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Abstract Sexual discrimination is one of the most important problems that can threat social discipline, development and even political constancy of society. Sexual discrimination appears by such factors as individuals' life situation and prevailed culture. The main aim of the present work is to study about the sexual discrimination of families in rural areas. According to the developmental process, the role of women as half of the active work force, can not be neglected. Thus the present study was mainly accomplished for the reasons that may affect sexual discrimination emotions in the villages of Gilan province in 2007. To do so, different ideas have been investigated of which both sexual discrimination theory and sexual discrimination theory of Bloom Berg were used in this work to understand the sexual discrimination in village women. The sample population consisted of all the women who lived in all villages of Guilan province. 300 of these women were chosen by means of accident – classified method, Literature review and survey. The results showed that over half of these women felt the sexual discrimination.

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Ecolodge need policy to guide and determine short-term and long-term decisions among different options.Policymaking in Ecolodge is a collection of rules, regulations, instructions and strategies that provides a framework in which the governmental and local decisions directly affect the sustainable development of Ecolodge. In this research, we aim to identify spatial policy indicators in Ecolodge and figure out their importance in the Hawraman region. Therefore, the question is which of the spatial policy elements of Ecolodge have the most importance in this case study? The research method is practical by purpose and descriptive-analytical by type. At first, it described and interpreted the existing relationships between the research variables (statistical system and information, ruling bureaucracy, ruling values, structure of power, implementation and monitoring of policies). Research statistical society includes the ecotourism managers of the target villages of Hawraman region, General Department of Cultural Heritage experts, Tourism and Handicrafts Department, as well as tourism specialists including faculty members and related experts. This research results shows that according to Tukey's test, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator with an average of 3.673 (combination of opinions) has the highest importance in the spatial policy of Ecolodge in the Hawraman region.Thus, based on the results of the hypothesis test, it can be accepted that there is a significant difference between the spatial policy elements of the Ecolodge in the Hawraman region, and in this regard, the policy implementation and monitoring indicator is the most important among the five.
 

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Rural communities are particularly vulnerable to flood damage due to their greater dependence on natural resources, limited infrastructure, and reduced access to relief and support services. Additionally, post-disaster reconstruction and recovery are more challenging for them. With the increasing occurrence of floods in rural areas of Iran, enhancing physical resilience and spatial planning against natural hazards has become necessary. This research identifies and analyzes the factors influencing the physical resilience of flood-prone rural areas in Region Seven of national spatial planning. The study evaluates the impact of eight significant factors, institutional and organizational, environmental, technical and engineering, socio-cultural, economic, political, legal and regulatory, and technological, as critical components of spatial planning for physical resilience against floods. The research follows a descriptive-analytical method and is based on survey data. The statistical population comprises 86 experts involved in crisis management and rural development across the three provinces of Region Seven (Zanjan, Qazvin, and Markazi). The multiple linear regression analysis (path analysis) results reveal that institutional and organizational factors, including appropriate policies, institutional solid structures, and inter-institutional cooperation, play a critical role in enhancing physical resilience, with an overall effect of 0.261, ranking first. Social legal and regulatory factors rank second and third, with overall effects of 0.254 and 0.209, respectively.

 

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Natural disaster management is a system of proceedings carried out before, during and post outbreak of disasters to reduce damages as much as possible. A review on study of natural disaster management indicates that nowadays the think of reaction to disasters as a command- control structure, concentrated and technology- based has been changed and a new method known as social- based management has appeared which emphasis on local knowledge, capacities and culture. Regarding so, this article is going to answer how is the process of natural disaster management in local and modern methods in villages of studied region? This article with the help of analytic- descriptive research technique and by utilizing surveying method studies the process of natural disasters management, capacities, abilities and knowledges of villagers of khoresh- rostam region in 2 modern and local manners. method of gathering in formation is librarian and free techniques (observation, interview and questionnaire) and paneling. For analysis Friedman test has been applied. Research’s results indicates studied field has a high degree of abilities and capacities such as efficient local knowledge regarding natural disaster management, participation and collaboration of villagers and finally local NGO’s activities which can be considered useful for process of natural disaster management planning.

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One of the important indexes of sustainable rural development is poverty. Fighting against poverty is a necessity in moving towards development. In post revolutionary Iran, in spite of all attempts to eradicate poverty, it still remains in many villages; and poverty alleviation programs could not find the main roots of it. The poverty of sample families was investigated considering the poverty of calorie consumption. To gather the necessary data for the research, the sample families of villages were selected using stratification random sampling. Relationships were analyzed with SPSS, and the tests included Pearson and Chi-square correlation tests. Arc GIS was used to produce the maps. Based on the obtained results, economical factors are more influential in forming poverty than social factors. Therefore, in codification of programs for rural poverty alleviation in this region, we should take into account both economical and social factors.

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Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes are integral part of human life in the communities of developed and developing countries. Earthquakes as a natural disaster have been posed inevitable risks to everyone who has been lived in the earth planet. The map of earthquakes in Iran shows that the most populated areas are located in the Zagros and Alborz Piedmonts especially in Qazvin province that are vulnerable to earthquake. This research uses the qualitative and quantitative methods to respond a basic question, how is the vulnerability level of rural areas according to earthquake in Qazvin province? To respond these question firstly 19 vulnerability indicators were selected according to the theoretical studies and indices were weighted by the expert's questioner. Finally, the rural area was ranked by TOPSIS method. The Results showed that the rural areas of Qazvin and Boein Zahra counties are the more vulnerable areas in elative to other counties of the province. To formulate the strategies of earthquake risk reduction, 29 villages were selected by cluster sampling and then it was estimated the samples by Cochrane method. To gather the data, 386 households were selected by random method. The data analysis by the quantitative methods especially SWOT method also show that to decrease the earthquake risk between the studied villages, it is necessary to consider the earthquake risk management formwork in all earthquake phases. These phases include data collection and identification of earthquake risk, describe the risk, qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, estimination the damage Quality, risk acceptance and planning to reduce injuries in all stages the earthquake (before, during and after). In order to reduce vulnerability of rural settlements in Qazvin County it is necessary to increase the awareness, skills, knowledge, institutional capacity, environmental carrying capacity (improve the quality of housing, infrastructure, and access to services).      

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Extended Abstract Ranking rural settlements based on the degree vulnerability to natural hazards is a crucial issue in risk management and reduces their vulnerability. The purpose of the research Recognition and design process of multi-criteria decision analysis model (KOPRAS) in rural settlements based on the degree of physical vulnerability to natural hazards (earthquakes), To achieve it through a literature review, collection components and indicators of physical vulnerability of Chalan Cholan one of rural district affected to natural hazards (earthquakes) have been performed. Methodology Research methodology descriptive and analytic; Based on 13 indicators of physical vulnerability, Information about the vulnerability of these villages in 2006 earthquakes were collected, and In the process of doing the normalization and weighting factors were used in the model, and based on Villages studied were ranking. Finding and Conclusion The results of this study indicate as for diverse and fragmented nature of physical vulnerability indicators, these models can be having capability high-ranking settlements vulnerability against earthquakes. And accordingly an effective step towards a successful program to reduce the adverse effects of natural hazards and reduce the vulnerability of settlements to be prone to the risks, So that the results of the (KOPRAS) Model show that the villages zargaran olea, Karkhane sefid kon and pahlavan kol most vulnerable and villages Heshmat abad, Behzad abad and Beatan have been least vulnerability in Lorestan earthquake of 2006 selakhor plain. Keywords: Natural hazards, Earthquakes, Vulnerability, model ( KOPRAS),Ranking,Dehestan chalan cholan.

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Land Increasing from day to day human need and infeasibility of its production in particular make the practice of its operation and management to be undertaken in a suitable manner. In this connection, the attitude toward land use management and rural residential land assignments in particular has been accomplished to appearing too problems from an old and primitive development viewpoint. Therefore, over recent years, the attitude toward land use management and rural residential land assignments in particular has been made from a sustainability viewpoint. In Iran, like some other countries, the government has attempted to assign national wastelands within a residential land plan to the rural people since 1979. In this connection, yet scientical appraisal has been not for rural settlements ranking affected of consequences of rural residential lands assignment. On the other hand, ORESTE method has been introduce as a one of the most applicational ranking methods recently. Therefore, research aim is introduce and use ORESTE method for rural settlements ranking affected of consequences of rural residential lands assignment. According to the study findings of the research done by the description and analysis of 264 rural household questionnaires Foundation in six selected provinces, and 15 questionnaires of the scientical specialized to have weight to 20 indexes, Chahkotah rural, Abtavil and Malekabad are suitable as compared with other rural areas in residential lands assignment process. In addition to, ORESTE method as a criterion for ranking of consequences of rural residential lands assignment is suitable method and minimum wrong.

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Spatial Planning _______________________________________________ Vol.20, No.1, Spring 2016 264 Validity Evaluation MADM Methods for Suitable Urban Spheres Development in the Azarshahr Shahrestan Mehdi Pourtaheri1, Ehsan Pashanzhad2*, Hassan Ahmadi3 1 Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2. Land use planning Graduate Student, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 3. Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran Received: 2014/July/30 Accept: 2015/Jan/17 Recently, MADM methods of spatial analysis has been expanded in Arc GIS. MADM methods are powerful set of techniques and processes to designing, evaluating and ordering decision alternatives. The purpose of the research is validity valuation of MADM methods in suitable urban spheres development of study area. We selected 8 criteria (slope, aspect, elevation, land use, distance of: river, city areas, main roads and fault). Method of research is descriptive–analytical. We used the AHP model in the software of Expert Choice for weighting the criteria. There are many MADM methods. In this paper we used four models (SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR and AHP). Then the above models are used to evaluate the criteria in case study by Arc GIS software. In this article also each model classified to 5 classes (very unsuitable, unsuitable, moderately suitable, suitable and highly suitable). Finally, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient in ERDAS IMAGINE software used for assessment validity of techniques. According to the kappa coefficient, AHP is 83.14% in the first rate. By comparing the results of each model AHP is the most appropriate.   Azarshahr Shahrestan. * Corresponding Author's E-mail: Ehsanpasha90@gmail.com

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Current management pattern of the rural development plan, has caused to the different challenges (environmental, socio, economic, and physical) in the case study region (villages of Tehran Province) because of the Up-down and sector approach dominance. Thus, this study seeks to answer this strategic question that “how much management of the rural development plan has considered to the principles, framework and process of spatial planning in various stages of preparation ,implementation and evaluation of development plans in the study area,? " To answer that strategic question, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The required data have been collected by documentary and field methods. The study population is 129 village with more than 20 households in Shemiranat, Tehran and Rey Towns, that 12 villages were selected.The number of 12 questionnaires at the level of village's administrators (The Council /Rural manager) and 120 questionnaires at the level of heads of households have been distributed and filled. The statistical t-test is used to analyze. results showed that, with the exception of a few cases (like Chaleh-Tarkhan village that was average), generally, there is no meaningful differences between case study villages in terms of the amount of attention to the framework, principles and process of spatial planning in the preparation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of the rural development plan and actually, most of the villages have undesirable situation in discussed indicators.        

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Rural housing is naturally regarded as the manifestation of biological and socio-economic rural methods and its model and performance acts as a window towards the identification of prospects and trends dominant over rural life and activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial-physical zoning of sustainable rural housing in Lorestan Province. To this end, a descriptive-analytic research method was employed. In this regard, factor analysis was used to select the sample size and identify homogeneous areas according to the scope of the study. The results of factor analysis showed that the climate of the obtained area is the result of the interaction of three different components, i.e. thermal domain, humidity, and raining components. These factors with eigenvalues higher than one account for about 73.35 percent of the total variance. Thereafter, cities were clustered using Ward’s cluster analysis. Based on cluster analysis, the Province’s cities were placed in 3 climatic zones. After the specification of homogeneous regions, the data pertaining to the number of households, natural position and distance of every village to the city center were categorized and inserted into the GIS environment. In each zone, a number of queries, equal to the number of states created in GIS, were taken based on these three factors and the frequency of villages in each category was determined in homogeneous zones. Finally, a total of 50 villages were selected as the sample. The studies pertaining to areas of expertise were utilized to identify measurement indicators of sustainable housing and the parameters associated with them with special emphasis on the rural areas of studies. Accordingly, 4 domains, 13 variables, and 73 items in this area were identified and were placed as the foundation of the questionnaire development as the main instrument of the research in field studies. The rural households in Lorestan Province consisted the statistical population of this research. From this population, 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula and the same number of questionnaires was filled in. For the analysis of the data obtained from field studies, both descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were employed. The results derived from descriptive statistics show that there are some differences in housing spaces and specifications in various clusters in economic, social, biological, environmental, and physical domains. The results of one-tail t-tests indicate that there is generally a low level of sustainability regarding housing dimensions in different zones. Moreover, ANOVA results show that the semi-humid zone with hot summers and mild winters as well as the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters are placed in the same category in term of physical dimension. These zones enjoy a better status than the semi-humid zone with mild summers and cold winters. Similarly, the villages of the province are categorized into two classes, that is, semi-humid zones with mild summers and cold winters are of a more desirable situation in comparison with other zones in terms of economic status. In terms of social dimension, the villages under study are grouped into two categories. It is also shown that the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters suffer from a more unsuitable situation than other zones. Finally, it is concluded that all the three zones share the same situation in terms of the environmental dimension, as all three zones are placed in the same category.