---

This paper reviews the research on taxonomy of the Trombidioidea in Iran, with an updated checklist of 32 species (+5 undetermined species) belonging to five families and 22 genera. Among them, 27 species (+1 undetermined species) are reported based on larvae only, three undetermined species based on adults only, and six species based on both larval and post-larval stages. Also, 14 species (+3 undetermined species) and 10 genera belonging to the family Trombidiidae, one undetermined species belonging to the family Podothrombiidae, 13 species (+1 undetermined species) and seven genera belonging to the family Microtrombidiidae, three species, three genera belonging to the family Neothrombiidae and two species and one genus belonging to the family Achaemenothrombiidae. Major contributions to the Iranian fauna of the Trombidioidea were made by Alireza Saboori and his colleagues, and Zhi-Qiang Zhang. There have been some studies on the biology and the application of the Trombidioidea in biological control in Iran.

---

The enhancement of energy consumption and increasing demand for oil have led to using improve oil recovery methods. Chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are among the most widly used techniques. Generally, the effect of these methods has been less than the predicted amounts by the studies. One of the leading causes, could be due to the loss of chemicals by adsorption or precipitation of the surfactants on the rock surface. The mineralogy of the reservoir rocks is effective in determination of the interaction between the bulk of the fluid phase and rock surface. This effect will change in the surface charge of the adsorbent and wettability alteration of the rocks.
Research subject: In this study, the adsorption of AOT surfactant on the surface of a hydrophilic adsorbent of carbonate reservoir was investigated. For this purpose, after the preparation of rock and fluid samples, the adsorption of surfactant was investigated in concentrations below and above the CMC.
Research approach: Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to measure the amount of surfactant adsorption on the surface of carbonate rock. First different concenteration of AOT solutions and carbonate rock as adsorbent were combined. After 48h, the equilibrium concentrations were determined by using the calibration curve and. The amount of surfactant adsorption can be calculated by knowing the maqnitudes of  equilibrium and initial concentration of the surfactant.

---

This paper reports some species of Ameroseiidae from various habitats in different parts of Iran. Ameroseius bassolase (Vargass, 2001)has been reported from Iran, but it was a misidentification of Sertitympanum aegyptiacus Nasr & Abow-Awad, 1984. Redescription of Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova, 1977 based on female specimens is also presented.  

---

While searching for food, predators use herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV), host plant volatiles and those related to con/heterospecifics to find their prey. Not only the volatile components vary among plant species, but also the predator perception of these components might differ among species and samples. Here, we compared the olfactory response of two samples (Turkey and University of Tehran) of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when received herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV) from Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) infested cucumber and bean leaves, along with testing the effect of rearing experience of Turkey sample on its olfactory response in our laboratory conditions. Our data showed that P. persimilis of both samples significantly moved towards leaf odors (either cucumber or bean) when they received clean air from the alternative arm. For both samples, the predator did not make a preference between clean bean and cucumber leaves. When the predators were offered a choice between T. urticae infested bean and cucumber leaves, they significantly moved towards bean leaves in both samples. Rearing experience did not affect the predator choice of host plant species and P. persimilis from both samples preferred odors related to clean leaves rather than clean air. The number of experienced predatory mites moved towards T. urticae infested bean leaves was significantly higher than that preferred T. urticae infested cucumber leaves in both samples. We discussed whether their similar olfactory responses would be related to their experience of previous rearing conditions.

---

Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a predatory mite that can control spider mites. The effect of seven strawberry cultivars (including: ‘Marak’, ‘Yalova’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Gaviota’, ‘Sequoia’, ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’) on the growth and development of N. californicus was studied in the laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16L: 8D photoperiod). There was significant difference in the number of trichomes on the leaves of strawberry cultivars. Life table parameters were analyzed based on age˗ stage, two˗sex life table. Egg incubation and protonymphal duration were significantly different when the predator was reared on different cultivars. There was no significant difference of total longevity among different cultivars. The longest preoviposition period was observed on ‘Aliso’ (1.70 days). The fecundity rate on ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Sequioa’ (6.90 and 8.91 eggs, respectively) was lower than other cultivars tested. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.20 day^-1) and fecundity rates (13.29 eggs) were on ‘Chandler’, which might be due to the higher nutritional quality of Tetranychus urticae Koch reared on it or its low density of trichomes. Among the seven strawberry cultivars ‘Sequoia’, ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Yalova’ were recognized unsuitable for development and reproduction of N. californicus.

---

 Our conceptual system is metaphor based. Children also face this cognitive interaction from the beginning of language acquisition. Accordingly, based on their little knowledge of the environment and vocabularies, they benefit from adult`s   metaphorical system.Nowadays children`s knowledge is different from that of Piaget`s time and even after this era. Mass communication, modern toys like X-boxes and tablets all have developed children`s cognitive world. In this field study, sixty 2- to 5- years-old Persian-speaking boys and girls were examined in order to understand the time of comprehension and use of embodied metaphors regarding the variable of age in them.  A self-mode test was prepared on the basis of Persian metaphoric phrases and Bialka-pkul`s study (2003). Method: The research method was descriptive-survey and the population consisted of 2-5-year-old children of kindergartens in zones 1, 4, and 20 of Tehran. Sixty monolingual normal girls and boys made the sample. The research results are zeitgeist of complete understanding and relative understanding of embodiment metaphorical expressions and perception content due to the age variant in addition. The result of this study with the results of the Bialka- Pikul (2003) was in line. There is a difference that Bialka-pkul research, study on children from age of   3 years, three month but current research says children from the age of two years have a relative understanding of embodiment metaphorical expressions, this study denotes that perception content increasing due to the age variant and cognitive interest. Result: Response of children to tests questions shows children speech in three distinct cultural groups. Persian -language children's speech in no.1 urban area of Tehran city whom they interaction with nature and their metaphorical expressions derived from natural and pristine words, while (the four) children use the environment words frequently, while (the twenty) use metaphorical expressions derived from adult speech and common phrases and words of Persian language. Different use of metaphoric phrases by children indicate different confederacy of receiving physical realm and the realm of subjective perception and cognitive in three different under study cultural groups. Such knowledge is not unique and represents a significant number of children's cognitive differences in the three under study areas .Results: 2-2.5-year-olds gained the least points (0.4 out of 4) in metaphor understanding and had the most and the least difficulties in color and sound metaphors, respectively, but the other groups got higher points (1.5, 1.3, 2.2, 2.1, 3, orderly). The boys had better understanding than girls although the difference wasn't significant (P>0.05).


 

---

The decline of biodiversity, specifically of insects is one of the major topics in conservation biology. In several countries of Europe, recent studies have shown a severe decline in species number and biomass of insects. In most countries of much higher diversity, much less is known about the state of the insect fauna. In this study, we focus on the acridid grasshoppers of Iran as an indicator taxon for diversity decline in a high diversity region. We used data of two surveys to suggest a change in species number between 1963 and after 2000. In the surveys before 1963, the species diversity across multiple localities in Iran was much higher compared to more recent faunistic studies. While this data is not statistically analyzable as the sampling is not completely comparable, the trends show a clear pattern of decline, which likely reflects the reality, conforms well to individual observations of less frequent encounters in the field and matches global patterns of insect decline. However, more standardized quantitative surveys are needed to generate statistically analyzable data. Potential reasons for the observed decline are severe draughts as a result of global climate change, habitat pollution, and destruction for construction and mining and especially overgrazing. Management actions need to be urgently put into place to stop the negative trends. Future studies need to document and test if these are taxon-specific trends or universal patterns in the region.
 

---

This research explains the morphometric characteristics of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman in Tehran Province. 180 adult female mites were collected from three different colonies of Apis mellifera L. in three apiaries during September 2003 to May 2004. These colonies were divided according to three altitudes-less than 1000m, 1000-1500m and more than 1500m above the sea level. The morphological characteristics of mite samples were examined using light microscopy. Measurements of mite specimens in-cluding body lengths, widths, mean size of leg segments and chelicerae were obtained from 180 females. Data were analyzed using the SAS package. The results revealed that: with 95% confidence intervals, body lengths were 1152.6-1218.9 (for less than 1000m alti-tude), 1163.2-1220.7 (for 1000-1500m altitude) and 1167.1-1228.3 (for grater than 1500m altitude). Also, body widths for those apiaries with 95% confidence intervals were: 1709.8-1818.2, 1712.1-1819.5 and 1720.4-1820.6, respectively. Mean body lengths were 1197.2, 1199.2 and 1200.1 and mean body widths were 1775.6, 1781.7 and 1789.9, respec-tively. No significant differences were observed between the size of leg segments and che-licerae among specimens studied. Comparison between measurements of body lengths and widths of specimens which were collected from Firozkoh (above 1500m altitude), Karaj(1000-1500m altitude) and apiaries in Varamin (less than 1000m altitude) in Tehran Province revealed that there was no significant difference between the three colonies. These specimens were also differ from V. jacobsoni. The results showed that our speci-mens were V. destructor not V. jacobsoni. Moreover, the Tehran Province specimens are similar to V. destructor in that they are less spherical than V. jacobsoni.

---

According to Talmy (2000), the basic motion event consists of one object (the ‘Figure’) moving or located with respect to another object (the reference-object or ‘Ground’). Moreover, its semantic structure has another two internal components, i.e. ‘Path’ and ‘Motion’. The ‘Path’ is the track followed or the location occupied by the Figure object with respect to the Ground object, and the ‘Motion’ refers to the presence in the event of motion or location.
The present research focuses on the transitivity of motion verbs in Persian language.  In order to seek the notion, research data have been analyzed based on Talmy's theoretical framework (2000), and the components of motion in these verbs have been investigated.  The research method is descriptive-analytic.  Consequently, seeking the notion of transitivity in motion verbs, the research includes 219 Modern Persian verbs from two sites (Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB) and Hamshahri Online news website). Among those mentioned motion verbs, 126 cases were intransitive and 63 were transitive.  Based on the main goal of the research, the question was raised; “what is the difference between the figure and the ground in transitive and intransitive verbs?” it is necessary to mention, the criterion for determining the transition is following the pattern of "NP1, transitive verb, NP2". 
Persian language express a Motion event using the transitive construction in which the subject denotes the Figure (the moving entity) and the object denotes the Ground (the reference object). In Persian language, in most cases, verbs can express a motion event in the Intransitive Construction. . In Persian, the object usually depicts the referral point or path based on the semantic features of the verb.  In cases of causative verbs, the object is the same as the figure that makes the displacement.  In addition, in the intransitive structures, the subject is the figure and intransitive verbs demonstrate a change or a new position.  In these examples, the path is often shown through a prepositional phrase.

---

The objective of this research work was to study the effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum pre-induced with genistein (G) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and early growth of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Four day-old seed-lings were transferred to pots, containing sterilized sand and turface (2:1 v:v) mixture and, receiving Hoagland’s nutrient solution, without nitrogen. The plants were grown in a growth chamber using a randomized complete block design with six replications. The rhizobia were cultured in TY medium and incubated with G, and/or MJ. The incubated rhizobia were used after 24 hours to inoculate the bean seedlings. The results showed that both G and MJ enhanced the nodule number, nitrogen content per plant, and plant dry matter. Genistein and MJ, when applied together to cultures, showed synergistic effects on all the characters studied. The results of this study indicated that MJ alone, or in com-bination with G, can be used to promote bean nodulation, nitrogen fixation and early plant growth.

---

The iolinid mite Coccalicus clavatus Willmann, 1952 was collected during a survey from the soil of Gilanegharb, Kermanshah, Iran in 2022. This species was first described in the family Alycidae by Willmann in 1952 and then André and Uusitalo transferred it to the family Iolinidae in 2006, accompanied by transferring species from the genus Paratydaeolus to the genus Coccalicus. Some challenges about species characters of this mite are discussed in this paper and the synonymy of C. lukoschusi and C. clavatus is proposed. The genus consists of 12 species with clavate trichobothria, and is related to various habitats like soil, stored products, under barks, on leaves of different plants, and on birds. They have been reported from Europe, Antarctica and North America and this is the first record of the Coccalicus mites from Asia.

---

  Critical thinking is the integration of knowledge, attitude, and practical skill. Today the scholars of education believe that one of the most important aims of academic learning is critical thinking. After an introduction on this subject, our study presents a short history of the scholarship on critical thinking along with the five principals of any act of critical thinking, namely: (1) Inference, (2) Recognition of assumption, (3) Deduction (4) Interpretation, and finally (5) Evaluation of argument. Critical thinking, unfortunately, has no place in the educational system for Persian. Using Watson-Glaser’s questionnaire, we have evaluated the evolution of critical thinking amongst the students of Persian (2009-2013) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Based on our statistics, we have concluded that the critical thinking has not improved in those years.

---

Environmental conditions can cause variation in morphology, behavior, and possibly epigenetic in the numerous species of the Gomphocerinae, especially in mountain habitats. Plasticity and changes in morphology in many of the species in this subfamily is caused by character segregation through the female choice of copulation that has produced various clines, sub-species or species groups. The variation and plasticity, as a result of environmental stress, besides morphology, affect physiology and epigenetics of many insect species. Environmental stress and female assortative mating might be accompanied by hybridization in populations, resulting in character divergence and speciation after a long period of time. Contemporary evolution and/or epigenetic inheritance may be a reason for their variation in acoustic and morphology of Gomphocerinae and the main factor in the present situation of difficulty in their classification. We review possible effects of environmental stress on plasticity, hybridization, and speciation by the appearance of endemic species. About half of the insect pest species have reduced their impacts as pests under global warming. The present insect pest situation in Iran is discussed.

---

Aims: Adolescents are among one of the most vulnerable populations, and the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid and unprecedented changes in the lives of millions of adolescents around the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the health-promoting behaviors among female Iranian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Instrument & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 529 female students from Saveh, Iran high schools were selected by multi-stage sampling and participated in the study. Data were collected using the Demographic Information and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLPII). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and independent t-tests in SPSS 21.
Findings: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the health-promoting behavior score was moderate (89.3±11.2). Among the dimensions of HPLPII, the highest scores were related to health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity, and stress management. There were significant differences in mean scores across numerous health-promoting behavior domains and father’s occupation status, mother’s education level, hobby type, and participants' academic status.
Conclusion: Moderate overall mean score of health-promoting behaviors and low mean scores across stress management and physical activity domains suggest that female youth require resources to improve health behaviors, particularly during the ongoing pandemic.
 

---

The meristic data of the following species of terrestrial Parasitengona (Acari: Trombidiformes) from Australia are given: Paratrombium australe Southcott, 1997, P. anemone Southcott, 1997, P. curculionis Southcott, 1997, Eutrombidium trigonum (Walsh, 1866), E. orientale Southcott, 1993, Hexathrombium willisi Southcott, 1993, Verdunella lockleii (Welbourn & Young, 1988), Buandikia anneae Southcott, 1994, Willungella willungae (Hirst, 1931), Workandella virgata Southcott, 1994, Thormicrella janeae Southcott, 1994, Yurebilla gracilis Southcott, 1996, Abrolophus tonsor (Southcott, 1996), Harpagella moxonae Southcott, 1996, Callidosoma tindalei Southcott, 1972, C. rostratum Southcott, 1972, C. tiki Southcott, 1972, C. dasypodiae (Womersley, 1934), and C. susanae Clark, 2014. The type specimens were deposited in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia (SAM). A key to hermanni species subgroup  is also included.

---

Energy is aconsidered as one of the major inputs of production along with other inputs such as labor and capital that contribute to the production process. Moreover, most energy sources have fossil origin and are irreversible, so on the one hand, the basic features of the finitude of other energy inputs to production are distinct and the necessity of energy saving and the possibility of substituting them with the renewable forms are self-evident. Industrial energy demand analysis has always been one of the leading fields of research in economics. This issue is more critical in the case of developing countries, especially those with transitional experiences. In this paper, third generation of dynamic factor demand models for the Iranian manufacturing industries is estimated to analyze the speed of adjustment in factor demands. Using the quadratic functional form, this result was the elimination of energy subsidies in the short term which has a great impact on the industry to reduce energy demand. But, it is believed that in the long run, the intensity of this effect will be diminished. Furthermore, the results show that the speed of adjustment in capital stock of factory industry is very low.

---

The ability to speak is an important part of every body’s language proficiency. This ability plays an important role in the academic life of students. But scoring and assessing speaking is not easy. In this research, we try to study the validity of Ferdowsi University’s Persian proficiency test. We know that every test has a certain amount of error; but in scoring speaking ability if the scoring rubric is designed in a scientific way, the score attributed to the speakers' speech ability is likely to be very similar to their actual language ability. In other words, the appropriate scoring rubric can have a significant effect on reducing the error rate of the test. In norm-reference tests, this can be achieved only when test designers can say what scoring constructs they intend to measure and how successful they are in achieving that goal. Also, it should be clear whether the scoring scale can distinguish weak, medium, and strong test takers. On the other hand, in applying the scoring rubric , the level of consensus of the scorers should be clear. In order to see how successful is the scoring rubric in Ferdowsi Persian proficiency test, in measuring the test taker’s speaking ability, the authors analyzed the result of one of the proficiency tests administered at Ferdowsi University with Rasch model and factor analysis. The result showed that scorer reliability is 0.97 which is so high. It showed that scorers have the same understanding of the scoring rubric. This means that the scorers have given the test takers a relatively stable score, which is a strong point for the test. Also, the scores have used the scoring rubric properly because the cut score goes up in an organized way as the ability of test-takers increase. Each of the four thresholds obtained by the Rash statistical model differs by approximately 5 degrees, respectively. A regular increase in thresholds is commensurate with the ability of the test takers. This indicates a correct understanding of the scorers of the 5 grades specified in the scoring rubric; in other words, scorers have a good understanding of the level of competence of test takers and its relationship with the grades in the scoring rubric. The Wright map shoes that the scoring rubric can differentiate basic, intermediate and advanced test-takers well. Although on the top of the map there are 8 test-takers which there is no score for them that means the needs some higher scores for them. On the other hand, factor load for three constructs, delivery, language use and topic development are 0.74, 0.78 and 0.76. This shows that dividing speaking ability into these three constructs is proper while language use has the highest factor load and topic development has the lowest factor load.

---

Aims: Depression, anxiety, and psychiatric symptoms are more prevalent among women than men. Given the significance of depression literacy and its associated factors, this study aimed to explore the level of depression literacy and its correlation with depression stigma and attitudes toward seeking help among Iranian women attending health centers in Saveh City.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 280 women aged 18-65 selected through cluster sampling from September 2023 to December 2023 in Saveh County, Iran. Reliable and validated tools, including the D-Lit Questionnaire, Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale, and DSS-Personal Subscale were utilized for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA. Predictors were identified through hierarchical linear regression analysis.
Findings: The lowest correct answer rate was associated with knowledge of available treatment methods (15.4%). The mean scores for D-Lit, attitude toward seeking help, and personal depression stigma were 41.36±4.83, 23.63±3.69, and 25.39±4.36, respectively. Education level, consultation with a psychologist, attitude toward seeking help, and depression stigma collectively accounted for approximately 23% of the variance in depression literacy.
Conclusions: The level of depression literacy among Iranian women is insufficient.

---

Abstract: In this paper the experimental study of the flow pattern around a round wall jet has been carried out to investigate the effect of the bed roughness on the turbulence characteristics, including Reynolds stress and turbulence intensities. Measurements were conducted using the three-dimensional velocimeter, ADV and time series of the velocity components are used to investigate the variation of the turbulent flow parameters along the measuring domain. The results showed that by increasing the bed roughness, the streamwise and vertical turbulence intensities increase by downstream distance and for a specific bed roughness the streamwise turbulence intensity is higher than the vertical one. Furthermore, by going downstream from the jet entrance the bed shear stress reduces and by increasing the bed roughness, the bed shear stress has an increasing trend along the jet centerline. Location of the maximum bed shear stress does not change by changing the bed roughness.

---

Study on the physics of sediment particle movement in micro scale is essential for better understanding sediment transport phenomenon and estimating the rate of sediment transport in rivers and marine environment. Sediment particles basically transport in two modes of bed and suspended load. Bed load takes place through sliding, rolling and saltation. Many parameters influence on this process, which their effects are not fully understood. In this research the influence of the affecting parameters on movement of sediment particles in saltation under unidirectional steady flow are investigated. First, a numerical model is developed to simulate the particle motion in bed load saltation. Then the influencing parameters such as particle shape and its position between other particles, upon the jump length and average velocity of the particles are studied. The result of the study improves our understanding and results in better estimation of sediment transport rate for engineering application.