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The present study aims to investigate the aggregate analysis of linguistic variables of South Ruedbar language varieties in Kerman province by using the dialectometry and mapping software package with a quantitative and holistic approach. Data collection has been done from 22 sites from the south seven cities of Kerman province. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing 208 words and 10 basic sentences based on ‘National Language Atlas Project Questionnaire of Iran’ and ‘Morris Swadesh basic list words’ are used. The validity of mentioned questionnaire was 0.98 based on Cronbach’s alpha test. The results of aggregate analysis showed that 6 major dialect clusters are distinct and these dialect clusters are divided into subclusters. Each of these dialect clusters has distinct phonetical, phonological, morphological, or syntactical features that set it apart from other clusters. Based on statistical analysis, the ‘A’ dialect cluster due to the use of the continuous prefix /mi-/ and plural suffix /-hɑ/ in comparison to other clusters has the highest similarity and the ‘B’ cluster in cases such as the use of the infinitive suffix /-eng/ and continuous suffix /-æ/ has the highest difference in terms of morphology and syntacticity with the standard Persian. The ‘J’, ‘D’, ‘H’ and ‘V’ dialect clusters despite their distinction from the standard Persian, as the use of the continuous prefix /-ʔæ/ and plural suffix /-on/, are most similar to Aeach other and in terms of phonetic process and the presence of South Ruedbar variety special phones are similar to ‘B’cluster.

 

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Contextualism refers to an approach to urban planning, which considers the city in its totality. It also emphasizes on the role of social, cultural, geographical and historical influences on individual development, because of the increasing interest in understanding environment in post-modernist architecture. It is also the degree to which new architecture is sensitive to its site and location. It farther varies from building to building and place to place. Moreover, architecture in context is neither a brief attention nor a radical innovation; rather it is a strong and expressive visual relationship to the surroundings. Individual building is always seen first as a part of the whole. Creating places and spaces that enrich the lives of the people who use them is the foundation of architect’s work. Every building can and should engage in a dialogue with the history, beliefs and needs of a particular place and time. In fact, current architecture in metropolitans of Iran including Tehran has an attitude based on ignoring the environment and the context of projects, including climate, history, geography, culture, etc. This attitude leads contemporary architecture to a sort of chaos and disorder. It also brings about contemporary architecture to lose its distinctiveness, besides increasing tendency and willingness of young generation of architects to imitate foreign works and projects without any attempt to adjust them to the context and environment of local projects. It means that this attitude can face contemporary architecture with a serious danger and threat, which enjoys no identity and character. The aim of this paper is to elaborate how correct and effective designing approaches in contextual architectural design can be obtained in architectural studios in order to provide designing with a dialogue to their context and environment, to have more successful designing, and also to illustrate a clear vision for contemporary architecture. Design studios in Iran, where architectural design lessons are being taught, are the main and fundamental part of architectural education. Considering that most of undergraduate students in Iranian architectural departments are ignoring the context without paying attention to its influences in their designing, we are going to figure out how context can be reflected and used in architectural designs in this paper. For this purpose, architectural designs in 4 different studios including Educational space, Cinema, Hospital, and Residential Space in Sooreh University in two semesters during a year (2009-2010); were evaluated among 20 groups, which were divided into two controlled and uncontrolled units. The evaluation was based on 9 examinations, which the authors had already extracted from the architectural designing principles. It is worth mentioning that the only difference between those two units (controlled and uncontrolled) was the constructed site model that the controlled units could adjust and adapt their designing to. Final evaluation, which was the average score of each designing group in each examination, showed that controlled unit’s designing gathered higher score; consequently, their approach in designing was more successful and effective. It means that contextualized approaches in studios can improve architectural designing and result with architecture in context. In addition, professors at architectural departments should pay more attention to the context and environment and their role in designing process. They further should integrate their teaching with contextualism. To this end, they may utilize many innovative solutions including a model of the project site.

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Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3.32, 2.85, 2.37 and 1.45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2.59, 1.72 and 1.69 mean rank, respectively.

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Effective Altruism has discussed helping others both in the domain of theoretical foundations and in the domain of practical foundations. In fact, helping others includes helping other humans, animals, the environment, and any other thing that improves the conditions of men and the world, and the discussion of this issue is of a background as ancient as human existence itself. The Most Good You Can Do by Peter Singer, one of the contemporary thinkers in practical ethics, contains four parts and fifteen chapters. The book has discussed the issue of helping others in a very proper and, of course, effective and applied manner, and it is unique in its specific domain; but the most significant point of weakness of this book is its negligence of the role of global organizations in prevention from war, etc., which in turn can play an effective and even fundamental role in the domain of altruism. 
 

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Research subject: In recent years, there are so many attractions in the field of effective detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Detection of VOCs compounds, are very important in many applications and industries such as air pollution control, air quality control, food packaging, food quality control, disease diagnostic, agriculture etc. The sensitivity and selectivity of the prepared sensors to detect of VOCs needs to improve.   
 Research approach: A conductive polymer composite sensitive layer based on poly (lactic acid) as polymer matrix and multiwall carbon nanotubes as conductive filler was prepared to detect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For this purpose the porous sensitive layer was prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. In this structure, chloroform (low boiling point temperature) was used as the solvent and ethanol (high boiling point temperature) was used as a non-solvent. The sensitive layer was used to detect of toluene, methanol, and chloroform. The structure and morphology of synthesized layer was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET test.
Main results: The investigation indicated that the phase separation method induced the open cell morphology into the conductive composite. The BET results showed that the specific surface area of composite increased to 22.3 m²/gr. The experimental results showed that the response properties of porous layers was improved dramatically in comparison with dense layers. It was related to the increase of specific surface area of polymer composite and therefore the increase of diffusion coefficient of analyte molecules into the polymer matrix. Finally the sensitivity and selectivity of porous sensitive layers was investigated based on Flory-Huggins interaction parameter.
 

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Protein hydrolysate (PH) from viscera of cultured Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) was produced. To optimize the production conditions, Response Surface Method (RSM) was employed to examine the effects of three different operating conditions, including time, pH, and enzymatic concentration (Alcalase) on the degree of hydrolysis.The mathematical model showed acceptable fitness of the experimental data as R2 equaled 0.97, which indicated  that   major part of  the  variability  within  the  range  of  values could  be explained  by  the  model. The results showed that the highest degree of hydrolysis (58.21%) was related to the treatment which happened at the enzymatic concentration of 2%, 60 minutes time, and pH=8. Treatment under hydrolysis condition (i.e., E/S = 2%, Time = 45 min, and pH = 8.5) had the highest protein content (42.37g/l), which was used as an alternative to commercial peptone medium (Triptic soy broth) to assess the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria from 0 to 48 hours. Although there was an upward trend in growth rate of S. typhi both in control and No. 15 (Alcalase) treatments, the log growth of control treatment was found to be better than that of Alcalase treatment. However, there existed no significant difference between the two treatments.

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This study investigated the translation challenges and difficulties of pre-service translators in Iran. In this regard, 35 undergraduate students of Arabic Language and Literature at the College of Qum affiliated to the University of Tehran participated in the study as a requirement for the course ‘Translation Techniques’. They all translated the same political-journalistic sentence from Arabic to Persian, and their errors and difficulties were collected. Descriptive analysis of the results revealed five high frequency erroneous areas common among the population; L 1 transfer, economy in translation or over-translation, word-to-word translation, taking side, and miscomprehension. As the major objective of this study was to inform novice translators of the possible pitfalls common in Arabic-Persian translation, the findings suggest that translators: be aware of homonymy, be loyal to the meaning, take the account of ‘free translation’, avoid taking side and self-censorship, and finally, ensure the full comprehension of the text before translation.    

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Mnemiopsin, a Ca2+-regulated photoprotein from ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, as coelentrate photoproteins emits flash blue light upon reacting with coelenterazine. In contrast to coelenterate photoproteins, there is a little information about the structure of chromophore binding site and bioluminescence mechanism in ctenophore photoproteins. In this study, three important amino acid residues in coelenterazine binding cavity of mnemiopsin were substituted by corresponding residues in the well-known coelentrate photoproteins. W59K, N105W and L127W mutants were constructed and characterized for investigation of hydrogen bond network around the important rings of coelenterazine. All three mutants are completely inactivated. In addition, the results of structural studies including CD, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence together with theoretical studies showed that these mutants, especially for N105W and L127W, have found different structural features. These results suggest the presence of the residues in binding cavity and/or a mechanistic role for these residues. It seems that arrangement of amino acid residues in the binding cavity of coelenterate and ctenophore photoproteins are different, so that the replacement of these residues with their corresponding residues in other group (such as mutations in this study) perturbs the structural integrity needed for bioluminescence activity.

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Laccase enzymes are polyphenol oxidase that catalyze the oxidation of wide range of phenolic components including phenols, polyphenols, aromatic amines and non-phenolic substitution with molecular oxygen as electron acceptor. So these enzymes have biotechnological application such as wastewater treatment system, bioremediation of soil pollution and etc. Result from previous studies showed an increase in thermal stability of bacterial laccase from Bacillus sp. HR03 using site directed mutagenesis and the effect of E188 residue on the surface regions at the interface between domain 1 and 2 in stability was confirmed. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of this amino acid substitution on enzyme activity in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide as organic solvents. Compression of kinetic parameters including Kcat / Km ، ∆∆G‡, C50 showed significant increases in the mutant enzyme than wild type enzyme, that industrial application of the enzyme will be easy.

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For the first time, invention of iron production technique emerged by the Hittite in Anatolia, in the mid-second millennium BC. (about 1200 BC). Hittite government collapsed and iron production technology expanded to the adjacent areas, including Iran. Soon iron was used for production of various tools, equipments, weapons, ornaments and other items. In Iran, the first iron objected, in a limited number, appeared among the remains of Iron Age I (1200-1450 BC). Iron objects are much more in the Iron Age II (1200-800BC). In the first half of the first millennium BC the widespread use of iron for making tools led to rapid technological advances and extensive changes in the social and economic structures. In this paper, the role of iron production technology in these extensive changes will be studied.     

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In recent decades, following the changes in attitudes to cultural heritage and its values, approaches of the cultural places management also been changed. A values-based approach as a current most preferred approach to heritage conservation that often called “value-led”planning or “value led conservation management”. Since to distinguish it from more traditional conservation management approaches we must know some features of value based management. This approach adopted and advocated by major conservation authorities,both at the national and international level and by major research and educational institutions such as Getty conservation institute, and some other organization and institutes like English heritage, Unesco, Heritage Lottery Fund and etc.
Reviewing international documents and related theories indicates that the value-based approach is, in many ways, a response to the recognition of the increasing complexity of heritage. It evolved in various parts of the world, for instance in Canada and the USA, and became better known through the Burra Charter, first developed by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and subsequently updated in 1999 and 2013.The Charter promoted the assessment of the significance of a place–based on the values attributed by all stakeholders (not only by the experts) and the use of a Statement of “Significance” – that has been used to mean the overall importance of a site, determined through an analysis o f the totality of the values attributed to it. Significance also reflects
The importance a place has with respect to one or several of its values, and in relation to other comparable sites and as a basis for developing conservation and management strategies. Also best practice for heritage conservation planning in Canada and British Columbia follows a value-based approach to the stewardship and management of historic places. This approach allows the community to clearly articulate why historic places matter, and ensures confidence that identified heritage values remain for present and future generations.
After a short time this concept was developed by the work on Conservation Plans by James Kerr (1982). He brought a systematic approach to developing conservation and management plans based on values and more importantly, on the cultural significance of a heritage place to society. In the context of a value-based approach, through the concepts of stakeholder groups and values, community is considered to be placed at the core of management, so sometimes the values of different groups become incompatible and can make serious conflicts, but heritage professionals have been looking for ways to bring forth the views of all stakeholders and to resolve the conflicts that inevitably arise. In this changed environment, decisions about heritage need to be negotiated and the search is for an approach that assures equity, avoiding those in which the values that prevail belong to the group with the most political power. In value based management heritage is not self evident,with intrinsic/inherent values, as in a material-based or traditional approach; it is people / stakeholder groups that ascribe (subjective) values to it and define heritage, and thus heritage is seen as an extrinsic and social process.Therefore, the main purpose of this approach is to maintain significance and promote the values which attributed to the place by all community groups. This management process uses heritage values to guide decision making about historic places. Heritage values are defined as the historic, aesthetic, spiritual, social, cultural, and scientific significance or importance of a place for past, present, or future generations. When beginning a value-based management system, it is best to have an understanding of the heritage values of the community as a whole before trying to understand the significance of individual places. The context study develops this big-picture understanding of why citizens care about the character and identity of the community, and how that has been shaped over time.

After presenting theoretical basics of value-based management in international levels, a section of essay is about Islamic culture and its perspective on cultural heritage management to clarify the common points of national and interinternational theoretical basis and extracting cultural heritage value priorities. The Holy Qur'an as the main reference of the Muslims and the pursuit of all values in the Islamic society can be a reliable source for examining the past position, cultural heritage and its values, the way of management and policy making in Islamic culture. In Islamic society, all personal and social relations and the rules governing it directly or indirectly originate from the concepts of the Qur'an and are in fact the best reference for obtaining social values; Since there is a strong relationship between the policies of heritage conservation management and social values in each society, the important rule of the Holy Qur'an cannot be denied in violation of social values in Islamic societies. That’s the truth that there are no direct and explicit references to cultural heritage, priority of values and their role in policy making and management in the holy Quran, but it can be deduced from some analyzes that Mahdi Hojjat (one of the great experts of Iranian cultural heritage has) given to Quranic verses in this regard that they can be used to provide a conceptual framework for research.
However the holy Qur'an as the encyclopedia and the origins of the Islamic community values has repeatedly emphasized on the cultural heritage and its values indirectly as with the perception of some of its verses we can prioritize the values attributed to cultural heritage into three main categories : 1- sociocultural values 2- historical-documentary values and 3- Instrumental values. After After classifying values they can applied in setting the policy framework based on Islamic social values system. The reality is that, management in the Islamic society should be based on the requirements of the local community and respect for them and this is exactly in line with the same international principles that nowadays emphasized by the formulation of management and conservation programs based on the partnership and needs of all stakeholders and the local community.
This paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework for value-based management through providing the whole process of management plan as a tool for value-based management. It can be achieved by reviewing international documents, operational guidelines of Institutions on the one hand, and the related theories and Islamic culture on the other, So based on research goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as ‘content analysis’ and ‘logical inference. According to value-based management conceptual framework in this paper, significance that includes tangible and intangible values of the heritage, introduced as the core of proposed framework;to maintain the significance of place,three Steps should be considered: 1- Understanding the place 2- Developing policies and 3- Management. This process realized by participation of all conservationists, local communities and stakeholders. Finally, according to research studies and conceptual model, this article provides a general process for the management of cultural and historical places based on values-led approach.

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Abstract: Current study is a pioneer quantitative analysis of Mazandarani (Tabari) language varieties, and aims to contribute to Mazandarani Dialectometry, as well as to substantiate its dialect continuum. We applied a computational measure of pronunciation differences to a database of 4521 word pronunciations of 62 entries –originating in “The National Project of The Linguistic Atlas of Iran”- from 73 sites throughout northern Iran -bounded to the Myankaleh Peninsula in North, to the Alborz Mountains in South, to Gorgan Golf in East, and to the Babolsar and Savadkuh cities in West. 38% of subjects were females their average age and education were respectively 36 years and 6 years of primary school. The result is a comprehensive view of the increasing aggregate pronunciation differences from Southeast to Northwest. The calculated language distance index outlined Galeshi as a Mazandarani dialect and four Mazandarani regional accents mapped in Northeastern (Myankaleh Peninsula), Southeastern (Galugah County), Central (Naka and Sari districts), and western (Juybar City) regions.

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Persian poetry has been a vehicle for reflecting plays and theatrical games, a source if absent might reduce the quality of performative arts. Accordingly, this study attempts to show which themes and features of the plays have been most prominent in the Persian poetry, and in this interplay, what the poetry has gained from the play, and which themes and images are taken from the world of play. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on the library study and document analysis. Two programs called Erfan e Noor and Darj have also been used. This study shows that the Persian poetry has retained some of the features of the play, and more attention has been paid to two games called acrobatics and puppet shows. Reflecting the themes of the play, the poets have paid more attention to theme creation and their poetic imagination, and the imagination based on the play has a significant role in this regard. The earliest Persian poets of Dari as well as the contemporary poets have reflected theatrical themes in their poems; from Ferdowsi and Manouchehri to Qa’aani and Farahani. Among them, Nizami Ganjavi has paid more attention to this aspect than the others. Also, for the first time in this study, the mystic attitude towards the plays has been examined; it has been realized that they have often used the allegorical form of the plays. The mystic allegories are rather codified. They are similar to Khayam's philosophical allegories. In terms of literary analysis, most images are created by metaphor, simile, allegory, and coded allegory.
 

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Language usage is one of the most prominent social distinctions among men and women, which is often manifested in speech. In terms of “social norms”, linguistic politeness is regarded as a completely standard behavior in society. Each culture has its own behavioral norms, and the behavior that conforms to rules is politeness. Some of the social norms can be found in folklore and oral literature, including proverbs. Therefore, by choosing Taleshi language, spoken in Minaabad region of Ardabil city, the researcher tried to study the linguistic politeness and different types of face threatening acts to answer the following research question: is there any relationship between the gender of speakers and the usage of different kinds of politeness in the proverbs of Taleshi language. For this purpose, the researcher first interviewed the old and middle-aged men and women, and then collected 180 proverbs and examined them based on the existence of politeness and verbal violence. The data were analyzed by Log-linear analysis in SPSS software. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant relationship in the usage of different kinds of politeness and verbal violence in the proverbs of different genders in Taleshi language, which, due to the community expectations, has also led to a difference in their social behavior.
Introduction
Research background
Locher and Bousfield (2008, p. 3) describe impoliteness as the “behavior that is face-aggravating in a particular context”. Women and men have different roles and functions in specific areas according to the social expectations. There have been many studies on the change of social behavior which, in turn, affects the linguistic behavior. Brown and Levinson (1987) conducted a study on the language of men and women in a Mayan community in Mexico to evaluate the hypothesis that women show more politeness than men. They believed that the level of politeness in a spoken interaction depends on the social relationship between the speaker and the listener, and that the signs of being polite showed social relationships. According to Leech (2014, p. 139), apart from being manifested in the content of conversation, politeness is also seen in the way the conversation as a whole is structured and managed by its participants. This means that the conversational behavior itself can be interpreted as being polite or impolite.
Fasold (1984) studied the gender differences in doing compliment. He called the phenomenon of compliments a bilingual phenomenon in which discourses 1 and 2 relate to social, communicative, and temporal situations.
In the field of combinatorics on words, many studies have focused on English. For example, Lakoof (1973) found that women use politer words, but most men do not use such words in their daily speech. She also believed that women use more adjectives with adorable, seductive, sweet, sacred, and beautiful meanings compared to men.
Goals, questions, and assumptions
Various researchers such as Goffman (1967), Brown and Levinson (1987), Bousfield (2007), Culpeper (1996), and Culpeper et al. (2003) have investigated the category of politeness and impoliteness in language studies. While the positive face represents the need to be connected, the negative face represents the need to be independent (Yule, 2010).
Although this theory has been the basis of much research in different parts of the world, it has not been explored widely in different dialects spoken in cities of Iran. So, the researcher, according to the Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (1987), and Goffman’s face-threatening acts (1967) attempts to answer the question of whether there is a difference in the types of politeness and violence used in the language spoken by male and female Taleshi speakers. Other sub-questions to be addressed include:
1. Is there a meaningful relationship between the proverbs used by men and women in terms of the level of politeness and gender of the speakers?
2. Is there a significant relationship between the proverbs used by men and women in terms of level of violence and gender of the speakers?
3. What kind of politeness is most evident in the proverbs used by men and women?
4. What kind of violence is most evident in the proverbs used by men and women?
Discussion and conclusion
Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in terms of the proverbs used by men and women based on the variables of politeness and violence. In this study, which compared the content of the proverbs used by men and women to test the original hypothesis, it was significantly proven that there is a close relationship between gender and the usage of politeness and violence in the proverbs. These results are in line with those reported by Lakoof (1973) and Tannen (1990), but are inconsistent with the results of Spender (1980). Factors contributing to the development and continuation of these linguistic conditions include the violence resulting from the geopolitical situation of the region due to cultural and historical deprivations in the political and security terms that have influenced the manner of speaking and violent speech, since language is significantly a reflection of the culture and historical situation of the speakers.
Log-linear test was also used to test the secondary sub-hypotheses of the study. Confirming the first sub-hypothesis of the research using the Fi test, the findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the level of politeness and gender of the speaker, so the gender of the speaker influenced the politeness level of the proverbs used. The results of this study are in line with those of Brown and Levinson (1987). Among the factors that should be noted in relation to the emergence and continuation of this linguistic feature in this particular region and in this particular sub-dialect is the naturalization and acceptance of this linguistic status by the women of the community and the indirect efforts to promote and disseminate it. The influence of neighboring cultures and other ethnicities in Iran, where this situation is also widespread and prevalent, may be some of the other contributing factors.
By confirming the second sub-hypothesis of the study, it was found that the frequency of the types of violence used in men's proverbs varied. The results of this study are in line with those of Mohammadi (2016) and Mohammadkhani et al. (2006). Factors that indicate exclusively the emergence and in particular the persistence of this linguistic violence in this particular region can be traced to the long-standing traditional-patriarchal family system and its continuation up to the modern times.
By examining the third sub-hypothesis of the study, it was shown that in terms of proverbs used by men and women, the percentage of politeness used by women was higher than men. On the other hand, the informal politeness used by women was more than the other types of politeness. Also, the percentage of proverbs used by men was higher than that of the women, while the use of words by men was higher than women. The results of this study are in line with those of Jannejad (2001), and Hamidi and Ameri (2015). The reasons for the emergence and continuation of these conditions include the fact that from a socio-linguistic point of view, women of high social class refuse to use impolite terms and expressions because they are always concerned with preserving their prestige and social status in the community.
In general, it can be said that men and women have different roles and functions in specific areas depending on the social expectations. This not only does make a difference in their social behavior, but also affects their linguistic behavior. Men of all ages use more slang terms when talking to males and females. While women try to use interactive strategies in their daily interactions and conversations, they do not want to feel superior to one another. In their conversations, women try to minimize differences of opinion in order to reach an agreement, and this agreement improves and guarantees their relationship, even if they are not fully satisfied with the final decision. Thus, it can be concluded that gender is one of the components of individual and social identities, and therefore, the relation of language and gender is a subset of the relation of language and identity. As a result, in the studies of gender related linguistics, language and linguistic behavior are considered as the symbolic capital of the expression of sexual identities.
 
References
Bousfield, D. (2007). Impoliteness in interaction. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness, some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349-67.
Culpeper, J., Derek, B., & Anne, W. (2003). Impoliteness revisited: with special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 545-79.
Fasold, R. (1984). The sociolinguistics of society. Basil Blackwell.
Goffman, E. (1967). Stigma notes on management of spoiled identity (translated into Farsi by Masood Kyanpour). Markaz Publication.
Hamidi, F., & Ameri, P. (2015). Creativity and modernism in the deconstruction of mystical and conversational languages. Women in Culture and Art, 7(3), 389-404.
Jannejad, M. (2001). Language and gender; social linguistic research in linguistic differences between Iranian male and female speakers in conversational interaction. PhD Thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Lakoof, R. (1973). The logic of politeness; or minding your p's and q's. In papers from the ninth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago Linguistic society. 292-305.
Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of politeness. Oxford University Press.
Locher, M. A., & Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in interaction. John Benjamins.
MohammadKhani, P., RezaeiDougah, A., Mohammadi, M., & AzadMehr, H. (2006). Prevalence of domestic violence patterns, its experiential commitment in men of weights. Social Welfare Quarterly, 21, 225-205.
Mohammadi, M. (2016). Violation of courtesy in Farsi-speaking social networks. Master's Degree in Public Linguistics, Hamedan: Bu Ali Sina University.The Power of Talks Who Gets Heard and Why, Harward Business Review, September.
Yule, G. (2010). The study of language (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Background and objective: VEP is a powerful method to study visual system via evaluating evoked potentials. Technologic and instrumental restrictions may be the reason of having studies on optical modulation and induction such as color, spatial frequency and contrast. Developments of computer software and hardware may lead to an increase in the flexibility of pattern designs. Material and methods: Visual psychophysical principles of color, spatial frequency and contrast was used to design patterns. Using the Delphi 5 package. Recording system and pattern reversing were synchronized by a software and some hardware components including an A/D, monostable and an extension Board. A trigger signal from a VEP system was used to change optical properties of patterns according to a definite algorithm. Results and conclusion: All of the optical parameters such as color, spatial frequency and contrast that have influence on visual evoked potentials can be changed independently or in an interactive manner by means of user friendly multiple windows and logical methods. Therefore, optical modulation and induction are made possible by this system. Temporal, spatial and contrast modulation can be carried out independently or dependently with a trigger signal from a VEP system. Dynamic interaction of optical parameters shows new horizons on VEP studies.

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Landform maps show the earth’s surface phenomena and nature of the processes that have been working to produce them. These maps are valuable in spatial planning, agricultural purposes, environmental conservations and forecasts and natural hazards prevention. The study area is a vast province of semnan/Iran (area:96816 km2) with different physiographical conditions from mountainous areas to playas and desert landscapes. Because of difficulties for deep field surveys and time limitation, investigation of the region was done by RS data and some geomorphologic sampling. So, RS data with high spectral characteristics such as LANDSAT were used and combined with those of high spatial resolution such as IRS-PAN in ER-MAPPER 6.3 for better analysis and enhanced classification of geomorphologic features of the study area. Therefore, the region was classified in to 27 classes in ARC/VIEW 3.2a.Then, the results were loaded in Arc Info7.2.1 in order to generate a GIS-ready system. Also, DEM of the region was produced using topographic maps for further studies. The produced landform maps can be used for many environmental plans and reasonable adaptation by real world.

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The present research is conducted in the framework of the comparative literature of the American school which compared two odes created by two prominent Arab and Iranian poets, namely Ibn Zaydun Andalsi (394-463) and Mas’oud Sa’d Salman (439-515). These two poets spent some time in prison and wrote valuable poems about their captivity. In this article, the author has selected a prison poem of each poet and compared them in a descriptive-analytical way. The similar position of the poets and the identical motives in Literary Creation and the same themes in the odes are the reasons for choosing these two works for comparison.
The research shows that the odes of Ibn Zaydun are similar to a mirror which reflects the sorrow of love and captivity. The decaying youth of captivity has aroused the most regrets, and the propitiation has been mixed with soft blame. Praise has the tone of advice. The poet's pride is more destructive than boastful. In Mas’ud's ode, we noticed the whine of a compensatory prisoner who sees the world as a manifestation of conflict and discrimination, realized in the words, style, imagination and vertical texture of the poem. The length of the prison has connected Massoud's mind and language with matter and place more than that of the Ibn Zaydun.
 

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Mannea is the most important state, which was established before Median kingdom and ruled on vast part of northwestern Iran for several centuries. Manneaen were from Hurrian race and language and probably entered the region about 1500 B.C. In their political life although they suffered many inva-sions from Assyria and Urartu, they kept their political and cultural independence and expended their power and realm in next period. In spite of this historical fact and available archaeological data, up to the present time no notable study about Mannea has been conducted and therefore basic aspects of Manneaen culture have remained unknown. The present study undertakes to accomplish this.

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Abstract- In this study, first the six axle depressed center wagon modeled with computer then its suspension optimized for transporting of high weight transformers in vertical direction on straight rails . For this purpose, We simulate dynamics of depressed center wagon in two ways,one by ADAMS / Rail software and by newton-euler analysis Dynamics method. Non-linear equations of motion and kinematical constraints have been solved in time domain. Then we define parameters that are influence on dynamics behavior of suspension element of the six axle depressed center wagon. In addition, optimization function defined base on Non Operating Shock Specification (NOSS) factor that is factor of Vulnerability when carry transformer. And in the end, suspension of this wagon optimized for Transporting of Transformers by perform many simulations on variation interval of choice parameters. Results show that stiffness of suspension element must change a little to dynamics behavior of depressed center wagon is improved.