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Family, as a social institution or group, has been evolving throughout history. Evolution of family needs to be studied in order to understand its functions and structure. Unfortunately, the evolution of family during the long Iranian history has not been studied seriously. This paper is an effort to shed some light on the structure and functions of the Iranian family under Sassanids using documentary method. The findings reveal that the dominant form the family in this period was “extended family” which along with the religious and political institutions constructed the Sassanid society. The family structure in this era was patriarchal, polygamy was prevalent, and in-group marriages were preferred. The official religion of the empire, Zoroastrianism, viewed family as a sacred institution with its main function as reproduction. Other functions of the family were production and provision of economic support, socialization and education of offsprings, who had to inherit their father and mother’s jobs. Relatives of father, in this period, had superiority to the relatives of mother’s side, and the oldest son and his family lived with his parents.

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In stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), breeding programs are mainly aimed at developing plants with high Rebaudioside-A (RA) content. To this end, in order to screen stevia plants and selection of varieties with the highest amount of desired sweeteners (RA) using molecular markers, the present study was conducted on RNA-seq data of varieties having different amounts of RA. We took advantage of CLC to make de novo transcriptome assembly for each variety with k-mer and contig length values of 20 and 200bp, respectively. The assembly was annotated using the latest Arabidopsis proteome release. To identify signatures of candidate polymorphic SSRs among the stevia varieties, the assembled sequences were used as an input for CandiSSR, followed by designing primer pairs for identified polymorphic SSRs. We identified 368 potential polymorphic SSRs based on the stevia transcriptome analysis, among which 360 were qualified for primer design. Almost 89% of the contig sequences possessing polymorphic SSRs had the best blast hit against Arabidopsis proteome. We found contigs similar to the UDP-Glycosyltransferase protein family and Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase which are involved in biosynthesis pathway of steviol glycosides. Also, gene set enrichment analysis using PlantGSE through Hypergeometric test (FDR<0.05) identified enriched metabolic pathways in the sequences contained polymorphic SSRs; It is therefore most likely that such connections exist between the SSRs and biosynthesis of steviol glycosides. Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesized that the SSR markers developed in this study would be reliable in molecular breeding of stevia toward selection of varieties with high RA content.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lyophilized Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum–whey protein concentrate (with the ratio of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1) on physicochemical properties of corn oil–in–water emulsions. Interfacial tension and emulsion characteristics such as particle size distribution, zeta potential, flow behavior, viscosity and creaming were investigated. The results showed that with the increasing gum ratio in the mixture, the interfacial tension increased, but the difference was not statistically significant. In emulsions stabilized with gum–protein mixture, increasing gum content, increased the particles size, negative charge on droplets surface, consistency coefficient, yield stress and hysteresis between the forward and the backward diagrams. The particle size distribution curve was monomodal and emulsions stabilized with this mixture showed non–newtonian and psedoplastic behavior. No creaming was observed in all emulsions.  

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In order to produce shell parts with diffrents applications using the new method in sheet metal forming is inevitable. In this article is intruduced a new process that movement of forming tool is compeltely gradual and controlled. In this method can creat complicated shapes in sheet metal. Also in order to create movement of tool is used Computer numerical Controlled (CNC) machine. In this process with inserting a punch under the sheet and gradual movement of tool in the special path creates a deformation in accoddance to punch shape. In this research by using experimental tests and theoretical analysis (slab analysis) is presented a comprehensive study of the governing equations in process. With calculating of stress field can present applied load at tool and sheet. ge for Calculation of this force is a suitable gauge for choosing kind of CNC machine equipment, sheet type and etc. Also according to analysis results can make decision about the effect of immeasurable important parameters in this process.

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In this study, the genetic diversity of 10 different accessions of Andrographis paniculata was investigated using protein and SRAP markers. In the vegetative stage, protein and DNA were extracted from the leaves. The results of protein profile indicated a total of 20 bands with 64.15% polymorphism. To evaluate genetic diversity at the DNA level, 6 SRAP primers were used and a total of 583 scalable bands were observed.  A total of 549 bands had polymorphism with an average of 91.5 for the studied primers. The highest polymorphism (99.12%) and the lowest polymorphism (84.21%) were observed in E1/M1 E2/M2 primers, respectively. Cluster analysis produced four main clusters. Genetic diversity indices were calculated for all gene loci, including the average genetic diversity of Nei’s (0.27) and the mean of Shannon’s index with a value of 0.41. High level of population differentiation (Gst = 0.79) and good level of gene flow (Nm = 1.3) were estimated between the grouped populations. Molecular analysis of variance showed that intra-population variance (58%) was higher than inter-population variance (42%). Overall, the results of study showed a high genetic diversity in both protein electrophoresis pattern and in polymorphic bands separated using SRAP markers with emphasis on the greater efficiency of SRAP markers than protein markers, which can be selected in parents with genetic distance. It is widely used to produce dispersing and mapping populations in hybridization programs and to breed or improve desirable traits, as well as to protect and manage the germplasm of this plant.

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This paper presents a research into the progress of modeling of N-viscoelastic robotic manipulators. The governing equations of the system is obtained by using Gibbs-Appell (G-A) formulation and Assumed Mode Method (AMM). When the beam is short in length direction, shear deformation is a factor that may have substantial effects on the dynamics of the system. So, in modeling the assumption of Timoshenko Beam Theory (TBT) and its associated mode shapes has been considered. Although considering the effects of damping in continuous systems makes the formulations more complex, two important damping mechanisms, namely, Kelvin-Voigt damping as internal damping and the viscous air damping as external damping have been considered. Finally, to validate the proposed formulation a comparative assessment between the results achieved from experiment and simulation is presented in time domain.

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One of the most interesting methods to develop novel rheological and textural properties in food formulation is the application of hydrocolloid blends. In this study, properties of tragacanth gum blends with qodoumeshirazi, farsi and locust bean gums were evaluated. By this purpose initially the rheological behavior of tragacanth, qodoumeshirazi, farsi and locust bean gums were evaluated individually at 0.2% total gum concentration. Further, the rheological behavior of tragacanth gum blend with the mentioned gums in ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20 were investigated between 1.32 and 165 s^-1 shear rates. Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models were used to described their rheological behavior.These results showed that all solutions had pseudoplasticbehavior. Among the individual gum solutions,qodoumeshirazi showed by itself yield stress. The consistency coefficient of tragacanth gum was considerably higher than other gums. The apparent viscosities of blend solutions of tragacanth- locust bean gums and tragacanth-farsi gums in the ratio of 20:80 were higher than individual gums, which revealed the existence of synergism between these groups of gums. Since,farsi, qodoumeshirazi and locust bean gums are cheaper than tragacanth gum; it is possible to have cheaper formulation by using them instead oftragacanth gum.

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After the change in the basis of government's legitimacy from divine right of monarchs to people's or nation's right to sovereignty in European's Political Philosophy, “Separation of Powers” has been raised as the basic principle of government by scholars and philosophers of politics. Later it leads to the birth of the term “Executive Power” in the legal-political literature. This term has encountered several changes in practical arena and has undergone many implications in different circumstances and eras. In this article, besides reviewing the nature of “Executive Power” from the attitude of the originators of the “Separation of Powers” theory, its bases and main tasks are analyzed, and by employing these study's results, the current approaches, i.e. classical/traditional and modern approaches are evaluated toward interpretation of the concept of “Executive Power”. Finally, highlighting the modern approach, which believes in extensive interpretation of this concept according to its possible purposes and main tasks, we emphasized that it is essential for parliament to appropriately supervise on the executive power to prevent it from derogation, not limiting it, which may decrease its efficiency.

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According to the high tomato loss in Iran, the aim of the present study was to introduce Iranian endemic gums including tragacanth, locust bean and Alyssum homolocarpum seed gums for coating this fruit and also to investigate and compare their functional properties. The results showed that the solution of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum had the highest wettability (-22.92 mN/m) on the fruits surface following by tragacanth gum (-43.23 mN/m) and locust bean gum (-22.92 mN/m). Moreover, the tragacanth and Alyssum homolocarpum seed gums showed the highest and the lowest apparent viscosities respectively. Investigating the physical features of the films revealed that tragacanth gum and locust bean gum had the ability to form transparent and flexible film; while, Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film was more opaque and had a greenish hue with less flexibility. The water vapor permeability of tragacanth and locust bean gum films was significantly higher than that of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film (P<0.05). According to the results, it can be concluded that although Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum film had higher wettability on the surface of tomato, locust bean gum and tragacanth gum were more appropriate choices for tomato coating due to the higher transparency, apparent viscosity, water vapour inhibition and solubility in water.

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With the advent of shape memory alloys (SMAs), several commercial and industrial applications were proposed due to their superior mechanical and biological properties. Among these materials, Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys are widely applied and well-researched since they are characterized not only by good thermal and mechanical properties but also by excellent biocompatibility compared to other SMAs. In most of the applications, the structural components and devices made of NiTi SMAs work under cyclic thermomechanical loading and one of the major limitations facing the industrial use of this alloy is the degradation of the material when subjected to cyclic loadings (i.e., training). In this study, pseudoelastic training procedure in NiTi shape memory alloy and the resultant two-way shape memory effect are studied using in-situ electric resistivity measurement. At first, variations in the residual strain and in the electric resistivity during pseudoelastic training method are revealed. Then, by measuring the electric resistivity after training procedure (upon specified thermal cycling at stress-free condition) as well as the induced two-way shape memory strain, the effects of residual martensite and dislocation (plastic deformation) on the residual strain are investigated. The obtained results show that about 33% of the residual strain accumulated in 100 pseudoelastic cycles can be ascribed to the residual martensite and about 67% of the residual stain is attributed to the dislocations (plasticity).

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Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are one of the appropriate delivery systems which attract enormous interest for encapsulating bioactive componds in recent years. One of the important physicochemical properties of SLNs is particle size that is influenced by formulation and production process parameters. Inappropriate conditions of the nanaocarrier production process in the pre and main emulsion steps cause unsuitable paricle size as well as unstable emulsion and gel formation. Therefore, in this research production process of SLN was investigated and optimized by hot homogenization method and with two lipids of Compritol and Precirol separately. Hence, homogenization time in preparation of pre emulsion and amplitude and time of ultrasonication in final emulsion production was studied to obtained the smallest particle size. In pre emulsion step, the smallest particle size for Compritol SLN (619±4 nm) and Precirol SLN (373±3 nm) obtained in 180 second mixing by ultra-turax in 16000 (rpm). In final emulsion, 40% amplitude and 3 minutes caused to attained smallest particle size in Compritol SLN (397±5 nm) and Precirol SLN (259±2 nm). Then polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and visual observation of nanocarriers with optimized particle size were examined. The results showed that Precirol SLN had higher zata potential (-12.3±0.6 mV) than Compritol SLN (-8.97±0.17mV) but PDI of two nanocarriers was not significantly different. Visual observation of both nanocarriers at the storage time showed no instability. 

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Wheat germ is a high-nutrient byproduct of wheat milling, however it has a short shelf life and extremely restricted ideal intake due to the intensive activities of lipase and lipoxygenase. In order to increase the storage life of probiotic wheat germ containing Bacillus badius, the freeze drying method was used in this study, and the effect of using xanthan gum: maltoxtrin in different ratios of 0.3:1, 0.1:1, and 0.03:1 as the capsule wall on antioxidant properties and physicochemical characteristics of probiotic wheat germ during 360 days of storage was investigated. Three control treatments were also produced without probiotic bacteria and had the same quantities of gums as the treatments. A pure wheat germ sample was also analyzed on the first day, 180 and 360, along with the encapsulated samples, for better comparisons and the influence of applied treatments. The experiments used a completely random design, and the treatments were analyzed using SPSS software and comparing the averages using Duncan's multi-range test at the 99% confidence level. The use of xanthan gum and maltodextrin as wall materials increased the antioxidant qualities in encapsulated wheat germ, according to the findings of this study. The introduction of Bacillus badius bacteria as a probiotic resulted in a substantial decrease in oxidation indices in wheat germ (P<0.01). In general, it can be stated that Bacillus badius bacteria, as a powerful probiotic, can extend the storage time of encapsulated wheat germ. Furthermore, xanthan gum is proposed as a good material for wheat germ encapsulation to enhance shelf life.
 

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Through the development of rules in natural law and positive law we cannot see an organized way or specific formula for making rules. So that it’s difficult to each of theme for satisfy their fans that their rules is reasonable. And of course both of theme fails in satisfy other school’s fans. We know that the evolution of rules of law follow up by any nations in different way and we review their experience in this article. After this، we try to introduce a new approach that is partially derived from the Islamic legal system. In new approach that we named it as Problem-Judgment system، every anomaly or abnormal phenomena in the society considered as a problem that we must response it by judgment. This method is very similar to problem solving system in the science. In problem-judgment system، judgment is not merely an abstract or pure will. Judgment is eligible for solving the problem, when has certain mandatory specifics to be considered a sufficient answer to their problem.

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Under normal circumstances, security and freedom as two human rights must be established in every society in order to protect human values ​​and principles; But in the face of terrorism emergencies, governments may be challenged to combine the two human rights of freedom and security. The predominant approach adopted by countries is a security-oriented approach. This paper first examines the laws and judgments of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, and explains that governments often ignore freedom of expression in these circumstances. In contrast, there is a freedom-oriented approach that in the face of terrorism with the establishment of freedom, security to some extent ignores this approach and this approach due to the desire for a security-oriented approach by governments can not be adopted by governments and only historical aspects of this approach can be adopted. Found by governments. Finally, further investigation in this regard can lead to the conclusion that in balancing security and freedom, moderation can be maintained and, in times of emergency caused by terrorism, restrictive human rights can be restricted as much as possible; In such a way that neither of the two human rights of security and freedom is violated under the pretext of establishing another.