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   Abstract:
Women in the prose folk tales have various roles. In contrast to the position of women in official and lyric literature, the living, dynamic, influential and basic role of them in folk tales is noteworthy. Active women with positive character are the initiator of love, heroe’s helper, protector of their freedom and dignity, warrior, heroe’s physician and nurse, against the mandatory marriages, consistent in love, sly, devoted, kind, intelligent and advisor. Women with negative character are sly, witches, malicious, wicked, evil, treacherous, envious and corrupt. Passive women are as a reward for the hero, unsophisticated, beloved or spouse, agree with polygamy and oppressed. This descriptive-analytical paper cheks twenty-two long famouse folk stories and analyzes the popular types of active and passive women's role in them.

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Background: Miscarriage is one of the most common pregnancy complications for which various causes have been defined, such as genetic factors, infectious, metabolic, endocrine systemmal function and immune system undesired responses. The early development of embryo occurs in oviduct and uterine tube from which some factors such as growth factors, glyco-proteins and factors those stimulate development of embryo are secreted. The ETF3 embryotrophic factor which is a complex of C3 complements and its derivatives i.e., iC3b, enhances the development of trophectodermas a consequence of which expression of relevant genes are affected embryo. There are various response elements in C3 gene promoter region such as, estrogen response regions (ERE). Steroids such as estrogen and progesterone are secreted in early steps of embryonic period along with C3 secretion and cause increase in C3 expression through interaction with regulatory elements in promoter region of this gene. In this study the polymorphism in ERE regions of C3 gene promoter was investigated in women suffering from recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methods: In this study, assuming that polymorphism in ERE regions is correlated with recurrent miscarriage during early months of pregnancy, 40 blood samples were collected from female patients admitted to an Infertility Clinic, Isfahan, Iran. DNA was extracted, amplification of regions harboring ERE with a pair of specific primer was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Chain Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for studying possible polymorphisms in this region. Results and conclusion: The results indicated a specific symptomless infertility among the women, however there was no correlation between the ERE polymorphism and symptoms in control and cases.

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Life table parameters of Aphis pomi DeGeer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were determined on two host plants: apple (Malus pumila L.) and flowering quince (Chaenomeles japonica Lindl.). This study was carried out under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ºC and RH of 70 ± 5 % and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). The survivorship from first instar nymphs to adult was very close in M. pumila and C. japonica. The longevity of A. pomi was 8.1 ± 0.458 and 9.65 ± 0.412 days and the fecundity of female was 37.25 ± 2.198 and 32.9 ± 1.802 nymphs on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. Peaks of reproductive value occurred at ages of 8 and 9 days when reared on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) on M. pumila was higher than that on C. japonica, as it was 0.396 ± 0.015 on M. pumila and 0.329 ± 0.006 day^-1 on C. japonica. The mean generation time (T) was 9.13 ± 0.35 and 10.62 ± 0.18 days, on M. pumila and C. japonica, respectively. The results showed that the two closely related host plants had significant influence on life table parameters of A. pomi and the aphid showed a better performance on M. pumila than on C. japonica. These results indicated that M. pumila is more suitable for A. pomi, resulting in a higher reproductive performance.  

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Demographic parameters of the ladybeetle, Serangium montazerii Fursch feeding on citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri Ashmead were determined on two host plants, Page tangerine and Thompson navel orange. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C and RH of 60 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). Total pre-adult periods of the lady beetle were 20.84 ± 0.302, 19.27 ± 0.251days on Page tangerine and Thompson navel orange, respectively. The survivorship from egg to adult were very close to each other on the two host plants. The oviposition periods were 29.64 ± 0.905 and 33.36 ± 0.599 days and the total number of eggs per female (fecundity) were 457.14 ± 11.099 and 528.57 ± 12.369 on Page tangerine and Thompson orange, respectively. Peaks of reproductive value occurred at ages of 31 and 33 days when reared on Thompson navel orange and Page tangerine, respectively. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) on Thompson orange and on Page tangerine were 0.134 ± 0.063 and 0.126 ± 0.006d^-1 with no significant differences. The mean generation time (T) on these host plants were 39.03 ± 0.5 and 40.57 ± 0.46 days, respectively. It can be concluded that S. montazerii feeding on D. citri in general showed a slightly better reproductive performance on Thompson navel orange than on Page tangerine.

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Life table gives the most comprehensive explanation of the survivorship, development, and reproduction of a population. The life table parameters of an aphidophagous midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza were studied on different densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80) of third instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii as prey in a growth chamber (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D h). The pre-ovipositional period of female A. aphidimyza was reduced as prey density increased with no significant difference. The oviposition period was 3.833 ± 0.401 and 5.5 ± 0.463 days in lowest and highest prey density, respectively. Fecundity increased significantly with increasing prey density. The lowest fecundity was obtained at density of 5 preys/day (49.667 ± 6.053 eggs) and the highest was at density of 80 preys/day (104.25 ± 7.78 eggs). Intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) ranged from 0.110 ± 0.016 to 0.166 ± 0.014 d^-1 with increasing prey density. Net reproductive rate (R₀) was positively dependent on prey density. The peak reproductive values showed that female aphidophagous midge at ages of 17, 18, 19, 22 and 25 days made the highest contribution to the population when reared on 5 to 80 preys in a day, respectively. However, mean generation time (T) ranged from 22.42 ± 0.55 to 24.47 ± 1.04 days. It was concluded that the increase in the density of third instar nymphs of A. gossypii significantly affected the demographic parameters of A. aphidimyza and it had a better reproductive performance in higher prey densities.

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Context-dependent modeling is a well-known approach to increase modeling accuracy in continuous speech recognition. The most common way to implement this approach is via triphone modeling. Nevertheless, the large number of such models results in several problems in model training, whilst the robust training of such models is often hardly obtained. One approach to solve this problem is via parameter tying. In this paper, clustering has been carried out on HMM state parameters and the states allocated to any cluster are tied to decrease the overall number of system parameters and achieve robust training. Two types of groupings, one based on the final trained model set parameters and their inter-model distances and the other based on the training data and a decision tree, have been carried out. In the implementation of the later, a decision tree based on the acoustic properties of the Persian (Farsi) language and the phonetic similarities and differences has been designed. The results obtained have shown the usefulness of both the approaches. However, the second approach has the advantage of making the estimation of unseen model parameters possible.

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Aims: The purpose of this article is to address the issue of Qazvin Space Organization in the Safavid period with the approach of cultural studies.
Methods: The present study has been carried out with the approach of cultural studies and exploratory-documentary method, with the aim of describing and interpreting the historical data of Qazvin city in the Safavid period and its analysis. In this regard, first-hand sources, documents were collected, studied and analyzed. In parallel with the library studies, field surveys were conducted and the signs were surveyed and studied.
Findings: In the present study, three views result from the approach of cultural studies, namely: 1- Regulation of the city- 2- Homogeneity and heterogeneity of neighborhoods and 3- Use of urban spaces and their rational concepts in the analysis of Qazvin spatial organization used during the Safavid capital it placed. The result of the research indicates that the structural changes of Qazvin city in the Safavid period in accordance with the newly created culture and is closely related to a set of several factors, including the "space" dimension which is a subset. It regulates the city, it plays a more prominent role, and because it is expressed through the body and by the designers, it is more tangible, and the other dimensions are related to it.
Conclusion: The "space" originated from the power of the government at that time in the city of Qazvin and the royal complex was not just an urban design but a tool to achieve political, economic and religious goals and the city's culture is based on the same structure. Has appeared.

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Searching efficiency and handling time are two major components of functional response and are usually used to evaluate effectiveness of natural enemies. The effect of different foraging periods on the functional response of larval Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae) feeding on third instar nymphs of Aphis craccivora was studied. The experiment was conducted in terms of time-specific (1, 2, 4, 6,12, 24 h.) functional response to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third instar nymphs of A.craccivora at 23 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% of R.H., and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). Parameter estimates for logistic regressions showed a type II functional response for 4 day-old larvae of the predator at different foraging periods to varying densities of A. craccivora. The estimated searching efficiency (a') and handling times (T_h), varied with foraging periods. The searching efficiency showed a decreasing trend as the foraging periods increased. The estimated maximum rates of predation (T/T_h) for the 4-day old larvae were directly related to the foraging periods increase but handling times (T_h), showed a decelerating trend. In conclusion it was found that searching efficiency was a variable parameter in different foraging periods of A. aphidimyza and was lowest at the foraging periods of 24 h. It was also suggested that A. aphidimyza with type II functional response in all foraging periods, could be considered as a highly effective biological agent in suppressing A. craccivora population.    

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Among different models for runoff estimation in watershed management, the Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method along with its modifications have been widely applied to ungauged watersheds because of quickly and more accurate estimation of surface runoff. This approach has been widely accepted by hydrologists, water resources planners, foresters, and engineers, as well. Therefore, this work was aimed to estimate the curve number using CN-values through several methods viz. SCS, Sobhani (1975), Hawkins et al. (1985), Chow et al. (1988), Neitsch et al. (2002) and Mishra et al. (2008) in Bar Watershed, Iran. According to the results, the Neitsch formula showed the best performance for estimating the Curve Number in situation with low (CNI) and high (CNIII) antecedent moisture conditions. However, the weakest performance was related to Mishra (2008) in CNI and CNIII-conversions. The weakest performance was resulted from the exponential form of the Neitsch et al. formula and the variable meteorological conditions of the Bar Watershed over the year.

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The East Asian psyllid, Acizzia jamatonica (Kuwayama, 1908) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is newly reported from Iran. This is also considered as the first record of the genus Acizzia Heslop-Harrison and the subfamily Acizziinae for the country. The psyllid was collected from Persian silk tree, Albizia julibrissin Durazzini (Fabaceae), in Rasht, Guilan province, in July 2013. A brief taxonomic diagnosis is provided to facilitate its recognition.

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The cotton leaf roller moth, Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was collected on two kinds of flowering shrubs, Hibiscus syriacus L. and Hibiscus mutabilis L., in Rasht, Guilan Province, during August 2013. This species represents a generic new record for the fauna of Iran. A brief description of the species is provided to facilitate the identification.

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Problem: In some historical periods in Iranian cities such as Tabriz, there is a physical response to the fears caused by wars and insecurity, which urban narratives are shown among the general public, especially people of age, such phenomena also exist in the mentality of the people.
Target: The purpose of the current research is to investigate the state of the architectural elements of the historical city of Tabriz, such as alleys, fences, gates, neighborhoods, residential areas, etc., in the face of urban fears.
Method: This research is of the research-fundamental theories type, and the interpretative-historical research method and the means of collecting information in the form of library, historical documents and texts and based on content analysis.
Result: Findings show that in the past, the city was built using research studies such as gate, tower and barrow, fence, moat, narrow alleys and covered alleys, houses with short doors, lower outer and inner courtyards, etc. The level of the crossing in the three areas of territory, surveillance and the appearance of the environment gave a suitable answer to the concept of urban fear. In future researches, there is a need to examine each of the elements such as the house in more detail.
 

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A Castanea crenata agglutinin (abbreviated as CCA) was extracted and purified from bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis L., to determine its effects on the demographic parameters of Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller. Two groups of first larval instars were reared on an artificial diet containing 2% (w/w) of CCA and control diets until emergence of adults. Two Sex MS-chart life table software was used to analyze data and calculate life table parameters. Developmental times of larvae in control and CCA dietsshowed statistical differences for male, female except for third and fourth larval instars. It was found that A. ceratoniae larvaefed on control had a survival of 18 days but individuals fed on CCA diet survived for 12 days. The highest fecundity values of individuals fed on control and CCA diets were obtained at the age of 30 and 27 days, respectively. Adult longevity, pre-oviposition period, oviposition period and mean fecundity of A. ceratoniae fed on control were higher than those of individuals fed on CCA diet. The probabilities of a newborn egg surviving to age 28 days were 0.42 and 0.3 for control and CCA, respectively. Each female started egg laying on day 22 for control and 25 for CCA. Life expectancies of a newly laid egg were 29 days for control and 26 days for CCA treatment. Life table parameters except for mean generation time showed statistical differences between control and CCA treatments. These results demonstrated the negative effects of CCA on life table parameters of A. ceratoniae that might lead to a promising and alternative way to suppress population increase and damage caused by A. ceratoniae.

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Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is a serious pest of mulberry trees in Iran. In this study, lethal (LC₅₀ = 19 ppm) and sublethal effects (LC_{10 =} 3.74 andLC₃₀ = 9.77 ppm) of lufenuron were evaluated against 4^th instar larvae of G. pyloalis. After treating the larvae at LC₃₀ and LC₅₀ level, most of them died during the molting process and only a few individuals developed to the 5^th larval instar. The highest rate of mortality wasobserved in 5^th larval (68.42%) and pre-pupal (59.57%) stages at LC₅₀ concentration. Also, lufenuron caused an increase in larval, pre-pupal and pupal developmental periods. The successful pupation decreased to 53.64% at the LC₃₀. Also, no prepupa molted to pupation after treatment of larvae at the LC₅₀. Larval weight was significantly reduced at 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment, compared to the control. Adult emergence and female longevity were also reduced at LC₃₀. The LC₃₀ of lufenuron negatively affected reproduction of G. pyloalis. Larval content of carbohydrate and protein were decreased significantly 48 and 72 h after treatment, however, lipid and glycogen content were decreased significantly only 72 h after treatment at LC₁₀, LC₃₀ or LC₅₀. Findings indicated adverse effects on some biological and biochemical parameters at lethal and sublethal concentrations of lufenuron which necessitate further investigations for its application in an integrated management of G. pyloalis.

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Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) is one of the most important pests of stored products and known as factitious host for mass rearing of insect natural enemies. Effect of four commercial barely varieties including Fajr 30, Behrokh, Nik and Yousef on life table parameters of S. cerealella was determined at 26 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L: D). Data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results revealed that there were significant differences among various barely varieties regarding the developmental times, adult longevity and fecundity of S. cerealella. The longest developmental time (56.72 ± 0.29 days) was observed on Yousef. The longest and shortest male longevity were obtained on Behrokh (6.77 ± 0.27 days) and Yousef (5.79 ± 0.16 days). Moreover, female longevity ranged from 6.20 ± 0.18 to 7.23 ± 0.24 days on Yousef and Behrokh, respectively. The highest values of intrinsic rate of increase (r) were estimated 0.0719 ± 0.004 and 0.0717 ± 0.003 day^-1 on Fajr 30 and Behrokh, respectively and the lowest values were 0.0539 ± 0.004 and 0.0542 ± 0.003 day^-1 on Nik and Yousef, respectively. The longest generation time (T) was observed on Yousef. Furthermore, peaks of reproductive value occurred at ages of 45, 49, 48 and 53 days when reared on Fajr 30, Behrokh, Nik and Yousef, respectively. It can be concluded that Fajr 30 and Behrokh can be used for mass rearing programs of S. cerealella as an alternative host for natural enemies.

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Background: A design storm is a theoretical storm event based on rainfall intensities associated with frequency of occurrence and having a set duration. Estimating design storm via rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves is important for hydrological planning of urban areas.
Material and Methods: The impact of changes in rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves on flood properties in an urban area of Zanjan city was investigated, using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). For the IDF curve generation, Sherman and Ghahreman-Abkhezr methods were compared.
Results: According to results, the estimated rainfall depth and, consequently the peak runoff rate for different return periods had decreased in the recent years, except for 2-year return period. Decrease in peak runoff rate was 30, 39, 41 and 42 percent for 5-10-20 and 50-year return periods, respectively. Based on the results, for peak runoff evaluated in 50-year return period using Sherman and Ghahreman-Abkhezr hyetograph, percent of flood that occurred before the peak runoff were 27 and 22 percent, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: Design rainfall hyetograph showed that Sherman method gave larger rainfall intensity compared to Ghahreman-Abkhezr method. Estimated peak and total runoff volume follow trend of rainfall intensity. As Ghahreman-Abkhezr method use longer and newer rainfall data for creating IDF curves, we can conclude that climate change cause change in rainfall characteristics. The runoff modeling show that main urban drainage system had enough transfer capacity against the flood condition, but survey information indicated several inundations in some flat areas, curbs and gutters. Inappropriate design and obstruction of the runoff paths via urban garbage and sediments are some parameters that could lead to such local inundation.

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Background: Environmental stresses, especially salinity and drought, are effective on seed germination and growth.
Materials and Methods: After breaking seed dormancy by simultaneous use of leaching (48 hours) and gibberllic acid (1000 ppm), germination characteristics and seedling growth of Citrullus colocynthis from two ecotypes of Sistan-Baluchestan with six  levels of drought (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5 Mpa) and salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM) were studied. This experiment was carried out in two different factorial experiments using completely randomized design with four replications. Statistical analysis was performed using version 18 of SPSS software and Factorial analysis of variance (general linear model) and mean comparisons were done using Duncan's multiple range test. Results: The results demonstrated that there were significant differences among different levels of drought and salinity in all measured traits (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in seed germination and seedling growth were observed with increasing levels of drought and salinity (P<0.01). The results revealed that there were significant interactions effect between ecotype and different levels of drought as well as salinity (P<0.01), so seed vigor of Zabol’ ecotype was higher than that of Saravan.
Discussion and Conclusions: This species has acceptable germination at -0.6 Mpa droughts and 50 mM salinity. These issues must be considered in its intense planting in Sistan-Baluchestan province and using of Zabol’ ecotype seed is recommended.