights the central themes in his stories and provides the reader with a deep understanding of their content and the author’s message. In summary, poets and writers are able to create a new and unique world in their works by changing and manipulating everyday conceptual metaphors, and explaining this creativity is possible with the logic of Lakoff and Turner’s (1989) techniques.
 

---

---

---

This study presented the results of an experimental study on the dense flow discharging from convergent and inclined plane surface jet in stagnant and deep ambient resources. Development of industrial and commercial activities throughout the world leads to pollution of water resources. For example, The salt water obtaining from desalination process whose density exceeds the one of the ambient water is discharged into the sea by the desalination plants through discharging structures. Therefore, it is essential to study related processes to suitable transfer of effluent into the ambient. With respect to the importance of this matter, extensive studies have been conducted in recent years as physical and numerical modeling on examining and understanding of flow behavior discharging through submerged and surface jets. This study discusses the plunge and impact location under the effect of different variables. The study tests were carried out in a 3.2×0.6×0.9 m3 flume. The Jet fluid obtained from salt dissolution in water was prepared in three concentrations of 5, 15, and 45 g/lit. To show fluid’s moving path, the obtained solution was colored by using a substance with no effect on density changing. The flow rate of the jet fluid in values of 0.042, 0.08 and 0.105 lit/sec was adjusted by using an electromagnetic flow meter with the accuracy of 0.01 lit/sec. The injection of the jet fluid was carried out by using rectangular channels in four convergence angle of 12.5, 25, 45 and 90 degrees and the constant width of 0.06m. Width of the outlet section in all the channels were considered 0.035 m. Discharge channels injected the jet fluid tangent to the surface of the ambient water. Thus, the channels were installed and adjusted on a base at slopes of zero, 0.04 and 0.08 and certain convergence angle. The water depth in the flume was adjusted at a constant value of 0.7m in all experiments. The ambient fluid was settled before injection of the jet fluid. During this time interval, the temperature of the jet fluid and the ambient fluid were measured by a thermometer and their densities were measured by a hydrometer. For each experiment, the moving path of the jet fluid in the receiving ambient was recorded by using a Sony digital camcorder (DSC-WX220) with the frequency of 50 FPS. This camera recorded the images of flow’s section that was placed in front of the flume’s wall and perpendicular to the central vertical plane of the jet flow. The data was obtained by using of images routing process. Based on the results, the 8-percent slope has the longest length of plunge and impact locations. The 8-percent slope provides high initial momentum. Therefore, the flow has further advance in this condition. Slopes of 0 and 4 percent are very close to each other. Although the value of initial momentum exceeds zero in the 4-percent slope, the length of plunge and impact locations in the 4-percent slope are lower than zero slope. The initial momentum is divided into X and Z directions in 4 percent slope, but all initial momentum is in X direction in zero slope. While the longitudinal slope of the discharge channel is fixed, the length of plunge and impact locations reduce with the jet fluid concentration increasing. Density difference and buoyancy force increase with the concentration increasing. Flow becomes denser and it loses its contact with the surface more quickly. Besides that, the length of plunge and impact locations increases with the convergence angle decreasing. The initial momentum and the discharge velocity of jet flow increase with the convergence angle of discharge channel decreasing. Increasing the initial momentum leads to further advance of jet flow. As the ambient has a fixed depth, was seen the location of the plunge point in the range of 1.2 and the location of the impact point depending on the ambient depth. Finally, the ratio of the length of plunge to impact locations for data was within the range of 0.1-0.8.

---

Germinated mung is a rich product in proteins, vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, sugar, amino acids, flavonoids, sterols and organic acids. Duo to high nutritional value and limited shelf life, studying on effective solutions for increasing its shelf life is important. In the present research, effect of nonoemulsion coating of Thyme Essential oil (0-125 ppm) in tragacanth gum (0-0.2 percent) with UV-c irradiation (0-40 seconds) on physicochemical characteristics of germinated mung bean was studied. According to the statistical pattern of response surface-central composite design, we defined 20 treatments and 6 repetitions in the central point. The physicochemical characteristics of the treated samples including weight loss, PH, total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid and firmness of samples were assessed after 12 days in 4 °C. The results showed an increase in total phenolic with increasing the concentration of Thyme (Zataria Multiflora ) Essential oil. Also, increasing tragacanth gum concentration increased total phenolic, and decreased ascorbic acid level and firmness. High UV-c irradiation time decreased total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid levels and firmness of samples. We optimized the formulation in order to keep the highest levels of total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid and firmness based on the prepared models. Optimal levels of variables were considered 104.17 ppm of the Thyme Essential oil, 0.03 percent of the tragacanth gum and 6.67 seconds of UV-c irradiation. Comparison of quality characteristics of control and optimum samples showed that the optimum sample had more phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and ascorbic acid than control. Furthermore, weight loss and PH of the optimum sample was lower in comparison than control.

---

Rice bran is the most important by-product of the rice milling process. Rice bran contains dietary fibers, proteins, minerals and vitamin B, and could be considered as dietary fiber source. Dietary fiber sources such as rice bran are not only desirable for their nutritional properties but also for their functional and technological properties. On the other hand, considering the importance of meat products in human dietary in society, fortification of these products can play an effective role in the improvement of consumers’ health. In this research, rice bran was substituted with part of the rusk flour used in formulation of chicken burger at (1.5%, 3% and 4.5%) levels. Chemical properties, Physical, texture, color, and sensory properties of samples were assessed compared with control sample. The results of variance analysis indicated that the fat, ash and fiber content significantly increased in chicken burger samples (P<0.05) by increasing the replacement percentage of rice bran. The results also showed that the amount of cooking loss in samples containing rice bran was significantly lower than control sample. According to texture evaluations by increasing the replacement percentage of rice bran, hardness and chewiness parameters were increased compared with the control sample. Increasing the amount of replacement had a significant (P<0.05) effect on all of color properties. Sensory analysis showed that, all chicken burger samples gained acceptable score. So, it is possible to produce a high fiber product with good quality and nutritional properties by substitution of the used rusk flour in chicken burger production with rice bran.

---

Spirulina platensis has attracted special attention in various industries due to its natural pigments with specific performance characteristics. In this study, the effects of vitamin B₁₂ (0.5 to 1.5 µg/l), date waste extract as a carbon source (1 to 1.5 g/l of glucose), and urea as a source of nitrogen (50 to 150 mg / l) parameters by fed-batch feeding under submerged culture was optimized and the production of Spirulina platensis and natural pigments were examined. The results showed that the addition of urea and date waste extract increased the production of biomass and phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, carotenoids, and chlorophyll. The results of the effect of vitamin B₁₂ showed that this vitamin in low concentration has a positive effect on the production of spirulina and the pigments phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, carotenoids, and chlorophyll. Also, the use of date waste extract with vitamin B12 should be used optimally in combination with each other to achieve the highest production efficiency of biomass and pigments phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, carotenoids, and chlorophyll. At low concentrations of vitamin B₁₂, increasing changes in date waste increase carotenoid production. Also, in low concentrations of date waste, with increasing changes in vitamin B₁₂, carotenoid production increases, but in the highest concentration of these two variables, carotenoid production decreases due to the opposite effect. In high concentrations of vitamin B₁₂, increasing changes in urea increase chlorophyll production. At the optimized condition, (vitamin B₁₂ 0.5 µg.l^-1, date waste extract 1.5 g.l^-1 of glucose, urea 150 mg.l^-1) the biomass, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophyll contents were 203 (g/100g) 128, 8.42,  4.09 and 7.2  (mg.l^-1). It can be concluded that vitamin B₁₂ along with the use of date waste creates mixotrophic conditions in the growth of Spirulina platensis, which leads to increased production of biomass and natural pigments.
 

---

Absract: Some events such as scour and deposition in rivers may endanger the stability of the outer bank’s bend and reduce the navigable width of them. So far, different techniques have been developed to control this phenomena such as bottom vanes, submerged groynes, bandal-like structures. In the present study, the influences of non-phase hydraulic jet usage on bed scouring and deposition in a 90 bend has been investigated experimentally. Experiments were conducted in a experimental channel to measure the variations of bed topography under a clear water condition. The90 bend is connected to an upstream straight reach 5 m long and a downstream straight reach 3 m long. The channel was rectangular having 70c m width and 280cm radius of bend to centerline. (R/B=4; where R=radius and B=flume width). Four Froude number values including 0.37, 0.41, 0.45 and 0.47 with a constant flow depth of 11cm under clear water condition were used for each test. Bed topography was measured with a laser meter and contour lines were plotted with the Tec plot360software. The scour geometry in a bend depends on channel geometry (channel width, channel , radius and bed slope), flow conditions (depth and discharge or velocity), non-phase hydraulic jet characteristics (length, angle with bank, location in bend), sediment properties (specific gravity, grain size), and fluid parameters (density and viscosity). Therefore, by Using the Buckingham theory and after eliminated the parameters with constant values, the important parameters were q/Q, D/h , Fr and α.Three-dimensional (3D) velocity components were measured using the electromagnetic velocity meter JFE ALEC model ACM3-RS in tests with and without an installed non-phase hydraulic jet. The sampling rate was 20 Hz and time of sampling was 60 seconds. So the minimum 1200 data were collected for each point and their mean was used for determine the 3D flow pattern. The results showed that with installing non-phase hydraulic jet, the maximum scour depth is reduced as much as 77%, 82.7% for Froude numbers equal to 0.37 and 0.41, respectively. It was also found that generally the scour depth occurs away from the outer bank and it was shifted toward the middle parts of the section in the main experiments, which can positively result in the increase in the navigable width and also sediment deposition was observed at the outer bank in some experiment. The results show that non-phase hydraulic jet significantly modified bed topography and reduced the maximum scour depth in outer bank. In this paper to evaluate the effect of space between porous tube and outer bank , three different space (D=0,2.5 and 8 cm) were used. It was found that by decreasing the space between outer bank and porous tube the amount of scour decreases and the maximum scour depth reduced as much as 87.9%, 54.5% and 15.15% for space equal to 0, 2.5 and 8 cm, respectively and it is most efficient when it placed on outer bank. Maximum scour was usually saw near the outer bank, and attributed to the maximum stream wise velocities that occur near the toe of the bank , also the analysis of data have shown that the presence of non-phase hydraulic jet caused uniformity in the velocity distribution at upstream and the high velocity zone moved toward the center of the channel and inner wall. The installing a non-phase hydraulic jet on the outer bank of bend, by its rising velocities, generated a secondary flow that rotates in the sense opposite to the curvature-induced secondary flow. The jet-induced secondary flow cell causes an inwards shift of the cores of maximum streamwise velocity and maximum vertical velocity impinging on the bed, that both of them play an important role in the cour in the outer bank.

---

To examine the effect of Citrus Red Mite (CRM) damage on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Thomson navel orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, paired-treatment experiment, multiple treatment experiment, and regression/correlation methods were used. There were significant differences among the treatments in paired-treatment and multiple treatment experiments in terms of the average population per leaf of CRM of different life ages and concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves. Also, there were significant differences among the treatments in multiple treatment experiment in terms of the Total Soluble Solids (TSSs) of the fruit extract. In control treatment of the paired-treatment experiment, the highest concentration of chlorophyll (79.13±1.06) was observed when the population density of CRM was 0.48±0.09 per leaf. With increasing the mean number of CRM to 10.59±1.09 per leaf, chlorophyll content was decreased to 62±1.15. Furthermore, the results showed that the storage life of the fruits in treatments with mean number of 6.33±1.8 mites per leaf was significantly reduced. The results of regression and correlation analysis on chlorophyll showed significant and negative relationship between these parameters and CRM population density. The results indicated that increasing the population density of CRM to 10.59±1.09 per leaf at the beginning of the season caused fruit drop and dry twigs. In addition, by increasing population density of CRM to 5.72±0.43 per leaf, the storage capability of the fruits was significantly reduced.
 

---

The production of dairy products containing probiotic bacteria with valuable nutritional properties is one of the most important issues in the food industry. The purpose of this research is to investigate the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) probiotic bacteria in free and encapsulated form in mocha milk and their effect on milk characteristics during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. Sodium alginate, sodium alginate-whey protein and sodium alginate-inulin were used for encapsulating Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) by extrusion method. The carrier materials used for encapsulation did not have a significant effect on the efficiency of the encapsulation and all the carriers provided more than 90% encapsulation efficiency. According to a similar pattern, the pH of all mocha milk samples significantly increased and acidity decreased during the storage period, but the changes in pH and acidity were higher in mocha milk containing free Lactobacillus rhamnosus (p<0.05). DPPH free radical inhibition power and total phenol content in mocha milk containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) coated and free capsules were higher than control. Therefore, the addition of probiotic bacteria led to the improvement of the performance of mocha milk containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) coated and released capsules. Also, the survival rate of encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) was significantly higher compared to free Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) (p<0.05). The coated capsule significantly reduced the desirability of mocha milk tissue containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) coated capsule (p<0.05), but it had no effect on other sensory characteristics.