---

The purpose of the present study was to use the architectural patterns of Islamic schools in order to provide guidelines for physical environmental design of modern schools based on enhancing users’ learning. Schools, as the most important places to train human forces, play an important role in enhancing learning levels of people. Therefore, designing appropriate environments regarding students’ comprehensive development is a necessity. Spatial order and the relationship between spaces are important factors in providing physical and mental comfort for users. The spatial arrangements define communications, events and experiences within the space of interest. On the other hand, study of Islamic schools’ architecture can help the understanding of physical criteria affecting school design. The present study investigated the determining factors of physical arrangements in Islamic period schools and comparing them with modern schools, with the purpose of enhancing learning. The method of this study was quantitative-qualitative that has been conducted analytically and as survey. The sample of this study consisted of all art teachers and high school teachers of Zahedan province in the academic year of 2015-2016. In this study, Multistage Cluster Sampling method was used and the sample consisted of 310 subjects. The researchers extracted effective variables through library investigations and studying the samples of Islamic period schools in Iran. In the next stage, the obtained variables were analyzed and after confirming the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, it was used to assess the sample’s point of view. The obtained results were analyzed in SPSS software. The results indicate that the physical arrangements have positive effects on users’ learning. These criteria consist of walking in the environment, flexibility, open and roofed spaces, the relationship between inside and outside spaces, furniture, and space categories. Finally, the research findings have been formulated as the design principles of modern schools in order to enhance users’ learning.           Considering each of the environmental criteria as design principles of modern schools based on enhancing leaning will be as follows: 1. Space categories: Putting together the spaces with similar performance Separating spaces with different functions to avoid noise pollution transmission 2. Hierarchy and movement in space: Designing appropriate dimensions for the classes by predicting the movement space around the benches Observing the communicative hierarchies of various spaces Converting movement and communicative routes to learning environments by predicting seating and study spaces to adjust corridors and stairs spaces   3. Designing flexible spaces: The possibility to change class space for various individual and group activities Dedicating flexible and independent space to educational and cultural activities Designing collective spaces as open plan and the possibility to divide spaces with light and movable walls Creating multipurpose spaces for rest, study, etc. Participation of users in changing the furniture and space arrangements 4. Open and roofed spaces Designing learning yards by providing the opportunity for empirical learning Crating differences in yard floor and resting spaces for small and large groups Combining open and green spaces between closed spaces in a scattered manner 5. The relationship between inside and outside spaces Designing semi-open spaces for group activities Providing good prospects towards the outdoor in the corridors, halls and classrooms Extending the closed spaces towards yard using terraces, semi-open corridors and using canopy walls Designing semi-open spaces for resting along with the green spaces 6. Furniture Designing furniture through providing easy mobility and verbal and visual communication

---

Aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verbs. the ‘durative phrase’ and its effect on the aspectual interpretation of different verbs is amongst important issues in surveying lexical aspect too. In order to determine the effect of durative phrase on the aspectual interpretation of sentences which include achievement and accomplishment, the present research aims to analyze aspectual interpretation of telic predicates (achievement and accomplishment) in the presence of the durative phrase in Persian. The results of the analysis based on MacDonald’s (2008) approach and within the Minimalist Program framework showed that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. The analyzing of accomplishment predicates showed that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative feature of the object but also it depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility.

1. Introduction
In different languages of the world, aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verb which encodes in different ways. In domain studies of aspects, linguists distinguish between grammatical and lexical aspects. The lexical aspect which is the intrinsic and semantic feature of the verb refers to the time structure of the event but the grammatical aspect appears in the surface sentence and shows the viewpoint of the speaker toward the sentence time structure. According to lexical aspect, verbs are divided into four groups. State and activity predicate which are telic and achievement and accomplishment predicate which are atelic. “Durative phrase” and its effect on aspectual interpretation is one of the topics which are mentioned in surveying the verb aspectual interpretations. The main goal of the current research is surveying the aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment which are telic predicates in the presence of a durative phrase and what is the effect of adding a durative phrase on the sentence which contains achievement and accomplishment predicates. Surveying this topic will be done according to Mac Donald’s approach (2008) which has been mentioned in the Minimalist Program General Framework.

1.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses
The main question that this research tries to answer is what is the effect of adding a durative phrase on the achievement and accomplishment predicates? The primary hypothesis is the durative phrase is compatible with both achievement and accomplishment telic predicates.

2. Literature Review
Non–Iranian researchers like Alsina (1999), Ramchand (2003), borer (2005), Thompson (2006) and MacDonald (2008) have presented different syntactic and semantic analyses of lexical aspects. Mainly Iranian researchers have classified verbs based on their event and aspectual structure in Persian.  According to reviewed research, research about aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment predicates in the presence of durative phrases hasn’t been surveyed in Persian yet.
 
3. Methodology
The methodology of this research is analytic-descriptive. For this purpose, in this research, we scrutinized the effect of durative phrases in Persian sentences that contain achievement and accomplishment predicates in the Minimalist Approach Framework.

4. Results
The result of this research shows that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. However, destructive irreversible achievements and some overthrowing irreversible achievements that have momentary nature aren’t compatible with durative phrases. The analysis of accomplishment predicates shows that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of a durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative features of the object, but also depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility.  Against Mac Donald’s overgeneralization, there are some exceptions and violation cases about the aspectual interpretation of accomplishment predicates in the Persian language.  Finally, according to the impact of internal arguments and the nature of predicates, the presence of a durative phrase is effective on the aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment predicates.

 

---

In this study, the effect of addition of three different levels of microbial lipase (0, 4, and 8.0 g lipase in 100 kg milk) was investigated on the physiochemical properties, free fatty acids, textural properties, and microstructure of Lighvan cheese during ripening. The addition of lipase did not significantly affect pH, acidity, moisture, and salt content of Lighvan cheese, but increased its free fatty acid content considerably. It also increased hardness and decreased the brittleness of Lighvan cheese in all stages of ripening. The number and the mean diameter of fat globules, which were entrapped in casein network, were affected by all levels of the added lipase. Following the addition of lipase to Lighvan cheese and after 90 days of ripening, individual fat globules or their aggregates totally disappeared and some fingerprints of fat were observed. Disappearance of fat globules along with increase in protein matrix junctions leads to uniform structure of casein consisting voids which are produced from fermentation.

---

Coconut is a good source of bioactive compounds due to the presence of tocopherols and phytosterols, which are increasingly used to enrich various food products. The use of coconut powder in the formulation of flavored milk with regard to its phytosterol compounds can increase the nutritional value of milk and its organoleptic acceptability among consumers. However, one of the major challenges in the flavored milk industry is their physical instability, which can be effective in using hydrocolloids at the appropriate concentration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the optimal formulation of coconut milk containing tragacanthin gum (solution of tragacanth) to achieve a product with Desirable quality characteristics. For this purpose, the response surface method with the central composite investigated the effect of tragacanthin gum on 5 levels (0, 0.075, 0.15, 0.225 and 0.3%) and coconut powder on 5 levels (2, 3.5, 5, 6/5 and 8%) on the physical, chemical and sensory properties of coconut milk was used. Statistical results showed that increasing coconut powder and tragacanthin gum in coconut milk formulation significantly decreased pH and increased acidity (p<0.05). According to the results of the viscosity test, the viscosity increased as the formulation of tragacanthin and coconut powder increased (p<0.05). Results show an increase of sedimentation amount once the coconut powder increased. While by increasing the gum tragacanthin concentration, there was a twofold effect in sedimentation amount and in average level of gum, the minimum amount of sediment was observed. Also, the sensory evaluation of coconut milk samples indicated that the highest sensory acceptability was for samples containing intermediate amounts of coconut powder. But tragacanthin gum only influenced the flavor and consistency of parameters. Finally, the sample consisted of 4.28% coconut powder and 0.15% tragacanthin gum as optimum sample with desirable physical, chemical and sensory properties.
 

---

In this study the effects of concentration on tannin content, total anthocyanin content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry juice using conventional and microwave methods under various operational pressures (100, 38.5 and 12 kPa) were investigated. The final juice concentration of 42° Brix was achieved in 137, 125, and 93 minutes at 100, 38.5 and 12 kPa, respectively, by conventional heating. Applying microwave energy decreased required times to 115, 90, and 75 min. at 100, 38.5 and 12 kPa, respectively. Results showed that thermal treatment by microwave compared to conventional heating under low-pressure operation (12 kPa) caused less decrease in the phytochemical content (tannin content, total anthocyanin content, total phenol content and antioxidant activity) of cornelian cherry juice.

---

---

Poor organoleptic and physicalproperties of Low Fat Cheese (LFC) suggest the use of some hydrocolloids in its production. In this study, the effect of addition of Basil Seed Gum (BSG (into the structure of low-fat white brined cheese was investigated. To obtain a good view about the protein and polysaccharide interactions in cheese, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were also used. The results indicated that the incorporation of BSG into the cheese matrix and the creation of new interactions caused some changes in the cheese properties. There was considerable slump in the hardness value of the cheese samples containing BSG throughout ripening. The addition of BSG in the cheese matrix weakened its microstructure due to a decrease in the electrostatic attraction between the macromolecules, which was mainly a result of high salt concentration. Thermal properties and FTIR spectra of cheese samples were altered with polysaccharide incorporation as well as the ripening period.
 

---

---

In this research, physicochemical properties, texture and microstructure of traditional Kope cheese prepared in two different types of packaging (jar and plastic) and at two different ripening temperatures including soil (8-12 ^oC) and refrigerator (5-8 ^oC) During the ripening period (60 days) was examined by factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the amount of acidity, moisture, ratio of total nitrogen to dry matter and water-soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen in ripened cheeses in plastic packaging was significantly higher (P<0.05). Regardless of the type of packaging, samples ripened at soil temperature had higher acidity, total nitrogen to dry matter ratio, and water-soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen. Investigation of rheological properties and microstructure of Kope cheese showed that the packaged treatments in jar at both soil and refrigerator temperatures have less moisture and therefore a firmer texture. While plastic-packed treatments at both soil and refrigerator temperatures have more and smaller pores and as a result have a spongy structure and softer texture compared to the other two treatments.