Showing 37 results for عطار
Volume 2, Issue 1 (9-2011)
Abstract
Lentiviruses are considered one of the most effective recombinant viruses for gene transfer to mammalian cells and tissues. This study comprises of two essential parts: (1) evaluation of efficiency of protein purification columns in concentration of recombinant lentiviruses, and (2) production of recombinant lentiviruses carrying GDNF coding sequences. In part (1) we co-transfected human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293T with three lentivirus vectors called transfer (carrying either GFP or Jred), packaging and envelope vectors. After a filtration step, we applied the supernatant from transfected cells to Amicon protein columns for concentration purposes. Centrifugation removed 99% of the supernatant and left behind 500-µl-volume of solution full of virions. We thereby produced a of virus stock. Various dilutions of this stock were added to HEK-293T cells that produced up to 100% infected cells positively expressing transgenes. To examine whether the removed supernatant (overflow) has any trace of infective virus by chance, we also used dilutions of the overflow for infection and observed no sign of eGFP or Jred expression. Given the need for a high-titer virus stock for successful target cell transduction, our results indicate that our filtration method of virus concentration is able to produce high virus titer and is cost-effective and less time consuming than previous methods. In part (2), due to the importance of neurotrophic factor GDNF in differentiation and neuroprotection as well as in therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, we ligated GDNF coding sequence into the lentivirus backbone in the second phase of our study. We applied the same method outlined above to produce high-titer recombinant viruses. Following infection of human astrocytoma cells with this virus stock, we detected 3-fold increase in GDNF mRNA expression using RT-PCR. Lentiviruses carrying GDNF can therefore be generated at high titer using the column method and applied for differentiation and neuroprotection studies.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Summer 2018)
Abstract
In this research, general performance of Radial basis function (RBF) Artificial neural networks in experimental data on effect of the NiO, WO3, TiO2,ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in different temperatures and mass fractions on the viscosity of crude oil has been studied. The morphology and stability of the nanoparticles has been analyzed by DLS and TEM analysis, the results showed that the average diameter of the nanoparticles is from 10 to 30 nm which defers for different oxide nanoparticles. The general method for calculating the optimum span of the Isotropic Gaussian function with special algorithm for learning RBF networks, has been presented. This study's results declared that the RBF artificial neural networks, because of having strong academic basis and having the ability to filter the noises, has a good performance. With increase in temperature, the ratio of the viscosity of the nanofluids decreases compering to the viscosity of the basefluid. Also with increase in nanoparticles mass fraction the related viscosity increases boldly. For temperatures higher than 50°C, the related viscosity is less than the viscosity of the basefluid.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (2014 2014)
Abstract
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3 (Tome 24), (Articles in Persian) 2015)
Abstract
Granted that advertisements reflect the dominant mindset of a society, this study intends to scrutinize the use of argumentation speech act in both Persian and English advertisements with the purpose of discovering the underlying conventions of these argumentations. With that in mind, based on Toulmin’s (1958) model of argumentation, one hundred advertisements (50 Persian ads and 50 English ads) were randomly selected from the popular magazines published in both Persian and English languages. The advertisements which were selected in this study were published in the last decade. Chi-square test analysis revealed significant differences between the Persian and English advertisements, indicating that claim outweighs the other elements of the argumentation speech act in the Persian advertisements. However, the English ones employ data more than the other modules of the argumentation speech act. In the end, the cultural reasons causing the differences were discussed.
Volume 7, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 34), Fall Special, (Articles in Persian) 2016)
Abstract
The matter of transformation in the writing system of Persian language and employing a Latin- based alphabet for this mean has attracted, for a long time, the attention of many linguists and grammarians. In addition to cultural, economic and political factors as well as teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers, the technological development and some phenomena such as internet (chat), electronic letters (e-mail) and short messages (SMS) have made the issue more crucial.
Different reasons have been presented and some methods or alphabets have been proposed. But are the presented reasons always logical and scientific? Are the writing methods practical and usable? In this paper, we will argue the reasoning of three groups Eurofarsi, Unipers and Parsic for changing Persian alphabet and their proposed Latin-based alphabets for Persian language, as well as the common public method of Latin-based writing of Farsi. The findings showed that the relevant arguments seemed illogical and formed on the basis of this presupposition that Persian writing system has caused many problems for acquisition of this language. Furthermore, the proposed writing systems of these groups were not considered applicable to Persian.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (Autumn 2018)
Abstract
All aspects of human life are related to environment and climate. The climate in many cases of human life has a significant impact, including architecture, food, clothing, customs and traditions. Undoubtedly, environmental comfort in built environment influenced by environmental and climatical conditions. Therefore, the man was forced to recognize the climatic conditions of their environment in order to use its facilities and dealing with it and confronting with it’s difficult to fit. Now a day, the importance in the study of climate and its emphasis in architecture, led to studies and research in this field. This article aims to understand the principles of climatical and sustainable architecture houses in Ahwaz and its purpose is to extract repeatable features to achieve the goals of sustainable architecture that are used on them. By understanding the applicability of the extracted values that can be found in the architecture of the past, we can achieve the kind of architecture that works as good as the previous architecture and responders the needs of today’s human. In this paper, examined the architectural climatical elements of residential buildings, Understanding the principles of design in warm and humid climate as the climate prevailing in this city, Introducing ten house of Ahwaz and finally, examined the hot and humid climatic architecture’s principles in samples is discussed. For the purpose of this research, describe-analyze method and library studies and visits samples was used.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (Vol. 10, No. 3 (Tome 51), (Articles in Persian) 2019)
Abstract
The impact of motivation in human activities, especially in L2/FL learning/teaching has always attracted researcher's attention. After revealing the limitations of Gardner's ideas, it was determined, in 90's, that mental representations of language learners have a great effect on their motivational processes.
The L2 motivational system of Dörnyei, as an integration of Gardner, Higgins, Markus and Nurius's ideas with possible selves concept in psychology is one of the most modern theories for studying the L2/FL motivation; the theoretical model contains 3 main concepts: The Ideal L2 self, The Ought-to L2 self and The Learning Experience. In this paper, the authors study the motivational factors of Dörnyei’s theory in Iranian French learners. A questionnaire was distributed to 160 French learners (University students and institute learners) and was analyzed by SPSS 18 software.The results showed that recognition and enhancement of L2 motivational factors can predict the intended effort. Correlation analyses coefficient revealed that the ideal L2 self-variable has a direct relationship with instrumentality-prevention, instrumentality- promotion and intended effort. Also, there is no significant correlation between the anxiety, Ideal L2 self, and intended effort while there is a direct relation between anxiety and the ought-to-to L2 self-items.
Volume 11, Issue 6 (No. 6 (Tome 60), (Articles in Persian) 2020)
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the syntactic processes involved in deriving Persian WH-multiple questions. Therefore, the function of WH-words in these constructs regarding the syntactic processes is examined. It also clarifies which syntactic functions justify their sequential or split orders. The research method is descriptive-analytic on the base of Chomsky’s Minimalist approach (1995). Research data was collected from books, Media, newspapers, social networks and Google search engine and native speakers’ speech. Data analysis shows that in sequential WH-multiple questions (both types), backward deletion occurs in which the identical constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity. In these constructions, the first WH-word remains in situ and the second one moves to the focus phrase after deleting the identical constituent. Scrambling is just possible with adjunct- adjunct and adjunct- argument order in these constructions. In split WH- multiple questions, the deletion of identical constituent occurs in the second clause as forward deletion in which both WH-words remanin in situ. Scrambling in these constructions is also possible with adjunct-adjunct and adjunct-argument order. Scrambling and superiority of WH-words are not permitted in WH-multiple questions with any order of WH-words.
1. Introduction
Among the constructions that Chomsky examines in the form of minimalist approach are WH-questions. These constructions are observed in two types, yes /no questions and WH-questions which is the aim of the present study. Sometimes WH-questions consisting of two or more WH-words, named WH-multiple questions. These constructions are in two types: sequential and split. Sequential WH-multiple questions are themselves divided into two types of simple (without coordinator) and coordinated (with coordinator). In split one, WH-words are separated. The present study seeks to answer these questions: What is the function of WH-words in WH-multiple questions with respect to the syntactic processes, and which syntactic operations justify their sequential or split nature?
2. Literature Review
A review of the research literature shows that WH-quesions have been studied only in terms of structure, type and movement of WH-words in Persian just in single WH-word questions and none of them examined the syntactic processes in the derivation of Persian WH- multiple ones. Therefore, conducting such a study in relation to WH-multiple questions based on Chomsky's Minimalist Program (1995) distinguishes itself from other similar studies in this field.
3. Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytic based on the principles of Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Program as theoretical framework.
4. Results
The examination of data shows that in coordinated WH-questions (both types), the common constituent in the first clause is deleted under identity and satisfying language economy. In other words, backward deletion occurs. In the coordinate WH-questions (both types), the first WH-word remains in-situ and under identity and thus deleting it, the second WH-word moves to the focus phrase.
In contrast, in split WH-questions, forward deletion occures in which the deletion of identical clause occurs in the second clause, leaving a gap in the position of identical elements, and both WH-words are placed in their original unmarked place. In this type of WH-questions, the movement of WH-word leads to the ungrammaticality of WH-construction and as a result, Persian speakers will not accept it. Therefore, It has been concluded since no movement occurs in this type of constructions, there is no need to apply the attract closest principle.
Also, the analysis of data shows that scrambling of two adjuct-adjunct WH-word in sequencial coordinate WH-question is possible. But in multiple WH-question, scrambling and superiority leads to unacceptable and sometimes ungrammatical constructions. Thus, contrary to Bošković's (1999) view that focus languages do not show superiority effects, multiple WH-questions in Persian, which is a focus language, shows it. In split WH-questions, scrambling of two adjunct- adjunct WH-words is possible.
In coordinate WH-questions with adjunct-argument order, scrambling of two WH-words is possible. On the contrary, this kind of scrambling in Persian multiple WH-question leads to ungrammatical construction. In contrast, scrambling of adjunct- argument WH-words in split WH-questions is allowed and the result is a grammatical and acceptable construction. Scrambling of WH-words with the order of augment-adjunct is not possible in any of the coordinate, multiple and split WH-questions and the result will be an ungrammatical WH-question.
In coordinate WH-questions with the order of argument-argument WH-words, if the case markers accompanying WH-words are deleted, the construction will be ungrammatical and in the case of two argument WH-words scrambling, the construction will be grammatical, but not acceptable for Persian speakers. In multiple WH-quesions, scrambling of two WH-words is not possible. In split WH-question with two argument WH-words, scrambling is impossible and ungrammatical. The results also show that argument coordination can only occur with transitive verbs.
5. Discussion
It has been discussed and examined what syntactic processes involved in derivatiing of WH-multiple questions? And which syntactic operations justify its sequential or split properties. In thi way, WH-multiple questions in different orders of adjunct-adjunct, adjunct-argument, argument-adjunct, and argument-argument, have separately been studied.
6. Conclusion
We concluded that the existence of multiple WH-questions in Persian as a pro-drop language violates the view of Sitko (2013) who claims that pro-drop languages allow multiple WH-word rising.
In general, the syntactic processes involved in WH-multiple questions of Persian are: finding the identical constitute and deleting it, remaining the first WH-word in-situ and moving the second WH-word to focus phrase.
Notes
1. In this study, we investigate only WH-multiple questions with two WH-words.
2. Acceptability
3. Unacceptability
4. Lubańska
5. Stefano
6. Pro- drop languages
7. Covert wh-movement
8. Empty wh-operator
9. Overt wh-movement
10. Merge
11. A-position: A position that takes a semantic role and corresponds to traditional subject and object position.
12. A′-position: A position that does not take a Ө-role. Such as adjuncts position and specifier position of CP
13. Scrambling
14. Conceptual-intentional
15. Articulatory-perceptual
16. Occam’s Razor
17. Attract Closest Principal: According to this principle, which is assumed to attract a particular type of structure, attracts the closest possible structure of that type.
18. Superiority condition
19. Deletion under identity
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
One of the important parts of many large dams is flood release chute spillway. Aerators are installed
on chute spillways to prevent cavitation phenomenon under very high speed water flow. An aerator
consists of a ramp providing a sudden slope change that separates water from the bed and permits air
to mix with water. For the study of flow condition in aeration zone and for having an insight
knowledge about the aeration, the study of flow condition on the ramp is a prerequisite. The change in
the slope of the bed is common in spillways due to the change in the topographical slope and at the
connection of the spillway and the stilling basin.
In the present study, the flow condition at the place of sudden slope change was numerically simulated
by FLUENT software. FLUENT is powerful software in simulation of water flow, in which the effects
of turbulent are well considered. In this software, the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved.
Volume of fluid method is applied to simulate the free surface water accurately. The results of the
model in terms of pressure distribution at bed, pressure distribution in depth, velocity profile and water
surface profile were compared with the results of an analytical model of streamline method as well as
with the available experimental data. The analytical model is a streamline method based on conformal
mapping with the basic assumption of ideal flow. The results of the model were compared in various
slopes and water velocities. The study showed that numerical model can predict water surface profile
and dynamic pressure properly and the results of numerical model are more accurate as compared to
analytical model for the two important parameters of pressure distribution at the bed and the velocity
profile. The pressure distribution was reasonably predicted by the numerical model at the bed of
channel before the ramp for all the studied degrees and at the bed on the ramp for smaller degrees. The
maximum error was nearly 5-10 percent. The velocity profile calculated by the numerical model was
very close to the experimental data and the maximum error was nearly 5 percent. The analytical
method was found quite capable in prediction of dynamic pressure and water surface profile, and less
accurate in predicting the velocity profile. The study also showed that before and after the slope
change, the influence length, where the dynamic pressures are significant, is dependent on the degree
of sudden slope change and also on the amount of normal depth. Furthermore, the water surface
profiles calculated by the numerical model and the analytical model were quite coincident, showing
that the effects of gravity, viscosity and turbulence parameters on the water surface profile are
insignificant.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (June & July 2021 (Articles in Persian) 2021)
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of gender on language. Some have considered elements of feminine and masculine styles in this regard, while others have considered language to be non-gendered. The discussion of feminine writing style that emerged from the views of those like Lakoff is based on feminist and postmodern ideas. In this article, while reviewing the basics of gender linguistics and a brief outline of the components of Lakoff on feminine writing style, we do a comparative study on the researches done in Iran in this field on translated and compiled literary works. Finally we study 12 articles, analyzing the general state of these studies and their results. In general, the shortcomings of researches, (translation and compilation), in Iran include the sheer field of research results, the lack or weakness of analyzes based on social, psychological, and cultural theories, and their non- generalizability. Regarding researches on the impact of gender on translation, it should be noted that in addition, the number of studies is not high and some points are ignored or the methodology is inadequate.
1. Introduction
Chromosomal and consequently cellular differences between men and women, as well as differences between male and female hormones, cause differences in men and women’s brains biologically. This affects their intellectual, emotional, linguistic processes and their general viewpoints. Since language is related to social attitudes, it can be concluded that people with different attitudes have different linguistic or discourse functions. Differences in social attitudes are caused by cultural differences, education, age, and gender, and as women enter the field of fiction, we see a novel discourse called "women's writing style."
After the expansion of feminist beliefs in the 1960s in addition to the rise of feminist linguistics and gender linguistics, more and more women entered the field of writing, talking about their experiences, issues, and concerns. Apparently, owing to the lower status of women in society, and the rejection of the existing patriarchal culture, many female writers adopted a different style and discourse. In this article, we intend to review the studies on the role of gender in women's writing and translation; besides, we will review eleven published articles to find the answers to the following questions:
1. What components have been studied in women's style researches, including authorship and translation in Iran?
2. What are the shortcomings of the researches conducted in Iran?
3. Do the researches carried out regarding translation in Iran show the effect of translator gender on his/her translation?
Studies indicate that existing researches have presented field statistics of a number of well-known components in this area, and despite the efforts of recent researchers, the role of in-depth analysis based on valid socio-cultural-psychological theories in these researches is limited. Consequently, they are not generalizable. Regarding the effect of gender on translation, there have been few studies, which were either methodologically inappropriate, or avoided considering some points and the absence of extensive researches in this field is felt.
2. Literature Review
Like any other social movements, feminism has had its ups and downs. The first manifestations of feminism can be found in the poems of the Greek poet Sappho of the seventh century BC. The French poet and philosopher Christine de Pizan (1330-1464) also continued this style. Since the 15th century, a number of men and women have written in defense of women and the idea of equality between men and women.
Virginia Woolf pioneered twentieth-century feminist critique with her book of Room of Her Own (1919). After the World War II, Simone de Beauvoir revived the feminist movement with the publication of The Second Sex. After the second wave of feminism, the style of feminine writing was founded upon the ideas of Jacques Lacan, Luce Irigaray, Julia kristeva, Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, Hélène Cixous, and Gilles Deleuze, the founders of postmodern thought.
Hélène Cixous published The Laugh of the Medusa in Arc magazine in 1975, coining the term "feminine writing" (Fauvrelle-Pomeon, p. 183). According to her, women should write about themselves, their feelings, their bodies, their gender, and in this case, their language and language structures will be different. Researches on language and gender initially focused on the effect of gender variable on individual’s verbal behavior at the phonetic level and interactive methods. Robin Lakoff's book Language and Woman's Place (1975) revolutionized the study of language and gender, and expanded researches that had previously focused solely on individual’s verbal behavior at the phonetic level by enumerating lexical, syntactic, and practical features (Moradi and Bahrani, 2016, p. 85). Afterwards, Lakoff mentions 14 characteristics for female speech in the book of Talking Power (1990) (Fotouhi, 2012, pp. 398-399).
The book A literature of their own (1977) by the American Elaine Showalter is another great work in this field. Influenced by Cixous, Showalter writes on the analysis of women-centered critiques and feminine aesthetics, and uses four biological, linguistic, psychological, and cultural approaches to analyze women's texts and explain their differences. Julia Kristeva and Luce Irigaray are also writers whose work pieces have had a great impact on global feminism and the explanation of women's writing style (Talaei and Talaei, 2018, pp. 434-440; Fauvrelle-Pomeon, p. 184).
However, separating writing into feminine-masculine is not entirely acceptable to all linguists. Taheri (2009, p. 98) does not provide a scientific basis for the theory or method of women's writing, because in Cixous's own words, "it is not possible to provide a definition of women's writing ... and as a result this method is never theorized, defined and codified." . Fotouhi (2012) distinguishes between sex and gender while discussing the use of the term "gender dialect" in linguistics to express the difference between feminine and masculine language. By distinguishing the question of language and gender from the nature of women's literature, or feminism, he mentions five linguistic levels for the characteristics of feminine speech: the phonetic level, the lexical level, the syntactic level, the rhetorical level, and the applied level.
The important point is that there is a difference between a work written in a feminine style and a female-written work: the feminine writing style seeks to reclaim women’s violated rights in the struggle against male domination and has its own components. However, any work written by a woman is considered a female-written work, while a man can also write in a feminine style. This point was the subject of sarailoo's dissertation (2017) entitled "A comparative Study of female style in Ghadah Al-Samman and Zoya Pirzad's stories". She examines the type of female writing in these two authors' works and concludes that the Al-Samman's works belong to female literary tradition and the Pirzad's works belong to feminism literary tradition.
Aghajari et al. (1398) affirm that the presence of Iranian women in society coincided with the presence of women in written culture during the Constitutional Revolution changes. According to Khayatan (1397), women's storytelling in Iran dates back to before Daneshvar. In the Qajar Era, for the first time, Naser al-Din Shah's daughter wrote stories that were told orally to her father making "Amir Arsalan-e Namdar" the first story written in Persian by a woman. According to Ghasemzadeh and Ali Akbari, Simin Daneshvar is the first Persian-language female novelist in Iran to publish the novel Savushun (1969) after the publication of the first collection of women's short stories entitled A City Like Paradise (1961).
Much research has been done on women's writing style in Iran, both in terms of theoretical, stylistic foundations and applied criticism of literary works. Davari Ardakani and Ayyar in 2008 reviewed the researches carried out in Iran in the field of gender linguistics up to that time and pointed out the problems of those researches. Davari Ardakani and Ayyar also refer to the Book " introduction to the Sociology of Language" written bye Yahya Modarresi in 2007, which analyzes the issues related to society and language, including gender, and men and women’s linguistic patterns and their social differences, and points to gender differences in different languages. The women’s writing style was also studied by Fotouhi in the book Stylistics, Theories, Approaches and Methods, (2012).
3. Methodology
In this descriptive-comparative study, while examining the biological and physiological differences between men and women and the theoretical foundations of gender linguistics, we will have a brief and cataloged review of related research in Iran. Then, by reviewing and summarizing 11 applied critiques of women writing (4 researches on the role of translator gender in translation and 7 researches in authorship), we extract and compare the characteristics and components of women's writing style studied in these researches to determine the general status of these researches and existing shortcomings.
The peculiarity and innovation of the present study is that, contrary to the practice of many previous field-researches, which evaluated some presupposed stylistic components of female writing in one or more works, it examines a number of studies conducted in the field of authorship and translation in Iran providing a supra-analysis of the overall status of these studies
4. Conclusion
There has been a lot of research in Iran on the effect of the author's gender on writing, but the number of studies on the effect of the translator's gender on translation is very limited. In general, in most studies, some tangible components derived from the theories of Lakoff and other theorists in this field have been studied. Researchers have attempted to describe characteristics and components of feminine writing style through setting the norms and standards of male writing and considering certainty of the difference between male and female writing styles, which is the most fundamental flaw.
Although in more recent research, researchers have tried to look at the issue from a socio-cultural perspective, this approach is very limited and does not provide in-depth analyzes based on social and cultural theories. It seems that researchers in most cases have attempted to prove the theory and its truth in their research; an effort that is in fact anti-scientific. In these studies, the effect of psychological, individual and situational aspects of the author or translator have not been considered and more attention has been paid to their gender.
In the case of translation research, the method adopted is ineffective in some cases. In this regard, it is better to compare different translations of male and female translators of the same work, while bearing the recent translator’s awareness and use of the previous translation in mind.
In examining and criticizing the gender of a translation, one should take the original work in the source language and the style of the original author into account, because the act of translation, compared to the authorship, is restricted and largely depends on the original work. In addition, the researcher should mind the translator’s stylistic features (faithful translation to the text or free translation ...).
It is also important to respect issues related to editing, publishing norms and requirements in Iran and censorship. When we are going to emphasize the translator's female style in terms of deleting or modifying some words or phrases, we need to know whether the translator did it voluntarily or under the pressure of the publisher or the editor....
In general, it can be argued that the result of the research presented field statistics and figures of the intended components. That is some tangible components derived from the theories of Lakoff, Mills, Fairclough, and other theorists in this area. Hence, the results obtained from these studies cannot be generalized.
Regarding the issues discussed, it can be said that the study of the effect of gender on writing, both in terms of authorship and translation, requires extensive interdisciplinary researches which are beyond a concise article. To examine this issue in Persian, we must first provide a precise definition of gender and its relationship with other personality factors such as age, occupation, family environment, education, time, and the prevailing cultural discourse. Then, gender differences between languages, men and women’s social differences and their linguistic characteristics need to be recognized. Additionally, while localizing the theoretical foundations of gender linguistics, the components obtained based on related social, cultural, psychological theories and translation should be examined.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
This research was conducted with the aim of determining the biodiversity of Pertaran communities in three areas with mangrove cover and in 9 stations including one station in Gowatr Bay and 4 stations in each of Gowatr bay and Bahu Kalat on the eastern coast of Chabahar port. From each station, from the winter of 2019 to the fall of 2014, three sediment samples were collected seasonally for the separation and identification of sediments and one sample for the analysis of grain size and total organic matter of the sediments by Grab van Veen with a cross-sectional area of 0.028 square meters. In total, 12 genera belonging to 10 families were identified. Among the groups of the detected families of spionidae, the highest percentage of the average frequency with 13.70% was related to the Spionidae family. The survey of the density of the birds in total is 17800 ± 180 in the mentioned seasons, the average density of the birds in winter is 8720 ± 42 and the average density of the birds in the autumn is 9080 ± 181.63 in the mentioned seasons, the lowest average in winter is related to the Nereidae family: 0.5 600±67 and the most number was for Spionidae family: 1280±31.47 individuals in one square meter. The lowest average in autumn was related to the Nereidae family: 560 ± 32.65 and the highest to the Spionidae family: 1160 ± 62.94 individuals per square meter.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2013)
Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents the results of laboratory flume experiments, concerning the effect of sill, spur dike and submerged vanes on sediment control at lateral intakes and bed topography around them. Since a larger portion of the flow in the vicinity of bed, is diverted, the intake will receive a relatively large amount of bed load materials. So, appropriate and reliable methods are required to minimize the amount of diverted sediment material into the intake of a river. using submerged vanes, spur dike or sill, dividing stream-surface is contracted in the vicinity of bed and sediment transported into intake channel decreases Because either submerged vanes set up a tip vortex and thereupon a helical flow in downstream, or spur dike generates curved stream in the river resulting in helical flow. On the other hand, sill prevents direct movement of bed sediment into the lateral intake. For specifying the effect of mentioned structures, four sets of experiment were considered. In the first set, no structure was used to control sediment. In the second set, sill was placed at the intake entrance whose height is equal to one third of upstream uniform depth of main channel. In the third one, a single straight, non permeable and non submerged spur dike with the length equal to one fourth of main channel width, was placed at the opposite bank of intake besides sill at the intake entrance, and eventually, parallel submerged vanes was placed at the front of diversion entrance besides sill at the intake entrance and spur dike at the opposite bank of intake.
A recirculating sediment flume fitted with a 90 degree lateral diversion channel was used in all experiments. Three flow diversion ratios were used and studied some subjects including ratio of bed sediment transport into intake (Gr) , volume fraction of sediment deposited within the diversion, bed sectional profile, divided stream-surface and amount of scour in downstream of main channel beyond the intake. In this research discharge ratio (Qr) and type of experiment set are independent parameters.
Results show that mentioned parameters depend maily on those independent parameters. In all sets, as Qr increases, Gr goes up and dividing stream-surface extends in throughout depth. However, volume fraction of deposited sediment within the intake channel decreases. It can be seen that using the sill at the intake entrance make rate of diversion sediment to decrease up to 68 percent for lower values of Qr, but the submerged vanes and the spur dike cause more significant effects on bed level in front of the intake entrance and dividing stream- surface, resulting high decrease in Gr . However,the spur dike mainly affects the sediment control and it causes Gr to decrease by 90 percent. the results also show that the sill generally has significant effects on scouring beyond the intake in downstream of main channel, while the spur dike and the submerged vanes have a more significant role. This paper also presents some relations to estimate rate of diversion sediment and dimensions of scouring beyond the intake in downstream of main channel.
Volume 13, Issue 52 (4-2016)
Abstract
The natural and bioactive compounds from marine animals can be used as functional compositions for healthcare. Collagen and gelatin of marine animals could be having pharmacological and cosmetic applications. In the present study collagen was extracted from the body wall of sea cucumber (S.horrens) collected from Chahbahar Bay and its Amino acid composition was investigated. Also, gelatin from this collagen was extracted according to acidic hydrolyzed method and the functional properties were studied. The type of purified collagen was identified by the SDS-PAGE method. The results indicated the extracted collagen was the type I, because it had a α1 chain by the molecular weight of 125 KDa and a heavy band of β chain with the molecular weight of 250 KDa. The collagen contained high amount of Imino Acids and the glycine was the dominant Amino acid. The melting and gelling point of the Gelatin was 300C and 50C, respectively. The viscosity of the gelatin was 2.065 cp, lower than other fish species and mammals.
Volume 13, Issue 58 (0-0)
Abstract
Increasing soy protein isolate content may be a practical and cost-effective means to control the functional properties of imitation pizza cheese. Imitation cheeses containing 2, 3 and 5% (w/w) soy protein isolate as a partial caseinate substitute were manufactured and dynamic rheology of these products were compared to a control (0% w/w soy protein isolate) in temperature sweep analysis. The dynamic rheological properties of caseinate-based imitation cheeses containing various concentrations of soy protein isolate were investigated using a strain-controlled rheometer. The storage modulus (G’), the loss modulus (G”) and the loss angle (Tan) were measured as a function of temperature (35–100°C). The storage modulus and loss modulus of imitation cheeses was significantly decreased (P0.05) at all examined temperatures (35–100) with the inclusion of soy protein isolate. Inclusion of soy protein isolate significantly increased imitation cheese peak Tan values compared to control (P0.05), and the inclusion of 5% (w/w) soy protein isolate as a partial caseinate substitute had the greatest effect. In sensory evaluation, in terms of texture and mouthfeel, flavour and total acceptance the highest score belonged to control, while in all of samples lowest score observed in sample containing 5% w/w soy protein isolate. The results of this study showed that varying the level of soy protein isolate altered dynamic rheological properties as a function of temperature and thus the functionality (for example, meltability), as well as sensory attributes of imitation pizza cheeses.
Volume 14, Issue 63 (6-2016)
Abstract
In recent decades,the demand of consumption for probiotics or functional foods has increased and several attempts to use them in fermented meat products.The study aims to produce the probiotic fermented sausages by using the probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (with the initial inoculation of 107 cfu / gr) as a functional food and to study their chemical, microbial and organoleptic properties.The results of chemical tests showed that the probiotic samples have the highest amount of protein content and lowest amount of moisture content compared to the control.The results of the overall count of probiotic bacteria in the desired times showed that in the samples containing probiotic bacteria,there are 106-107 of living bacterial cells per gram of final product.The microbial test results of non-lactic bacteria count showed that the treatment containing Lactobacillus plantarum 299V had the highest amount of mentioned bacteria and the control had the lowest amount.In the final products of all samples, no trace of the presence of pathogenic bacteria was observed.The results of the organoleptic property evaluation showed that in most cases, the probiotic fermented sausage samples had higher scores than controls.
Volume 14, Issue 68 (0-0)
Abstract
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2016)
Abstract
Buried pipelines, commonly used to transport water, gas and oil, are critical elements of the infrastructure of today’s modern cities and usually pass through large geographical distances. They are classified as lifelines as they carry materials that are essential to support human life. Due to the importance of maintaining the operability of these lifelines, it is of primary importance to study the effect of different hazards on their behavior in order to be able to mitigate any possible damages. Therefore, they could be subjected to different types of natural hazards such as earthquakes in the form of permanent ground displacement and/or wave propagation. Seismic waves could pose great threats to above ground facilities and perhaps to a lesser content to buried pipelines. Permanent ground displacement is often caused by surface faulting, landslides, or liquefaction. Over the past years, many researchers have attempted to study the behavior of buried pipelines crossing active faults. Many reconnaissance reports show that significant damages are observed in buried steel pipelines crossing active faults. The corresponding ground deformations are applied in a quasi-static manner, and are not necessarily associated with high seismic intensity. During the ground deformation, the pipeline may undergo severe deformation, well beyond the elastic range of pipe material and may cause pipeline failure, i.e. high tensile stresses may result in tensile fracture of the pipe wall, specifically at welds, whereas compressive stresses may cause local buckling or wrinkling of the pipe wall. In case of moderate buckling, deformation of the pipe cross-section can lead to flow restriction and high friction losses, and eventually require line replacement; while for severe buckling high localized strains can lead to pipe rupture, loss of contents, and possible pollution of surrounding soil. The present study investigates the mechanical behavior of buried steel pipelines, crossing normal faults of right angle in loose clay. The pipe is assumed to be normal to the fault plane. The interacting soil–pipeline system is modeled through three-dimensional finite element method, which accounts for large strains and displacements, nonlinear material behavior, friction and gap forming on the soil–pipe interface. The analysis is conducted through an incremental application of fault displacement. Considering steel pipelines of various diameter-to-thickness ratios, and typical steel material for pipeline applications , the present study concentrates on identifying the fault offset at which the pipeline fails considering different performance criteria and to use them for performance-based design purposes. The results are presented in the form of diagram showing the critical fault displacement, and the corresponding critical strain versus the pipe diameter-to-thickness ratio. Results show that for pipelines buried in loose clay, the governing failure mode is local buckling of the pipe wall, which occurs at two locations along the length of the pipeline. The distance between the two locations at which local buckling occurs increases with decreasing pipe diameter-to-thickness ratio. It is shown that with increasing pipe diameter-to-wall thickness ratio, longitudinal compressive strains in the pipe wall increases and consequently the capacity of the pipeline to accommodate the ground deformation decreases significantly.
Volume 16, Issue 2 (Summer 2012)
Abstract
The legal phenomenon is continuously in creation, elimination, changing and diversification. This characteristic of law, e.i. the evolution of the legal phenomenon that is a function of social phenomenon, is more common in the international law – which is in its primitive process of development. Indeed, the international law, in the spectrum of its origin of cosmology to the executive and administrative processes, is steadily in conversion. So its arena of sources is not an exception to that feature. Although soft law, as a new process of law-making, is a new instant of the sources of the international law, which has been well-established, yet there exists controversy and disagreement on the nature of soft law and in some aspects is troublesome.
We are on the idea that by presentation of two different bases in analyzing the concept of soft law (or law), one would be able to explain the definition of this relatively new phenomenon in the system of the sources of the international law. Accordingly, we could examine whether soft law is a legal issue or is of any other essence, which the former is corroborated and affirmed.
*Corresponding Author's Email: Mohasa257@gmail.com
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2012)
Abstract
One of important steps to quality improvement of activities and increasing productivity in manufacturing systems, is noticing and emphasizing on evaluation factors that be Caused to personnel's efficiency reduction. Correct and timely recognition of factors that reduce to personnel's efficiency, especially managers, meets to efficiency improvement. One of major reasons of managers' efficiency reduction is dawdle. in this paper using descriptive statistics, Factor Analysis method and DEMATEL technique, has been purposed a novel model to analyzing existent similarities and diversities between opinions of different groups' managers of one company about reasons of dawdle, specifying and classifying most important areas that need to improvement, and specifying cause and effect relation between them. Findings this model show the most effective factor of dawdle and finally managers' efficiency reduction in office is very much visits and sessions with very little results, and least effective factor is be inordinate social. Also most causal factors are job incentive shortage, expert personnel shortage, mistake or incomplete information, and self assurance shortage.
Volume 16, Issue 3 (Autumn 2016 2016)
Abstract
The significant role of institutional conditions created by government and institutions involvement in the process of achieving sustainable development has attracted attention of policy makers to institutional innovation as one of the fundamental concepts in development strategies. On the other hand, achieving sustainable development requires access to technology and making appropriate policies for technology and innovation. This study seeks to denote the relationship between institutional innovation, technology development and the achievement of sustainable development using a partial least squares (PLS) model.
The proposed model applying a questionnaire distributed among science and technology experts was estimated. The results show that institutional innovations as soft technologies will play great roles in achieving sustainable development and technology development. In addition, among technology innovations, strategizing and policy-making with a coefficient of 0.92 is of greatest importance in attaining sustainable development. As well, among technology development evidences, patent and copyright, technology management and technology environment with coefficients of 0.904, 0.89 and .0898 respectively have the highest significance in achieving sustainable development.