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Silybum marianum  (Family: Astraceae) is an annual or biennial plant, which  it grows in the most regions of Iran. The extracts of the mature milk thistle seeds are used as medicinal compounds against liver diseases and liver cirrhosis and inhibitor of liver cancer. In this study, oil content,fatty acids profile and phytosterol compounds were determined in three ecotypes which are in north-west of Iran including Khoreslo, Moghan (in Ardabil) and Babakcastle (in East Azerbaijan). The extracted oil contents of the seeds were from 28% to 29.5%. linoleic acid (49-52%) was predominated followed by oleic acid (25-29%) and linolenic acid was in the lowest level in the all samples. Moreover, phytosterols such as β-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Campesterol, Cholesterol, Cleroesterol and ∆7- Sterol were determined in the all extracted oil samples by GC, which β-Sitosterol was the highest in comparison to the others in the all samples. Therefore, the highest content of β-Sitosterol (34.9% of total phytosterol) among the three different ecotypes was belonged to Khoreslo ecotype. In conclusion, using of milk thistle seed oil which has high nutritional value is beneficial in production of edible oil in the country.  

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Tuluq and Torba bag yoghurt are the traditional concentrated yoghurt that is produced in some parts of Iran such as Azerbaijan. In this study, traditional concentrated yoghurt was produced in four methods, Tuluq and Torba bags, packed in polyethylene containers and was evaluated with control yoghurt during storage time. The chemical properties were included pH, acidity, total solid, fat and protein content. Also samples were evaluated of the Starter cultures such as Streptococcus salivarius ssp. Thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus count, post contamination microbes such as coliform, psychrotrophic bacteria, mold and yeast count and pathogenic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli count. In analysied samples yoghurt, pH were (3.89-4.56), acidity (0.94-1.70 g/100 g), total solid (12.5-37.5%), fat (2.9-17.9%) and protein content (3.7-12.5%). Starter cultures decreased during storage time. Streptococcus Thermophilus count was more than Lactobacillus Bulgaricus count during storage time. Psychrotrophic bacteria mold and yeast count increased during storage time but the coliform, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli bacteria did not change. The results revealed that Tuluq yoghurt not only has high nutritional quality and microbiological properties but also has long shelf-life and it can be introduced as a valuable dairy product.

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The aim of this study is to investigate aqueous extraction process as a safe and environmentally friendly method for extracting oil from flaxseed. For this purpose, flaxseeds were first roasted (at 120 °C for 45 minutes), then ground and the extraction process was performed. In the aqueous extraction process, temperature (25-70 ° C), time (1.5-5.5 hours) and pH (4-7) conditions were applied and qualitative characteristics (acid value, peroxide value and oil extraction yield) were measured. The results showed that, with increasing extraction time and temperature, the obtained oil yield also increased, so that the maximum yield related to extraction time of 3 hours, extraction temperature of 70 °C and pH=4. Also acid and peroxide values increased by increase of the extraction time and temperature. According to the results of the acid value, peroxide value and extraction oil yield, extraction at 70 °C, 2.45 h and pH=4 was selected as the optimal treatment and quality characteristics of the extracted oil was evaluated during storage. The results showed that, chlorophyll, carotenoids and total phenol content significantly decreased (p≤0.05) during storagemouseout="msoCommentHide('_com_1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('_anchor_1','_com_1')">[U1] . Also, acid and peroxide values had a significant increase during storage (p≤0.05) and the maximum observed at 60th day storage. It was concluded that aqueous extraction of oil from flaxseed despite its relatively low efficiency, improved quality characteristics and can be a good alternative to conventional methods.