---

Aims: Urban spatial planning may be defined as the spatial planning in the geographical location of the city, based on the approach of providing the needs of inhabitants within the geographic spaces, following the recreation of the roles and functions of urban elements. By planning identity signs in urban spaces, it is meant to make the safety and security of the city sustainable. By identifying the emotional, psychological, and educational needs of citizens, visual discipline is created; by planning the identity signs of city’s index and planning the signs, vitality is created for citizens; and in completion, with city architecture, facade and urban landscape will be managed in such a way that the citizens' mental and objective needs are met. Given the role of signs in the city, the question of this study is in what situations, will signs meet the need for security and self-awareness of the inhabitants? In what situations, are vitality and beauty transmitted to the citizens and affect the city's atmosphere? Applying a descriptive-analytical method and using library studies as well as available documents, this study examined the planning of urban signs to achieve the main function of the sign.
Conclusion: Signs in urban spaces with appropriate planning can have positive effects and meet citizens' needs for self-awareness, security, education, etc. In this regard, convergence should be created among decision makers, urban managers, and culture, community, economics, politics, and geography of the urban space of citizens.

---

Urban space is combination of two parts including form and meaning. The signs in the urban space together with its codes form the part of urban space meaning. Signs are the part of the visual media which are presented for the citizens, So the citizens discover code's meaning by decoding of internal concept and are influenced by it. The question is that the signs which are presented to citizens as a visual media what relations they have with national identity elements? Urban signs can have meanings of national identity elements into their codes. It is notable that prominence of some elements and factors rather than others has role in formation, reinforcement and representation of national identity. Therefore in this research an attempt has been made to evaluation of relations between the signs meaning in urban space and elements of national identity factors in the 6th, mural district of Tehran as a case study by using of qualitative analysis and the basics semiotics. The results of this research in the 6th district of Tehran indicated that urban signs are influenced by national identity factors and they have meanings and concepts of it inside themselves. Also prominences of some national identity features rather than other features lead to formation of national identity and also play the important role in reinforcement and representation of national identity by repeating the meanings influenced by national identity.

---

Iranian-Islamic architecture is a precious heritage of Shia culture which is the legacy of past generation, the valuable samples of which are well observed and recognizable in planning, design, and management system of historical cities of Iran. The relation between Iranian-Islamic architecture and theoretical basis, principles of Islamic jurisprudence, and verses of scripture and revelation shall be a valuable treasure in guiding and developing Iranian contemporary architecture and urban development. An overview of practical experiences and their theoretical foundation in the areas of architecture, urban development and urban management indicates that explaining the relation between theoretical principles and physical specifications is the prerequisite for realization and implementation of an architecture style and orientation; it is on the basis of such approach that the subject of the present research could be analyzed in the bed of Koran verses and their valid interpretations. The main research question is that what does identity mean in Islamic architecture? And where is the position of this definition in the formation of Islamic architecture? What are the requirements for realization of the rule of no injury loss in Islam in the bed of forming Islamic architecture? How Islamic architecture is formed in the bed of identifying elements and where is the position of these elements in Islamic architecture? The research method used in this study is based on a logical reasoning method. Upon drawing the theoretical framework of the research, the specialized and scientific resources are analyzed using comparative method, then the resulted opportunities and challenges are discussed. This research is required to be treated qualitatively, so it will be viewed based on free research paradigm using library sources and field study. The research findings indicate that the observance of 10 principles could be introduced as the realization of a rule of no injury loss in Islam in architecture and urban development system, especially in directing and planning urban development projects.

---

Voltage stability may be improved by various control functions. In this paper, it is shown that how High Side Voltage Control (HIVC) may be employed for this purpose. Two test systems, namely a 22- bus and IEEE U8-bus systems are used to demonstrate the proposed tuning strategy for HSVC control parameters.

---

This paper presents a framework for long term transmission expansion planning in competitive, electricity markets. Transmission lines and phase shifters are taken into account as expansion options. Maximization of the network users' benefits, with satisfying security constraints are considered as the criterion for transmission expansion planning. The elements of the objective function are the benefits of each network. The proposed model is as a non-linear mixed-integer programming (NLMIP) optimization problem. A GA (Genetic Algorithm) based method and quadratic programming (QP) approach is used to solve the problem. The discrete decision-making variables of the expansion plan are optimized by genetic algorithm, while QP optimizes the continuous variables.

---

Literary text always reflects the idea of writers and poets. In these taxes are used common themes such as freedom, justice, fighting oppression. In addition it is formed highlighting the literary texts and messages up human dignity, a special genre of literature known as the conceptual components of conflict and resistance. Some Motif or repetitive elements, components accompanied concept. “Children” as a motif is selected that repeatedly Lyrics resistance for display. Repeat this element is trying represents the poet to convey certain thoughts related to this issue. To achieve this certainty scratch resistance poems in three languages, Persian, Arabic and French, selected and assigned components of the concept of resistance, the relationship of the “Children” as a motif and cookies is analyzed with these components. The results matched elected in three languages, show competence in the use of intellectual poets in the poetry of resistance “Children” as a motif and is very close to each other. Among the factors studied these motifs have been obvious with the emotional abuse and aspirations role.

---

Arbitrage is a known economic term, implying simultaneous transaction on commodities. For instance, a Generation Company (GenCo) may involve itself in selling fuel, emission allowance and etc., instead of generating either active or reactive power. Moreover, arbitrage between active and reactive powers can, in turn, be considered. In this paper, arbitrage between active and reactive power is considered from Independent System Operator (ISO) viewpoint. A pool model is employed. ISO runs an optimization problem, by which, it could determine and predict GenCos behaviours; in terms of participating in active and reactive power markets for the next twelve months. A normal distribution function is used for price forecasting. Two 3-bus and 14-bus test systems are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed algorithm.

---

Realism is the real expression of life. The writer of realism does not adequately observe the image of observation; it also always considers factors and social conditions. In author's critical realism, he criticizes human relations and the environment and human and society in a system.Moustafa Lotfi and Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh are of contemporary writers which the reflection of the out facts of the life are so bright in their essays. Jamalzadeh, the contemporary Persian writer has important essays affected by critical realistic thinking and stated the facts in his own essays.  Dialect of Jamalzadeh is so simple and sometimes colloquial in his own stories. The style of his view and his analyze and his realizations from social affairs are often repetitive and the repetitions of the topics sometimes cause his stories become stereotype.

---

Network expansion studies normally offer new power lines, new substations or expansion of existing substations. They are generally proposed based on technical requirements, but financial restrictions are not considered. Because of financial restrictions, ranking of network expansion plans is required. In this paper an algorithm for such ranking, based on technical and financial view points and proposes suitable parameters. This algorithm may be used to compliment static or dynamic expansion planning studies of electric power networks.

---

Magic realism is referred to a new type of fiction erasure in which the writer skillfully mixes elements  such as illusion and imagination with real events,  so that the unreal  character will resemble  the  real and natural ones for the readers. Alrajaolbaeed, written by Foad Takarli, and Tuba and the Meaning of Night, written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, the Iranian contemporary novelist, are two examples of magic realism works. Since these novels are the productions of the fearful ambiance between Iraq and Iran, their writers have mixed the reality with imagination and eliminated the border in between, choosing magic realism to express their attitude. Thus, the present study borrowed an analytical-descriptive method to scrutinize the magic components in these novels. It aimed to introduce two prominent works of fiction literature of Iraq and Iran. The skill and techniques used in these novels represented concepts and purposes by combining the imaginary components with the outside realities. The finding of this research indicate that Takarli and Parsipur   have used the components of magic realism in these novels along with their imaginative power and realistic outlook to illustrated the social realities of their society. Through this passion, they have skillfully illustrated their concerns for the reader and presented these events naturally and simply.

---

The new competitive environment changes the paradigm of power system operation. In the transmission area, open access process provides fair accessibility for all market participants. Congestion management is one of the most important side effects of this new process. This paper proposes a new approach for congestion management which is based on both active and reactive re-dispatch of the network critical buses. The critical buses including both generation and interruptible loads, are determined through a sensitivity analysis. Due to the important effects of the market pricing rules on the congestion cost and its allocation, two types of these rules, namely uniform and pay as bid pricing are investigated in the paper. The numerical results of case studies show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

---

---

---

Globalization of economy, increase in competition and dynamical changes of environment are the reasons that knowledge productions have a considerable share in organizational production. Planning for knowledge products is not an easy task because of intangibility of the nature of knowledge itself. Product classification helps in better planning and decision making because of knowing in advance characteristics of each class. In this paper, the goal is to present a model for classification of knowledge products. To do so, we first present briefly the knowledge production process. Then, knowledge production will be classified through data processing. The type of knowledge production is then expressed in a two- dimensional model; readiness rate of data is one dimension and specification of data processing is another dimension. We then verify similarity of each class by production factors extracted from the literature in our case studies. We further specify four classes of knowledge production for some jobs. Finally, the detailed characteristics and similarities of each class are fully discussed.

---

Working memory as a cognitive system is considered as one of the sources of individual differences in second language learning by many researchers. In order to examine the relationship between the capacity of two components of working memory (as one of the sources of individual differences in learning) and learning English vocabulary and grammar (as basic components in learning a second language), and also to explore the effect of instructional method as an effective variable along with working memory capacity, a convenience sampling method research was conducted. Subjects of this study were 74 female language learners selected from children between 9-12years old. These learners were at the beginner level in terms of English language proficiency. In order to determine the phonological loop capacity, non-word repetition test and digit recall test were used and, counting recall test and backward digit recall test were employed to determine central executive capacity. Based on the scores of these tests, language learners were divided into two homogeneous groups. The first group received inductive instruction and the second group underwent deductive instruction. Linear regression and two sample independent t-test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that both the phonological loop capacity and the central executive capacity had a significant effect on English vocabulary and grammar learning. Moreover, deductive teaching method significantly leads to better results in terms of grammar learning compared to the inductive teaching method.
 

1.  Introduction

Second language teachers observe significant differences between language learners regarding learning speed and final achievement in classrooms. Many factors can lead to such individual differences in learning a second language. Working memory as one of these sources of individual differences has been the focus of attention by many researchers over the past three decades. Learning a second language depends on a set of cognitive processes and systems, and working memory is one of these cognitive systems. Accordingly, this study attempts to find the effect of working memory on second language learning in children and under various instructional methods as a subject that has remained almost untouched, especially in Iran. Baddeley’s model of working memory was adopted as the theoretical framework of this study.
Research questions:
Q1- Do the capacity of the phonological loop and the capacity of central executive as two components of working memory have a significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children?
Q2- Does the deductive instructional method compared to the inductive method have any more significant effect on learning English vocabulary and grammar in 9-12-year-old children with almost the same level of working memory capacity?

2. Literature review
Working memory is a term that has grown out of memory studies and refers to the active processing system that manipulates information, explains our ability to remember information, and often occurs despite distracting information that we have to ignore (Alloway & Alloway, 2010). According to Baddeley (2015) to explore the role of working memory in learning a second language, which is a relatively new research field, it is necessary to conduct more extensive researches in different languages, different age groups, and different environmental and educational conditions. The greater the number of studies, the more accurate the results and findings will be. A number of studies have confirmed that the phonological loop capacity plays an important role in vocabulary learning. Martin and Ellis (2012), Kormos and Sáfár (2008), French (2006) and O'Brien et al. (2006) are examples of these researches. Moreover some studies indicate that working memory plays an important role in the production and processing of second language such as Trude &Tokowicz (2011), Gass and Lee (2011), Finardi and Weissheimer (2009), Leeser (2007), French (2006) and Sunderman and Kroll (2006).

3. Methodology
This research is a quasi-experimental classroom research. Convenience sampling was used in recruiting the subjects of this study. The study was carried out at Lesan English language institute in Gorgan, Iran. The age of the participants ranged from 9  to 12. The participants consisted of 74  language learners who were beginners in terms of English language proficiency level and had almost no knowledge of English writing, speech, vocabulary, and grammar. Initially, the students took 4  subtests of "working Memory Test Battery for Children". To determine the phonological loop capacity, two tests of non-word repetition and digit recall were used, and to determine the central executive capacity, two tests of counting recall and backward digit recall were taken. Learners were divided into two homogeneous groups according to their working memory test results. 36 of these language learners were taught inductively (-rule-explanation, +production-practice, self/pair-correction) and 38  were taught deductively (+rule-explanation, +production-practice, teacher-correction). Both groups completed 21 instructional sessions. During the instructional sessions, both groups took four classroom written tests and four oral tests, and the average scores of the subjects in vocabulary and grammar were considered as a criterion for their learning. The relationship between the phonological loop and the central executive capacity and the scores of English grammar and vocabulary as a learning criterion were examined to determine whether there is a significant correlation between them or not. First, the reliability of collected data and data distribution normality were checked and confirmed. Then the effect of the phonological loop and the central executive capacity was first examined separately and then in combination with the learning of English vocabulary and grammar.

4. Results
The results revealed that both independent variables, namely the phonological loop and the central executive capacity (both separately and in combination) have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variables, English vocabulary, and grammar learning, in children. The capacity of the phonological loop has a greater impact on learning English vocabulary, and the central executive capacity has a greater impact on learning English grammar. Considering the second hypothesis, the results of this study indicated that there is no significant difference in learners’ performance regarding vocabulary learning in inductive and deductive instructional groups, but the learners of the deductive group performed significantly better in grammar learning than the inductive group. This may be due to the fact that attention is one of the functions of the central executive component and by reducing the pressure on working memory, or in other words, by reducing the need for simultaneous attention to form and meaning, better results can be achieved in learning grammar (specially for learners with poor working memory).
 

---

In this paper, the variations of the stress intensity factor and energy release rate have been investigated based on the displacement correlation and modified crack closure integral methods for external surface cracks in the autofrettaged functionally graded cylinder (FGC). Mechanical properties vary in the radial direction according to the desired function. Isotropic material behavior and bilinear elastoplastic stress-strain relationship are considered for the FGC. Autofrettage process induces the tensile residual stresses in the outer parts of the cylinder wall, which causing the undesirable effects on the external surface cracks. Many variables affect the distribution of tensile residual stresses. Effects of autofrettage ratio, volume fraction of material and cylinder thickness on the residual stress changes and addition, changes in the size and direction of surface cracks on the stress intensity factor and energy release rate are studied. The results show that the volume fraction has the greatest effects on both crack parameters. The axial cracks are critical in compared with circumferential and angled cracks. The principle of superposition can be used to determine the combinational effects of the residual stresses and applied loads on the behavior of cracks in the graded materials.

---

Passive suspension system is used in most vehicles due to its low energy consumption and low cost in most vehicles. Therefore, today there is a challenge in order to enhance the suspension system. The aim of this study is to present a new method for Multi-Objective design of vehicle suspension based on the use of asymmetrical dampers (Nonlinear). Hence, It is shown that using these type of dampers with a choice of two type coefficient by which one of them is in compression and another one in expansion, will lead to a more optimal design compared to those in the literature. For this purpose, vehicle was modeled using full model with eleven degree of freedom under random road excitation. Then, since the tasks of suspension system are reduction of vertical acceleration exerted on passengers, reduction of pitch acceleration of sprung mass, improving road holding and reduction of the change of four wheel work space. Therefore, the problem is defined as a Multi-Objective problem with conflicting objectives which formulated and solved by NSGA-II algorithm. The obtained results indicated that using asymmetrical dampers leads to more efficient design compared to those methods with symmetrical dampers.

---

Interference fitting widely used in the industry for connecting shafts and bushes. These type of joints are widely used as support of bearing machine parts. Rrepeated disassembling of shaft and bush interference fit, performed to repair and maintenance of machine parts, may cause serious damage to surface of joint parts depending on the roughness and surface quality of contact surface of joint parts. Bushes are usually expendable parts, but the shaft parts are long integrated and complex parts which supports other components of machine. So providing a way to repair the shaft surface can be considered crucial and leads to restoration of damaged shaft and reduced costs. In this study, we have investigated the effect of interference surface roughness on strength, friction coefficient of the contact surface and surface damage of interference fit joints during the disassembling procedure. Finite element and experimental analysis were performed to estimate friction coefficient in contact surface of joint parts. Also, magnified pictures of contact surfaces were applied, to evaluate the extent of damage in contact surface after disassembling of joints parts. Hard chromium plating was proposed to repair the shaft surface and the effect of hard chromium plating on strength of shaft and bush joints were measured experimentally. The results confirm successful use of hard chrome plating in repairing the shaft surface so that the strength of restored shaft joints were equal and in some instances even more than the initial joints.

---

In this study, fatigue growth of external surface cracks on the autofrettaged cylinders under bending is investigated. Autofrettage is a process in which a thick-walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure with known amount, causing some portions on the inner zone of the cylinder deformed plastically. In this case, removing the pressure causes compressive residual stresses on the inner layers and tensile stresses on the outer wall. The goal is increasing the fatigue durability of the product by inducing residual compressive stresses into materials, but along with this, there are adverse tensile stresses which can decrease the life due to the outer defects. In this paper, the external cracks are in the forms of half-elliptical, semi-elliptical and semi-circle. Samples made by aluminum 2024 alloy. The cylinders were autofrettaged up to 40 and 60 percent. Cracks were located in circumferential direction and normal to cylinder axis. The numerical simulations were performed by finite element method. Experimental data and numerical results were compared. Results show that the number of load cycles to fracture, in the 60% autofrettaged cylinders are smaller than those for 40% and also smaller than the state without autofrettage. Distribution of stress intensity factor along the crack front is symmetric and crack grows in its initial plane which indicating the dominance of the first mode of failure during the crack growth. In all samples, after some steps of the growth, crack front transforms to the semi-elliptical shape until complete fracture.

---

Scientific study of the major oil producers has always been one of the issues facing economic experts. The emergence of Organization of the petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) as a major player in the world oil market resulted in increasing researches on the behavior of OPEC and its members. Iran as the second largest oil producer in OPEC has achieved the special place in shaping the policies of this organization. This paper investigates the behavior of Iran in OPEC using monthly data from 1973:1 to 2015:12. Therefore, first model is estimated using Griffin linear model, and then it is estimated using a Markov Regime-switching method with two states: probability of fixed transition and probability of time-varying transition. The results of fixed transition probability method showed that the behavior of Iran is nonlinear; and collusion regime is the most common behavior for Iran, so that the chance of staying in competitive regime is 0.005 percent. In other words, over the period under study, Iranian behavior within organization has been frequently consistent with other members based on agreement and collusion and cartel-like rules. However, the findings of the time-varying transition probability method have not clearly determined factors affecting non-linear effects on the production behavior of Iran.