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The issue of polysemy has been considered within cognitive approach by Iranian linguists in recent years. That’s because the authors  have  analyzed the  simple form of the verb  /čijən/ (i.e., going) in  kalhori /kermanshaian Kurdish based on principled–polysemy approach proposed by Evans & Green  in 2006. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through Kurdish speakers’ daily conversation and analyzed based on the mentioned approach in a descriptive-analytic way. Also, the authors used Kurdish speakers and their own linguistic intuition to approve the authenticity of the data. The results showed that the prototypical meaning of this verb was “GO” that has forty-five distinct meanings, such as “travel”, “drive”, “migrate”, “flow”, “set”, “finish”, “charge”, “send'', etc. in its own semantic clusters including six distinct semantic clusters. Finally, these forty-five distinct meanings along with their six semantic clusters were illustrated in a semantic network. Also, the findings showed that a favorable explanation of the polysemy of this verb in Kalhori Kurdish can be obtained based on the mentioned approach. The polysemy representation of this verb in Kalhori Kurdish can be useful for a better understanding of the polysemy of other verbs in Kurdish.
 

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In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word constitutes a semantic concept, and the various meanings of that word assign themselves to radial network members of that concept. Accordingly, this study investigates the polysemy of the prefix "/pas-/" based on a cognitive semantic approach. The nature of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical, and data have been extracted from Persian-language resources, namely Dehkhoda Dictionary (1994), Moein Dictionary (2003), and Amid Dictionary (2010), using a library research method. In this study, the two criteria of Tylor and Evans (2003), namely the prototypical fixed meaning or historically evidenced meaning and salience and prominence in the semantic network, have been employed to determine the primary or prototype meaning of Persian language prefixes. The authors aim to demonstrate that the prefix "/pas-/" is a polysemous prefix with a spectrum of lexical functions. This prefix, given its usage in Persian, has different semantic clusters such as "after, before, in front, back, and behind," which have expanded from a prototype or primary meaning. The findings indicated that the prefix "/pas-/" attaches to diverse textual foundations and generates newly derived words such as "pas-farda (the day after tomorrow), pas-pariirooz (the day before yesterday), pas-andaz (savings), pas-larze (aftershock)," and the like. It is observed that the prefix "/pas-/" possesses an extensive radial network due to the combination of this prefix with various verbs.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive functions on verbal fluency. For this purpose, some cognitive functions and verbal fluency in adult patients with right hemisphere damage were evaluated. The methodological nature of this study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study consists of 18 adult patients with right hemisphere damage and 18 healthy adults. Selective attention test, memory test, clock drawing test (visual neglect) and verbal fluency test were used to evaluate cognitive functions and linguistic skill of the subjects. Research data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between performance of adult patients with right hemisphere damage and healthy adults in the cognitive tests (P< 0.05). Likewise, in the verbal fluency test, there is a significant difference between performance of adult patients with right hemisphere damage and healthy adults (P< 0.05). In addition, the research findings showed that there is a correlation between cognitive functions and verbal fluency. Also, the results showed that damage to the right hemisphere of brain can lead to disorders in cognitive functions of patients with right hemisphere damage. Furthermore, it seems that impairment in cognitive functions can cause problems in language skills.
 

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The concept of Quranic phrase بَعُوضَةً فَمَا فَوْقَهَا" : a gnat or a larger entity" has been always the subject of dispute among interpreters and translators of the Holy Quran. Apparently, the word "فوق: above" is not used in its common sense (higher and larger), rather, used in the parable sense, i.e. the opposite meaning "lesser and lower". The current study, applying an analytic-descriptive inquiry, using linguistics and referring to lexics, syntax, interpretation books, and considering the differences of words "«فـ»، «ما»، «فوق» : above, anything, or, respectively" based on intertextuality relations, assessed such implications in  words of Islamic grandees (Hadith of the holy Prophet, Imam Ali, and Imam Kazem). The phrase has been neglected due to the intertextuality to get the meaning of the verse, and has been interpreted as "larger and higher". Also with regard to intertextuality of this Quranic phrase and assuming a phrase from Sermon 164 of Nahjo- al-Balagheh, it is indicated that " فـَ" in this phrase means " إلی : to " and should be translated as«تا»  in Persian, implying an ascending trend. Moreover, reviewing many Persian translations of this phrase and providing the diagrams, it is revealed that the word«فوق»  in Persian does not certainly tolerate two opposite meanings (in any case), and accordingly, only some translations remain faithful.

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Today, syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses are widely applied by literature researchers and experts as principal methods in understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Taking syntagmatic and paradigmatic analyses into consideration, this research seeks to explore the explicit and implicit meanings of the Arabic term (Doon), literally translated as “other than, instead of, besides, and apart from”, in the Holy Quran. It also aims to determine how much attention Quran translators have paid to the meanings of the term and in transferring them into the target language, namely Persian. The study, conducted based on structural semantics and using descriptive –analytic research methodology, has found that the term "دون" (Doon) has various meanings and functions in the Holy Quran, but in some cases, translators have failed to render them correctly. The original meaning of the term is “other than and inferior” which is seen almost in all phrases and lexical combinations in the Holy Book. Therefore, for instance, the phrase "من دون الله", which has been transplanted as “other than, besides and apart from Allah” in famous translations, can be rendered as “[someone/something] other as Allah that is inferior”. فرودِ" (Inferior)" or از فرودِ" (Inferior to)" have been used as equivalents to "دون" (Doon) in old Persian translations of the Quran which closely correspond with the denotation of the Arabic word ,since they contain both the sense of “other than” and “inferior”. However, "دون" (Doon) can bear different meanings in different contexts.
 

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Error is a common and yet predictable phenomenon in the process of learning a second language. Traditionally, errors were seen as obstacles in learning a second language. So they should be avoided, but today errors are regarded as important factors in learning a second language. Language interferences are a category of errors that are the result of transferring a native’s language knowledge to the target language. Language transfer may occur in two ways: positive and negative transfer. Positive transfer occurs when there are similarities between source language and target languages. This transfer will help learning a second language. Negative transfer occurs in cases where there are differences between first and second languages and they cause language interferences.

The present research, within the framework of "error analysis" based on Brown (2007) classification of errors, is intended to analyze the syntactic errors that result from the interference between Kalhori Kurdish and Persian in the speech of Kalhori natives. So, among speech errors, syntactic errors, and among them the errors caused by the interference between first language and second language were analyzed. The approach of this study is integrated (quantitative/qualitative). The sample included 170 bilingual Kalhori males and females living in Kermanshah. They were selected via voluntary sampling method. Interviews were held in the presence of interviewees to collect data, during which participants were asked to speak about a memory in Persian.  The results of the study showed that errors from the most frequent to the least frequent were of components of compound verbs, prepositions, order of components in a sentence, “ra”, incorrect verb, using redundant “je”, conjunction and incorrect pronoun. The reason for the occurrence of language interference in the speech of Kalhori natives is that in the mind of language learners, Kurdish language system is completely formed as the first language. According to the transfer theory, the reason for the existence of interlingual errors is the existence of this mental system. At the beginning of learning Persian as a second language, the language learner relies in many cases on his first language. Thus, using first language structure leads to the interference of structures.

The results of the present study can help to present some pedagogical guidelines for teachers, syllabus designers, test constructors and language learners to decrease problems of learning Persian. So if a teacher becomes aware of linguistic findings, such as error analysis, he can figure out why learning is not happening. In addition to that identifying errors helps teachers to evaluate the progress of their students and they become aware of the points they should put more emphasis. Also, the results of this study can help syllabus designers to design books for bilingual students. Since the purpose of the tests is to evaluate students' knowledge, test constructors, with knowledge of the errors recognize where students have difficulty with. In this way, the reason for the problems of bilingual students is not just their lack of attention to the lessons.  Learners themselves can make their assumptions about language through their errors and identify and resolve their linguistic problem.

 
 

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One of the problems associated with adaptive FIR filters in the identification of systems with long impulse responses, is their excessive computational complexity. Recently a new kind of adaptive filters, based on three-level clipping of the input signal has been presented for reduction of their computational complexity. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the steady-state misalignment of adaptive filter equipped with the LMS algorithm, based on three-level clipping, is presented and by using it the minimum mean square error is achieved. This analysis can be a basis in the design of the above mentioned filters with appropriate clipping levels and proper step-sizes for system identification applications.

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 The nature of national identity in any society depends on the dimensions of the constructor and its status, and consequently the nature of the constructive dimension and its status will bring different results in different societies. In the present study, the relationship between historical awareness and national identity of citizens in Kermanshah, in a sample of 384 people aged 18 and over has been studied. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between historical awareness and national identity of citizens (a case study of Kermanshah). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Most variables had an alpha level above 0.75, which indicates the high power of the measuring instrument. SPSS statistical software and inferential statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used to analyze the data. Findings show that between historical awareness and total national identity (r = 0.445), national identity in the social dimension (r = 0.104), in the political dimension (r = 0.583), in the geographical dimension (0.432) R = 0) and there is a positive and significant relationship in the cultural dimension (r = 0.260). In addition, the results of multivariate regression also indicate that the effect of historical awareness is in the political dimension (Beta = 0.555), geographical dimension (Beta = 0.141) and social dimension (Beta = 0.101). These three components of historical consciousness were able to explain and predict about 40% of the conceptual space of the dependent variable of national identity. Accordingly, it can be said that involving citizens in the political and cultural decisions of the country, expanding the supply of information to familiarize people with the historical, social and political aspects of life can promote a common sense of solidarity and national identity.
 

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The art of steganography is used to hide the relationship and secret messages between sender and receiver for the sake of information security in communication networks. Capacity, imperceptibility and robustness are three important pillars of steganography requirements. Increasing each of these factors in steganography may result in decreasing the other factors. Optimization methods with respect to an acceptable value for one factor can be used to increase the other factors. In this paper by specifying the scope of PSNR as a measure of imperceptibility and in order to increase capacity, steganography is conducted using PSO algorithm. In the proposed method considering the order of each bit-plane of cover image, steganography is run with a matrix encoding method. In the present study the capacity of stego images for famous cover images is examined. The results show that the proposed method in comparison with some recent ones 

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The study of the evolution of literary schools and comparing the principles and characteristics of different schools is one of the important fields of research in the  comparative literature.Meanwhile, the contrast between classicalism and romanticism in the theory of literary genre and their different approaches to this category, is very significant. The authors believe that there are both intellectual and social principles in these two schools that theory of the literary genre of the schools, in spite of the plurality or apparent differences, is based on these principles and a large part of the contrast between these two schools is also the result of the opposition of these principles.This research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach and want to explain the principles and foundations in the context of intellectual and social conditions, its impact on the theory of literary types and, ultimately, the comparison of these schools. The results of this research show that the theory of essentialism and different perceptions of the theory of mimesis including belief of fixed and unchanging laws of literary genre, the purity of literary genre, as well as the belief in the existence of hierarchy among literary genre and the superiority of types of narratives such as tragedy and epic ,is the basis for the formation of the general principles of the theory of classical literary types of classicalism. In contrast , the components such as historicism, attention to the genius of the poet in the creation of literary work and the tendency toward individuality has led to the formation of a new theory of genres in the romanticism which it is based on the rejection of rules  governing literary genre, the combination of existing literary genre, and the consideration of other literary forms, especially the lyric literature , novel, and the creation of new genre.

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The present study probes the nonlinear free vibrations of viscoelastic polymeric composite plate reinforced by carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, Kelvin-Voigt model is utilized. Moreover, the equations of motion are extracted by the Hamilton principle and taking into account Von Karman nonlinearity. In order to solve and analyze nonlinear free vibrations, the researchers utilized multiple scales method. Thanks to this method, the normal nonlinear frequencies of the system were obtained, and as well, the impact of various factors such as dampness coefficient, material viscosity and carbon nanotubes volume fraction were investigated. Besides, the thickness-dimension ratio of the plate and its impact on the normal frequency was also studied. The findings of the study highlighted that an increase in the ratio of plate’s thickness to its length causes an increase in the normal nonlinear frequency of the plate. Additionally, as the volume fraction of the carbon nanotubes increases, system’s normal nonlinear frequency increases as well. Finally, the impact of different distribution of carbon nanotubes on the normal nonlinear frequency and system’s time response was also probed. As it could be vividly observed, nonlinear frequency for FGO distribution was reported to be further than uniform distribution, but the trend was in reverse for FGX distribution.

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Shear walls are resistant to lateral forces such as wind and earthquake. In recent decades, because of proper ductility and high strength of steel shear walls, engineers and researchers are interested to these walls. If the shear yielding occurs before buckling of web plate of wall, the wall will absorb more energy. Reinforcing steel plate shear wall would cause shear yielding occurs before buckling. In order to strengthen of wall can be used steel stiffeners or one layer of concrete. Steel shear walls with a layer of concrete to increase the strength out of plane called composite shear wall. Composite shear walls consist of a thin steel plate, two columns and two horizontal floor beams with one or two concrete layers. Considering the few studies that have been done on this type of walls, in this study, the effect of opening and stud spacing will be discussed in the behavior of the composite shear wall. Firstly, the 10-storey building with composite shear walls designed. Then upper floor selected and finite element models of this floor modeled with Abaqus. The models are one span and one story that length of span (inside into columns) and a height of story (the inside of the beams) is 3 m. Beams and columns are IPB280 and thickness of web plate and concrete layer are 2 and 100 mm respectively. It should be mentioned, to prevent local buckling column flange at the beam-column connection, in line of beam flange, continuity plate is considered. In this study to ensure the accuracy of the finite element model and ability of Abaqus to accurately estimate the actual behavior of shear walls, several shear walls model and analyze, then their results were compared with the results of the tests in the previous studies (Lubell’s test and Valizadeh’s experimental model). The results show that there is little difference between the experimental results and finite element results. So by taking a little difference can be concluded that the finite element results are acceptable.
In order to compare the results of finite element models of composite and steel shear wall and steel moment frame, boundary elements and also load all three models are considered equal. Compare the results show that, on a constant displacement, the base shear in the steel shear wall is about 120% more than moment frame. Also, the base shear in the composite shear wall is 23% more than steel shear wall.
Considering the results, it is evident that by reducing the distance between the studs, wall strength increases. Also, increasing web plate thickness cause to increases the capacity of the composite shear walls. Opening has always been the creation of composite shear wall resistance decreases. Opening at the sides and corners further reduces the resistance. This is unlike steel shear walls. At the end of this paper was to effect of the stud positions on the composite shear wall behavior. The results indicated that the studs closer to the external environment, resistance of composite shear wall increases.

In order to compare the results of finite element models of composite and steel shear wall and steel moment frame, boundary elements and also load all three models are considered equal. Compare the results show that, on a constant displacement, the base shear in the steel shear wall is about 120% more than moment frame. Also, the base shear in the composite shear wall is 23% more than steel shear wall.
Considering the results, it is evident that by reducing the distance between the studs, wall strength increases. Also, increasing web plate thickness cause to increases the capacity of the composite shear walls. Opening has always been the creation of composite shear wall resistance decreases. Opening at the sides and corners further reduces the resistance. This is unlike steel shear walls. At the end of this paper was to effect of the stud positions on the composite shear wall behavior. The results indicated that the studs closer to the external environment, composite shear wall resistance increases.

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The labor income share is constant under the assumptions of a Cobb-Douglas production function and perfect competition. This paper modifies these assumptions, and investigates how to behave actually dynamic the labor income share within the Iranian manufacturing industries through estimating the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor and the price markup. This paper estimates such elasticity by using of a CES production function under perfect and imperfect competition in the product market. The degree of imperfect competition is measured following the Rojer approach. This dynamism in labor income share is explained by (1) a non-unitary elasticity of substitution between capital and labor; and (2) non-perfect competition in the product market. The results show that the elasticity of substitution is 0.75 under perfect competition without price markup, but it is 0.65 under imperfect competition with price markup. These mean that the elasticity of substitution decreases due to the presence of the price markup in imperfect competition regime, while labor income share increases highly by increase in capital intensity.  

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In this study, we try to evaluate the effect of ionic strength, pH and temperature of washing solutions on nitrate percentage in many leafy and root vegetable. For this purpose three edible solutions including NaCl as high ionic strength solution, baking soda (NaHCO₃) as basic solution and vinegar as acidic solution selected as nitrate losing agents for leafy vegetables (mint, basil, savory, tarragon, parsley, coriander, cress, radish and chives) and the effect of temperature evaluated using warm water (70 -100 ˚C) on nitrate percentage in root vegetables (potato and onion). Nitrate percentage in vegetables changed with different patterns. High ionic strength increased leafy vegetable nitrate percentage in wide rang (20.25 - 85 %(w/w)), pH increasing by baking soda solution increased nitrate percentage of group 1(Mint & Basil) leafy vegetables (33 %(w/w)) and decreased it in other groups partially (0.22 - 6.2 %(w/w)). However, pH decreasing by vinegar solution decreased nitrate percentage in all cases (14.6 - 41 %(w/w)). Optimum concentration of vinegar solution and treatment time in this solution, for maximum nitrate losing were 20 % (w/w) and 10 minutes, respectively. In the second part of this study, effect of solution temperature on nitrate percentage of root vegetables (potato and onion) was evaluated. Results show by this pretreatment nitrate percentage decreased 68.6 %(w/w) about potato and 26.6% (w/w) about onion. The important advantage of this study is vegetables nitrate percentage decrease, while the freshness and safety of these products preserved.  

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The decrease in access to groundwater resources and the constant drop in the water level of aquifers in different regions of the world due to the over extraction and unsustainable management of these resources have caused many environmental, economic and social problems. In the regard, lots of researches have been carried out about the groundwater market as a suitable solution for aquifers restoration. However in some cases the water market has increased the tension on water resources due to the lack of proper water market mechanism and monitoring of water withdrawals. The main purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate a mechanism for the groundwater market in order to redistribute the water rights of groundwater resources and determine the exchange price in the market, taking into account the existing uncertainties. Therefore, proposing efficient and effective groundwater market mechanism, taking into account the institutional, economic, social and environmental components, is of great importance.  In this article, proposing and evaluating the mechanism of the smart water market, a model has been presented for the management of groundwater resources by considering the existing uncertainties. Also, remote sensing of evapotranspiration is proposed as a new approach to measure and monitor water consumption in the groundwater market. In this regard, the uncertainty resulting from the error of remotely-sensed evapotranspiration in the results of the groundwater market mechanism has been evaluated using the robust decision-making (RDM) method. Based on the uncertainty resulting from the error of the remote sensing of the evapotranspiration, the amount of allowed water rights in each season has been considered as an interval. Since the probabilistic distribution of these variables is not known, it is necessary to use non-probabilistic methods to analyze the uncertainty and reach a robust decision. In this regard, considering all possible combinations of seasonal water rights (as different market scenarios) and calculating the decision criteria for each of them, the degree of desirability of these scenarios can be determined. The methodology can be generalized for different study areas, however to evaluate its efficiency, the proposed models and algorithms are assessed using the data of Nough region in Rafsanjan plain, as one of the forbidden plains with high economic value of water in terms of pistachio production. By designing and evaluating groundwater market mechanism, taking into account the economic and social components, sustainable management of groundwater resources is expected to be promoted and farmers' livelihoods to be less affected by water restrictive policies. The results show that the proposed mechanism of the seasonal groundwater market has increased the economic efficiency of water consumption in the study area by 25%. Also, with the implementation of the water market, the redistribution of water rights has a better fit with the users’ cultivated area. Finally, using RDM method, the best scenario is determined as a decision including the allowed water rights values for four auction seasons in the year of market implementation. By choosing the allowed seasonal water rights within the range of strategies related to the best scenario, it is possible to achieve a sustainable policy of seasonal redistribution of groundwater rights in the presence of uncertainty in the market monitoring algorithm.