Showing 10 results for Afrashi
Volume 3, Issue 1 (No.1 (Tome 5)- 2015)
Abstract
The present paper comparatively surveys two genres of poetry: the Japanese Haiku and the Baluchi Liku. Liku is an improvised one-verse poem with syllabic rhythm, in which the half-verses rhyme to each other. Haiku is the commencement of a long poem, named Haikai No Renga/俳諧の連歌. This onset, which was named Hokku/発句, was not known as Haiku till the beginning of the 20th century. But Since then, Haiku became distinguished from Haikai No Renga/俳諧の連歌. Haiku is a short poem comprising of 17 syllables, respectively 5-7-5. Haiku is improvised, and the real events and daily experiences are the main theme of this genre of poetry.The structural-content features for such a comparison are the number of syllables, the place of pause, the lexis, stylistic defamiliarization , proper names, loan words, cultural words, similes, semantic defamiliarization, representation of ethnic beliefs ,and realism. This comparative survey confirmed that all these features except semantic defamiliarisation were common to both Haiku and Liku.
Volume 3, Issue 4 ((Articles in Persian) 2012)
Abstract
The present paper aimed to comparatively study the orientational conceptual metaphors in Persian and Spanish. In this work, within the Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) classification of conceptual metaphors as structural, orientational and ontological metaphors, we have tried to the concentrate on the examination of orientational metahors applied to data collected from Spanish, and to prove the use of these metaphors at the level of metaphorical mapping as well as linguistic representation in Persian. The analysis of 38 samples of orientational conceptual metaphors in the form of 10 names of mapping extracted from the Spanish novel Conversation in the Cathedral by Mario Vargas Llosa, a collection of papers in Spanish about conceptual metaphors, and a series of oral data, made us conclude that the similarities related to conceptual metaphors based on the human understanding of the sense of “space” and “direction” are more than the disparities in these two languages.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (No.1 (Tome 13), (Articles in Persian) 2013)
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to make a comparative study of theme markedness in Persian and English medical texts. It aims to determine the similarities and differences of Persian and English with regard to markedness. The study has been done based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and is concerned with the textual metafunction of this approach. To accomplish the purpose of the study, several books and articles were selected in the field of medical sciences. The corpus contained 1000 randomly chosen clauses of written texts, the data were gathered in both Persian and English and the research method was descriptive-analytic. The restults indicated that in Persian medical texts, circumstantial adjuncts in the subject position have a high frequency, representing that such an occurrence sounds unmarked to Persian native speakers and Persian has a different word order rather than English in medical texts. It does not completely conform to the concept of Halliday’s theory with regard to markedness. This research also illustrates that the properties of being pro-drop and having non-fixed word order distinguish Persian from English regarding the notion of markedness. In addition to language differences, theme markedness is closely related to some factors such as authors’/writers’ style differences, writing form types, text-clause relationship, emphasis, contrast, and specific genre. Since, the above mentioned factors in Persian and English effect theme markedness, they are regarded as their similarities, while language structure refers to their differences.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (No.2 (Tome 23), (Articles in Persian) 2015)
Abstract
The goal of this article is to demystify the press texts and discover their hidden layers of meaning in the framework of critical discourse analysis. To do so, using socio-semantic features of Van Leeuwen's model (1996), 40 numbers of four Iranian Persian publications of a two–month period, from July 22 to September 21, 2011 were studied qualitatively. The data analysis results indicated that the ideology dominating the minds of writers and groups is reflected in the text using discursive features as personalization, impersonalization, activation, backgrounding, etc., and the linguistic realization of discursive structures is performed using linguistic structures as nominalization, pre-modifiers, active versus passive structures, coordination, etc. in the texts. Also there is a dialectic relationship between discursive structures and ideology, which can be determined by studying these structures in the texts and social institutions.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3 (Tome 24), (Articles in Persian) 2015)
Abstract
Based on Talmy’s (2000) lexicalization patterns, languages are considered either verb-framed or satellite-framed in terms of the language unit (either verb roots or satellites) that encodes Path of motion. According to Talmy’s hypothesis Indo-European languages except for Post Hellenic and Romans fall into satellite-framed class, since speakers of these languages conflate Manner of motion in the verb roots, while Path appears in satellites. This paper investigates the pervasive pattern Persian pre-school speaker children use to express motion components, namely Manner and Path in elicited narratives based on ten short animated clips simultaneously demonstrating Manner and path of motion. The Children’s narratives have further been compared to those of adults in order to highlight differences and similarities in mapping two semantic components onto language units. In the end, it has been discussed whether or not Persian, as an Indo-European language fits into Talmy’s binary typology. The analysis in this study illustrates that when narrating motion pictures, children follow the same pattern as adults do to encode Manner and Path; both groups employ path verbs with or without path satellites for vertical displacements, and prepositional phrases for horizontal trajectories where boundary crossing occurs. Manner of motion is either conflated in verb roots or not mentioned. Therefore as far as Path of motion is concerned, Persian language within the scope of the present study fits into verb-framed class of languages
Volume 7, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 33), (Articles in Persian) 2016)
Abstract
The present research surveys orientational metaphors in Quran in a cognitive approach. Space and orientation in the space are basic cognitive domains employed as source domain for conceptual metaphors. The research aims to explore the target domain concepts formed based on the orientational concepts. Thus the “Noor software” was searched with seven orientation marking keywords. All the verses including these keywords were identified in Quran and 60 instances of metaphorical application of these items were recognized. Some of the most prominent abstract concepts formed through orientational metaphors in Quran are “degree and dignity; bliss; superiority and advantage” among others. Findings of the research show that the special application of orientational metaphors in Quran is a stylistic and semantic feature.
Keywords: Quran؛ Conceptual metaphor؛ Orientational metaphor؛ Corpus
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Vol. 11, No. 1 (Tome 55), (Articles in Persian) 2020)
Abstract
The current study investigates the similarities and differences of conceptualization of SADNESS in representative corpuses of ordinary (non-poetic) and poetic language. Analysing two separate corpuses (Persian Language Data Base and Farsi Language Corpus), the writers managed to identify and extract the relevant conceptual metaphors of SADNESS in both ordinary language and contemporary poetics respectively. Then according to Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1989), the most frequent generic and specific mappings of SADNESS in both ordinary and poetic language were determined. The study showed that almost all the generic metaphors of SADNESS occur in both types discourse, though some of them occur significantly in either the one or the other type. An analysis of the two sets of metaphors revealed several important differences between poetic and non-poetic conceptualization of SADNESS, including the higher degree of agentivity, positive conceptualization of SADNESS and unconventionality in poetic language compared to non-poetic genre. The finding that almost all the identified metaphors are found in poetic and non-poetic language supports Lakoff and Turner’s claim (1989) that there is nothing essentially different about poetic metaphors.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (June & July 2021 (Articles in Persian) 2021)
Abstract
The present study attempts to carry out a contrastive analysis -within the framework of anthropological linguistics- on idioms formed in relation with common concepts in Spanish and Persian, based on how natives speakers of these languages deal with the objects around them. In this approach, the possible similarities and differences between linguistic components are analyzed according to the native speakers' cultural and sociological issues. This approach, more than anything else, is indebted to the theory of linguistic relativity, a theory based on the influence of language on thought and, in particular, on the individual's attitudes towards objects, and how his/her language treats objects around him/her. The main question of the present research is what impacts do objects and artifacts have on the creation of possible similarities and differences in idiom formulation, in native Spanish and Persian speakers' culture. Since idioms are an inseparable part of folklore and popular knowledge, and perhaps the most culture-bound part of language, the authors try to assess the effects of cultural interaction with objects around Spanish and Persian native speakers on their idiom formulation referring to common concepts, through the contrastive analysis of object-containing idioms in Spanish and Persian, in order to present a model for an inter-linguistic analysis within an anthropolinguistic framework. The main objective of this research is the comparison of the idioms containing objects in Spanish and Persian in order to show how the attitude of the speakers of those languages towards objects, is reflected in the form and content of idioms under the influence of the context and cultural characteristics. Based on the analysis carried out in this study, in Spanish and Persian, idiomatization referring to a common concept according to the special interaction of these native speakers with the objects around them, tends more towards cultural differences than similarities, and the focus of idiomatization similarities has been based on objects and artifacts that are used in the household.
- Introduction
One of the central issues that the Antropolinguistic studies are seeking for is to consider the Language as a cultural function and event; and one of the subjects discussed in the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis is to confirm that people's thinking is influenced by how they interact with objects around them in terms of language. On the other hand, the mass culture has more influence in formulating the ‘idioms’ than in other linguistic elements. For example, since in the Catholicism the cross is a symbol and reminder of the Passion of the Christ; in Spanish the idiom (To be a cross: Ser una cruz) is used to express the concept of “something annoying”:
»Tener que madrugar es una cruz para mí.
«( Having to get up early is a cross for me.) While in Persian to express this same concept, the idiom (
عذاب الیم بودن: To be a painful punishment
( is used under the influence of The Quran in the idiomatization:
«برای من زود بیدار شدن از خواب عذاب الیم است.» (Having to get up early is a painful punishment for me.) Now the question is what are the results of comparing the idioms containing objects in Spanish and Persian? And the hypothesis of this article is that due to the cultural differences between Iranians and Spaniards, which can potentially lead to differences in the way they encounter objects around them, in relation with the idiomatization from a common concept, rather than seeing similarities, we will see differences in these two languages.
Question: w
- Literature Review
2.1) In 1995, Monroy Casas y Hernández Campo published an article called “A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Study of Idioms: Some Anthropolinguistic Sketch”. In this article, they defined the idiom as a sequence of words functioning as a single unit whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meaning of the parts. In the repertoire of any language idiomatic expressions constitute a special category of lexical items presenting a fixed structure and a specific behavior in language use. And they discussed a small sample of Spanish and English idioms (proverbs, and sayings in particular) within an anthropolinguistic framework in an attempt to foreground not just differences but some curious coincidences between the two cultures in their apprehension of reality.
2.2) In 2012, Rita Marinelli and Laura Cignoni published an article called “In the same boat and other idiomatic seafaring expressions”. In this article, they reported that a total of 200 Italian expressions were first selected and examined, using both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as specific lexicographical works dealing with the subject of idiomaticity, especially of the maritime type, and a similar undertaking was then conducted for the English expressions. They discussed the possibility of including both the Italian and English idiomatic expressions in the semantic database Mari Term, which contains terms belonging to the maritime domain. They described the terminological database and the way in which the idiomatic expressions can be organized within the system, so that they are connected to other concepts represented in the database, but at the same time continue to belong to a group of particular linguistic expressions. Furthermore, they studied similarities and differences in meaning and usage of some idiomatic expressions in the two languages.
2.3) In 2014, Teilanyo published an article called “A Comparative Study of Selected Idioms in Nembe (Nigeria) and English”.He, based on assumptions and criticisms of the Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis with its derivatives of cultural determinism and cultural relativity, studied certain English idioms that had parallels in Nembe (an Ijoid language in Nigeria’s Niger Delta). He concluded that while the codes (vehicles) of expression are different, the same propositions and thought patterns run through the speakers of these different languages. However, each linguistic community adopts the concepts and nuances in its environment. Therefore, the concept of linguistic universals and cultural relativity complement each other and provide a forum for efficient communication across linguistic, cultural and racial boundaries.
- Methodology
In order to examine the hypothesis, f
- Conclusion
In the 34 Persian equivalents of the 50 revised Spanish idioms, the area chosen for idiomatization is different and in the 26 Persian equivalents of those the area chosen for idiomatization is similar. Thus, it can be concluded that in Spanish and Persian, idiomatization referring to a common concept according to the special interaction of these native speakers with the objects around them, tends more towards cultural differences than similarities, and the focus of idiomatization similarities has been based on objects and artifacts that are used in the household.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (October & November 2021 2021)
Abstract
This paper analyzes the stability or changes of the Persian Language Speakers' views towards Bravery, as one of the concepts of the target domain of Morality from Kövecses's (1393: 43) point of view. The main question of this study is weather the concept of Bravery has changed from 8th to 10th lunar century compaired to the contemporary period. Moreover we aim to find a pattern to represent these changes. To achieve this goal, the authors studied the conceptual change or stability, through comparing the conceptual metaphors of Bravery. The results of this study show changes in some cultural components of this concept in Persian language speaker's society. It should be noted that the comparison of historical and contemporary evidences show that the general source domain of objects in both cases have been remained unchanging but the special source domains of objects have changed. The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian language are as follows: Power, Path, War, Material. The theoretical framework of the present research is the theory of conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Trim's pattern for the conceptual networking of metaphors (2007).
The speeches of a generation are never exactly the same as their fathers or even their children. Although the speech differnces between successive generations may be insignificant and not much attention be paid to it, at intervals of several hundred years or more, the changes will be revealed. Arlotto suggests that variations can be considered as the equipments for historical linguistic discussions. Lakoff and Johnson believe that when a new metaphor is added to a language, it changes the conceptual system of the language as well as the way of understanding and the relative reactions of the people. Moreover they believe that language is constantly changing and adapting itself to the new conditions of the language community as people accept the new metaphorical concepts and lose the old ones. Their example to prove their claim is the changes in the cultures around the world due to the eminence of this metaphor: TIME IS MONEY.
Accordingly, we are going to vrify common conceptual metaphors of Bravery in Persian Language to achieve the stability or changes of the Persian Language Speakers' views towards Bravery, as one of the concepts of the target domain of Morality from Kövecses's (1393: 43) point of view. The main question of this study is weather the concept of Bravery has changed from 8th to 10th lunar century compaired to the contemporary period. Moreover we aim to find a pattern to represent these changes. To achieve this goal, the authors studied the conceptual change or stability, through comparing the conceptual metaphors of Bravery.
The main hypothesis of this research is as follows: The comparison of the metaphorical mappings of Bravery between the extracted metaphors from the historical and contemporary corpus of the Persian Linguistic Database shows that the source domain of conceptualizing Bravery has changed over time in Persian Language. In order to verify the hypothesis, the authors have used a descriptive deductive method applying the corpus based analysis method proposed by Anatol Stefanovich.
The results of this study show changes in some cultural components of this concept in Persian language speaker's society. It should be noted that the comparison of historical and contemporary evidences show that the general source domain of objects in both cases have been remained unchanging but the special source domains of objects have changed. The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian language are as follows: Power, Path, War, Material. The theoretical framework of the present research is the theory of conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Trim's pattern for the conceptual networking of metaphors (2007).
Verifying the conceptual metaphors of Bravery as the active and inactive mappings in time intervals and its presentation through a diachronic network of metaphorical changes can be considered as the innovation of this research
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
This paper attempts to investigate the conceptualization of conceptual metaphors of Bravery in the contemporary Persian and English Prose. The main question of this study is: "How the concept of bravery which is one of the target domain of Morality from Kovecses's point of view (2010: 23) is constructed and understood in the minds of Persian and English speakers. To achieve this goal, the authors prepared a corpus of 400 Persian sentences containing the word of شجاعت and its synonyms and also 400 English sentences containing the word of Bravery and its synonyms from the two Bases of Persian Language database (PLDB) and contemporary British national (BNC) prose , and examined them through cognitive analysis of the extracted conceptual metaphors. A statistical study of the two figures showed that as a prototype, Persian speakers consider Bravery as an "object" and English speakers as a "property". There are also many common source domains shared by the two bodies: "property", "object", "physical force", "upward direction", "action", "matter" and "human behavior". Although the Persian and English languages have many common conceptual metaphors for conceptualization of Bravery, there are some differences between them including the different source domains between the two languages which are as follows: the source domain of "path" which is belonged to Persian and the source domain of "show" which is belonged to English. The theoretical Framework of the present research is based on the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kovecses's (2015).
1. Introduction
Universality and variation in metaphors of languages have become the main concern of many researchers to uncover the conceptual system of language speakers and consequently to discover the similarities and differences between the languages. lakoff and Johnson (1980, p.3) mention that the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor. The present study also attempts to investigate the conceptual metaphors of Bravery in Persian and English prose to find the similarities and the differences of the two languages.
2. Research question
The main question of this study is: "How the concept of bravery which is one of the target domain of Morality from Kovecses's point of view (2010: 23) is constructed and understood in the minds of Persian and English speakers?
3. Hypothesis
The comparison of metaphorical expressions of Bravery in Persian and English prose show some similarities in the expansion of using the specific source domains.
4. Literature Review
Kövecses (2005, P. 35) explains that "it should come as no surprise that at least some conceptual metaphors can be and are found in many languages. If some kinds of conceptual metaphors are based on embodied experience that is universal, these metaphors should occur – at least potentially – in many languages and cultures around the world".
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) discussed about the conceptual metaphor of HAPPINESS IS UP in English. Ning Yu (1995, 1998) noticed that Chinese shares with English all the basic metaphor source domains for happiness: UP, LIGHT and FLUID IN A CONTAINER, except the metaphor HAPPINESS IS FLOWERS IN THE HEART which English does not have. According to Ning Yu (1998), the application of this metaphor reflects "the more introverted character of Chinese".
5. Methodology
The theoretical Framework of the present research is based on the conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p. 6) argue that human thought processes are largely metaphorical and the human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. Kovecses (2015, p.17) discusses the construal operations that bear directly on abstract concepts including: abstraction, schematization, attention, perspective, metonymy, metaphor, conceptual integration and Differential cognitive styles. Kovecses (2005, p. 9) also believes that metaphor is a many-sided phenomenon that involves not only language, but also the conceptual system, as well as social–cultural structure and neural and bodily activity. This paper also attempts to investigate the conceptualization of the conceptual metaphors of Bravery in the minds of Persian and English speakers verifying contemporary prose in Persian and English. To achieve the goal, the writers prepared a corpus of 800 Persian and English sentences containing the words of Bravery and their synonyms from the two Bases: Persian Language Data Base (PLDB) and Contemporary British National (BNC). Then the writers managed to identify and extract the relevant conceptual metaphors of Bravery from the corpus. The analysis of the two sets of metaphors reveals some important information: The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian and English languages show that Persian speakers consider Bravery as an "OBJECT" and English speakers consider it as " PROPERTY ".
The common source domains of Bravery shared by the two groups are as follows: "PROPERTY", " OBJECT ", "PHYSICAL FORCE", "UPWARD DIRECTION", "ACTION", "MATTER" and "HUMAN BEHAVIOR". The findings also show some differences between conceptual metaphors which reveal the specific mapping of Bravery significantly: the source domain of "PATH" which is specific to Persian and the source domain of "SHOW" which is specific to English.
The findings of the present study support the Embodiment theory of Lakoff (1999) and Kövecses's claim (2005) that the same bodily experiences lead to the same bodily perceptions and conceptions. Thus the universal conceptual metaphors, which arise from bodily experiences, perceptions and conceptions, will be the same all around the world. Nevertheless sometimes the different surrounding environment (culture) affects and changes these similar universal conceptual metaphors. Kovecses (2005, p. 13) proposes the two large groups of causes of metaphor variations as: differential experience and the differential application of universal cognitive processes which both can create interculturally and intraculturally different metaphors.