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Understanding the environment and geopolitical analysis of neighboring border cities are the most important factors that should be taken into account to establish security and expand bilateral relations, which are sought after by countries, especially cities in Southwest Asia. In recent years, some actions of neighboring countries or trans-regional countries have led to insecurity in urban areas. By understanding this concept, the characteristics of the eastern borders of Iran and the relations between Iran and Pakistan, including the cities of Zahedan and Quetta, will be studied in detail by employing a descriptive-analytical research method.

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Innovation network is one considerable approach for innovation development in countries. This approach is applicable in high-tech development. Identifying noticeable aspects in innovation development can help planning and policy making for industries. Important factors of innovation network development in information technology sector obtained reviewing the literature. The research goal is to assess current situation of these factors and their indicators and compare them with each other. Therefore, after gaining experts opinion, a survey has been conducted in seven states of Iran about information technology corporations. The dimensions consist of corporation enablers, embeddedness, adjutant environment, self-organization, learning, interaction quality, innovation and network effectiveness. Obtained results of these dimensions have been analyzed. Based on the results, current situation of each dimension has been determined which can be used in poly-making processes.  Results highlighted that there is significant differences between the situations of these dimensions.    

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Optical properties of graphene oxide and poly methyl methacrylate nanocomposite was investigated in this paper. Initially, graphene oxide was prepared from the oxidation of graphite powder by a strong acid by Hummers-Offemane method. Then identification, purity determination and particle size were obtained by using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The average size of graphene oxide nano particles was estimated about 38.4 nm using the XRD technique. So nano composites of graphene oxide based on poly methyl methacrylate were prepared by the co-precipitation method as an optical sensor element. Nano  composites were identified and characterized by FE SEM, EDX, XRD and FT IR analyzes. To investigate the optical properties of the specimens, UV-vis spectro photometry and reflective spectrometer were used. For three samples of the poly methyl methacrylate nano composite containing nano -graphene oxide, the values ​​of the color parameters b *, a * and L * were obtained that were prepared in the same conditions. Then the black index of the Westlanchr('39')s ratio was calculated. The average blackness index calculated was 3.7 for this nano composite. The study of UV-vis spectra in the region of 400-1100 nm for this nano composite showed that in the 400 - 700 nm regions the light transmission of UV light is approximately zero. Therefore, the results showed that the use of graphene oxide in the PMMA matrix improves the nano composite coating properties against UV waves and nano oxide graphene gives better shades of black color compared to other fillers and pigments.

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Research subject: Expandable Poly Styrene (EPS) has many applications. This polymer prepared by the radical polymerization. This material has many uses in packaging and insulation industries Some of the properties of this polymer like low mechanical strength caused its applications to be limited. By adding some materials, these properties can be improved. Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) is from the materials that which by adding it to the EPS it can improve its quality.
Research approach: In this research, EPS having different percentages of SBS (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) in different conversion percentages (0.6, 0.63, 0.66, 0.69) has been prepared. Different tests like Impact Test, Modular Melt Flow test, Vicat Softening Temperature test, Tensile at Break test, K-value test, Rochwell Hardness test and Elongation at Break test are done on the prepared polymer. Laboratory gained data has been simulated by Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) method of artificial neural networks (ANN) and the simulated data covers the laboratory data perfectly.
Main Results: Investigating the tests show that in constant percentages of SBS in EPS with increase in conversion percentage of EPS, the numerical amount of the tests increases except MFI test (low MFI number means better quality). Increase in SBS percentage in the EPS, increases the properties of polymer. In addition, the results of simulation show that the laboratory data covers the the simulated data perfectly. The data obtained from the results of this reasearch can be used for predicting the data for the points which has not been tested. Adding SBS in different weight percentages of poly styrene in different conversion percentages in order to increase the properties of poly styrene has been used for the first time in this research and the laboratory data results in points which has not been tested has been acquired by applications of ANN.

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Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts.

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Abstract:
Background: Negative sence RNA genome of Influenza A virus contains 8 segments coding for 12-14 proteins depending on strains. Genetically modified virus is caused world wide spread of a new Influenza in the human population. Developing a rapid and accurate diagnostic method to identify new species is necessary. The aim of this study was rapid detection of new species of Influenza A subtypes using specific RT-PCR based on hemagglutinin gene.
Methods: In this study 30 Nasopharynx samples of patient cultured in embryonated eggs. Then RNA was extracted, cDNA prepared and PCR was performed using specific primers designed from hemagglutinin gene. PCR products purified and sequenced.
Findings: PCR products sequences compared with Influenza A sequences obtained from the Gene Bank database. All positive isolates most closely related to the influenza reference strain. This Result showed that the specific RT-PCR used was able to amplified and detect Influenza A subtypes from clinical specimen.
Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that PCR based on hemagglutinin gene with sequencing is a sensitive and accurate method for rapid detection of influenza A new subtypes directly from clinical specimen which is useful in preparation and production of vaccine.

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The biopharmaceutical industry in Iran is developing in parallel with the global trend. Given the risks and costs of research, development, production, and sales of these drugs, firms have moved toward open innovation models across different value chains in the last decade. However, the limited use of technological cooperation methods by the Iranian firms will trap the industry in genericization soon. Accordingly, the development of an open innovation system in the value chain of the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry provides the possibility of continuous development of the industry. In the present study, first, the technological capabilities of the firms in the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry were evaluated, and then some cases of technological cooperation in the industry were studied deeply. Accordingly, considering the "strategic" level of technological capability of firms and also the lessons learned from the multicase study of the experiences of the Iranian pharmaceutical firms, strategies including the completion of the value chain links, the use of export development tools, the supporting of the commercialization in universities and research institutes, the facilitation of technology integration and acquisition and finally the development of smart public financial support to develop are proposed for the development of open innovation system in the Iranian biopharmaceutical industry.
 

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In recent years, the concept of innovation ecosystems has become commonplace for understanding the process of creating shared value. On the other hand, due to the importance of radical innovations in creating a unique defense capability and evolving of these innovations in a network of different actors, the need for an ecosystem view is felt more. In this research, with a qualitative approach and in the form of a multi grounded theory strategy, using latent content analysis tactics and semi structured interviews, a framework for radical innovators in the Iranian defense sector has been introduced. The interviewees were selected from senior managers in the field of defense innovation by snowball sampling method and the researcher saturated the data after 28 interviews. Findings showed that the components of radical innovations ecosystem include actors, capital, infrastructure, regulations, knowledge, ideas, commonalities and communication channels, culture, and structural principles.
 

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یکی از مباحث مهم در اندیشه مسلمین به ویژه شیعه نظریۀ نظام سیاسی مطلوب اسلام در عصر حاضر است. پس از پیروزی انقلاب عناوینی چون جمهوری اسلامی، حکومت الهی – مردمی، دموکراسی دینی و اخیراً تعبیر مردم سالاری دینی مورد عنایت نظریه پردازان و مسؤولان اسلامی قرار گرفته است. در این مقاله در طرح چند بحث مقدماتی، اولاً مفهومی روشن از مردم سالاری دینی ارائه گردیده و سپس به دیدگاههای اندیشوران معاصر شیعه در این زمینه اشاره شده است. رأی ده نفر از افرادی که به جهت مکانت علمی یا موقعیت سیاسی قابل توجه است در این بخش بررسی می‌شود. به طور کلی آیات شورا، آیات مربوط به خلافت انسان در زمین، آیۀ وفای به عهد، آیات دال بر توجه به خطابات تکالیف عمومی به مردم به عنوان چهار دلیل قرآنی بحث مورد توجه قرارگرفته است.

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In this study, the theoretical design of a vapor ejector used in an air-conditioning system is performed and the designed ejector is then optimized via computational fluid dynamics. Based on the numerical simulations, two geometrical parameters, throat diameter and nozzle position, are optimized. Then, the effects of the operating parameters on the performance of the optimized ejector are investigated numerically. The optimized ejector geometry is used as a variable-geometry ejector by using a spindle in the primary throat and the performance of the system in various spindle positions is studied. The results show the importance of using a analytical design to obtain the overall geometry of the ejector and numerical simulation in order to achieve the optimal ejector performance. The variable-geometry ejector designed based on the proposed method in this study with using solar energy, in conjunction with a cold storage system, might be able to provide the necessary refrigeration for all day long.

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Low swirl burners present an effective approach to increase stability in lean premixed combustion. Effects of swirl number as a key parameter in the performance of these burners have been investigated in several studies with different conditions of pressure, bulk velocity equivalence ratio and geometrical specifications. Swirler distance from the exit, called recess length is another key parameter, which affects the performance of the burner and there are a few studies about its effects on the performance of the burner. In this study by design and fabrication of a low swirl burner and setup a rig test, several combustion parameters include flame temperature; flow rate, pressure and temperature of the air and fuel, and analysis of combustion products have been measured. And the effects of recess length and equivalence ratio variations on the performance of the low swirl burner have been studied. In addition, the exergy analysis has been done in order to investigate the performance of these burners. Results reveal that increasing recess length would result in wider range of lifted flame for different equivalence ratios. In addition, results also show that although low swirl combustion is working on lean condition, it has about 17 percent lower irreversibility ratio in comparison with diffusion flame from second law of thermodynamic point of view. Besides, the heat transfer ratio has been increased about 14 percent in the lifted flame in comparison with the attached flame.

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The purpose of this paper is to reach the maximum energy recovery or maximum cold stream outlet terminal temperature in a plate fin heat exchanger (PFHE) with constant volume and heat transfer area for a specified maximum pressure drop. This paper presents a methodology in surface selection and design of PFHE where full pressure drop utilization is taken as a design objective in constant heat exchanger volume and heat transfer area. Several kinds of PFHE with different fin type and geometries and different heat exchanger width, length and height could satisfy the constant volume and area condition. Setting maximum pressure drop could reduce these several heat exchangers. While the fin type and dimension of each heat exchanger is extracted due to constant volume-area and pressure drop conditions respectively, the terminal temperature of the heat exchanger would be calculated utilizing thermo-hydraulic modeling of the PFHE. A typical gas turbine regenerator is chosen as case study. The methodology is applied to this case study and results are shown. The surfaces which result maximum energy recovery are specified. In the cases that energy recovery of some surfaces would be approximately the same, other parameters such as frontal area and flow length will be considered

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Translating Strategy into Action; A Dynamic QFD Application with Third – Generation Balanced Scorecard Approach Mehdi akbari 1, Sepehr Ghazinoory 2 1- Postgraduate of M.S. in Faculty of Management & Economy, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. 2- Associate Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management & Economy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Received: 2 /10/2010 Accept: 12/1/2011 In order to achieve a strategy-focused organization, creating alignment, focus and understanding of the process of translating strategy into action at all organizational levels and processes are vital. But more important issue is that how to provide a quality translator in the spectrum of time. This paper shows how a company can use three-stage "quality function deployment" (QFD) method using the third generation balanced scorecard (BSC) approach for improving the quality of step by step translation strategy into action. Also, since in this article, the emphasis is on the operational level and translated initiatives and projects make solutions and action plans for achieving objectives, so the dynamic approach of quality function deployment method through the application of the dashboards is described. Finally, an application is presented in one of active companies in Oil industry to illustrate the proposed methodology.

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این بژوهش در تلاش به پاسخگویی این سؤال است: چرا تفاسیر فقهی یااجتهأدی فراوانی بانام (احکام القرآن) در اندلس تا قرن هفتم به‌وجود آمد؟ منابع تاریخی و تفسیری در این بژوهش ، بازخوانی شده اند وروش بکارگرفته شده توصیفی – تحلیلی بوده که هدف کشف عوامل تشکیل دهنده رویکرد مکتب تفسیری بسمت فقه است که عمده ترین آنها عبارتند از: خواست سیاست امویها- قرائتها واثر انها بر بروز مذاهب مختلف – ویژگی خاص اجتماعی وعقیدتی اندلسیها- بازگرداندن جایگاه واعتبار به مذاهب سنی و ظهور حکومتهای دینی سلفی. درسایه عوامل ذکرشده، راهی بازشد تا قرائتهای قرآن امور مسلمانان را در اندلس تحت الشعاع قرار دهد تاجایی که مردم بدانها مشغول و غرق شوند، در نتیجه از آموختن قرآن و أحأدیث تا قرن سوم به دور ماندند. بدیهی است که اختلاف درقرائتها بیان احکام خود را و ظهور مذاهب وگرایشهای فقهی نیز به دنبال دارد. هرکدام از آنها آن گونه که مذهب خویش را بزرگ می نمود وباعث تضعیف دیگر مذاهب می‌شد، تفسیر می‌کرد، لذا تفاسیر فقهی یا اجتهادی گوناگونی به وجود آمدند. جنبش تفسیری در اندلس باتأخیر آغاز شد و معدود کسانی در قرن سوم نام آورشدند. دولت اموی نیز مذهب مالکی مبتنی بر حدیث سلفی بر آنها تحمیل می‌کرد. دردوره مرابطین سلفی، تفسیر رشد و نمو یافت و به‌دست شیخ ابن عطیه در دوره موحدین به بلوغ خود رسید. سپس در قرن هفتم قرطبی دریچه‌ای بسوی اجتهاد گشود و مذاهب چهارگانه(اهل سنت) را باتفسیر خود (الجامع لأحکام القرآن) جمع نمود، که آن را می‌توان پایان این رویکرد فقهی در آن قرون نامید.

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تفسیر موضوعی گرایشی نو در پژوهشهای تفسیری ناظر بر تفسیر موضوعات مشخصی در قرآن کریم است که با روشهای مرسوم تفسیری پیش از قرن چهاردهم هجری تفاوت دارد؛ یعنی همان تفسیرهایی که به صورت آیه به آیه یا آیات پی در پی با مواضیع جداگانه به تفسیر آیات می پردازد. این پدیده در پی تحولات عظیمی در عرصه های اصلاح طلبی اجتماعی، سیاسی، فرهنگی ایجاد شد و حیات مسلمانان را دستخوش چالشهایی کرد که از رهگذر آن خواستار عکس العملها وموضع گیرهای سریع از سوی علما شدند ودیگر مجالی برای تفسیر ترتیبی وآیه به آیه قران نبود وبدین گونه بر اهمیت وضرورت تفسیر موضوعی قرآن افزوده شد. اینک، اگرچه دهها سال از نگارش تفاسیر موضوعی قرآن می گذرد، اما همچنان در زمینه چارچوب دقیق تفسیر موضوعی ابهامات زیادی وجود دارد وهنوز نوع یا انواع آن به روشنی تعیین نشده است و سؤالهایی هم چنان مطرح است، از جمله: آیا تفسیر موضوعی ناظر بر کل قرآن است یا بر یک سوره یا بر مفردات و واژگان قرآن و اصولا مراد از موضوع چیست و چه معیارهایی برای آن تعیین می شود؟ آیا این معیارها همچنانکه آیت الله شهید سید محمد باقر صدر می گوید از خارج متن یا برخاسته از خود متن است از ابتدا تا انتهای آن؟ افزون بر آن، دلایل مشروعیت این نوع تفسیر چیست وچگونه می توان ایرادهایی فراوانی را که بر آن گرفته شده پاسخگو بود؟ این همه برخاسته از ابهامات نظری است که در تفسیر موضوعی وجود دارد ونیز بدبینی هایی که نسبت به آن و پدیدآورندگان آن وجود دارد.