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This paper deals with the object agreement phenomenon in the transcriptions written in Middle Persian language. This study is a descriptive study and is classified as a library research. The collected data from transcriptions in Middle Persian language namely as Ardā-Virāf-nāmeh, Bundahishn, Dānāk u Mainyo-ī Khard, Dēnkard Book 5, Rivāyat ī Ādurfarrōbay i Farrōkhzādān, and Vizidagiha-ye Zadesparam have been analyzed based on the theoretical background of  Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011). The analysis of the collected data showed that in the Middle Persian Language in some cases the verb instead of the subject, agrees with the object of the sentence in number and person features. This phenomenon happens only when the sentence has the transitive verb in the past tense and there is no object agreement for transitive verbs inflected for other tenses. Moreover, the object agreement in the Middle Persian has no relation with the animacy and definiteness characteristics of the object. A comparison between the results of this research and the findings of the Dalrymple and Nikolaeva (2011) shows that object agreement is the Middle Persian is a syntactic phenomenon based on the tenses of the sentence that just occurred when the transitive verb was in the past tense. This phenomenon can show the diachronic changes of the Persian Language for the emergence of the ergative system in the Persian Language.
 

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By using the opinions of Claude Levi-Strauss in the study of mythology, the following article tries to answer this question which despite the presence of incest in Ancient Iran and Egypt, why the legends associated with T411 type refuse it in these two lands? According to Levi-Strauss, there is the same structure behind the different appearance of related myths. Decoding of this hidden structure is possible with the help of its similarity with the language structure. Because myth, like language, has structural units called myth-phonemes. By discovering these units and understanding the relationship between them, it becomes clear what messages the interrelated myths convey and how? After checking the legends found based on the mentioned method, it became clear that these legends represent the dualism of the minds of their narrators. Because the opposition of Incest / prohibition of Incest, is the foundation of these legends. This confrontation is itself a result of a conflict that is rooted in the depths of human souls: Duality of Nature and Culture. Since the prohibition of Incest is the point of human disconnection from nature and the beginning of culture, Iranian and Egyptian legends are trying to institutionalize this should / Not should in the audience and so they have a different end from the old religious beliefs.
 

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This article explores the effect of iconicity and textual cohesion on processing causal relations in Persian discourse using an experimental method. A reading-time task with a within-subject design was set up. Twelve 3-sentence experimental scenarios and 12 filler scenarios were constructed. Iconicity and cohesion were the independent variables and participants’ reaction time (RT) was the dependent variable. The cohesion variable manipulated the degree of cohesion between the first and second sentences of scenarios. The iconicity variable manipulated the order of the second and third (cause and effect) sentences of scenarios. Forty-eight participants read the scenarios and verified if the target sentence, which asserted the implicit causal relation between the second and third sentences of scenarios, was correct. The RTs of the participants were collected using DMDX program. The data were then submitted to a mixed-model analysis in R. The main effect of iconicity and cohesion on participants’ RTs was found. There was no interaction effect between iconicity and cohesion. The target sentence had the shortest RT in the condition with iconic and high-cohesion scenarios. Also, the target sentence in the condition with iconic but low-cohesion scenarios was processed as fast as the target sentence in the condition with non-iconic but high-cohesion scenarios. The findings confirm the facilitatory effect of iconicity on understanding causal sequences. The results also show that if, for discourse reasons, information is provided non-iconically, the existence of highly cohesive relations between the causal sequences and the previous context can compensate the non-facilitatory effect of non-iconic sequences.

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Hemodialysis is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally. Polyethersulfone membrane has the most application in blood purification because of its unique features, but its hydrophobic nature results in poor biocompatibility. When PES-based membranes are contacted with blood, proteins tend to adsorb onto the polymer surface, and this protein layer causes any adverse effects such as the coagulation of blood cells and platelet adhesion. The biocompatibility of pristine PES membrane can be improved by different modification methods. The aim of this research is to improve polyethersulfone (PES) membrane hydrophilicity and antifouling properties by adding pluronic F-127, poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymer, to the dope solution. In this regard, PPO hydrophobic molecules are bound to PES chains due to hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions, and membrane hydrophilicity would be improved because of hydrophilic PEO segments. To investigate the effect of adding pluronic F-127 on membrane performance, water contact angle, mechanical properties and filtration tests were carried out. Membranes morphology were characterized by SEM microscopy. Results showed that the addition of pluronic F-127 to the polymeric solution caused permeate flux increase up to 554 L/m²h due to membrane pore size growth and contact angle decrease. Moreover, addition of pluronic F-127 caused a decrease in the tensile strength of the PES/Pluronic F-127 membranes. PES/Pluronic F-127 membranes have improved fouling resistance compared to the pristine membrane.  

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Most of the common oil and gas fields are located in the Persian Gulf, which is one of the shallowest seas in the world. The region of West Asia and the Persian Gulf is experiencing countless geopolitical tensions. Historically, these common oil fields are a source of conflict and tension that has led to wars. Iran and Iraq have 15 common oil fields. The present study, entitled Analysis of the geopolitical consequences of the shared oil resources between Iran and Iraq, seeks to answer the question of what role the shared oil resources of Iran and Iraq play in the relations between the two countries. Also, descriptive-analytical method and Dimetal technique have been used to investigate the title of the research. The findings of the research show that variables such as regional competition, unilateral development of common oil fields, close economic cooperation, regional differences, Iran's economic growth and the reduction of the effect of sanctions, different business partners, differences in attracting foreign investment, Iran's inability to invest, geopolitical convergence in the Strait of Hormuz, joint ventures, instability in economic diplomacy, etc. in the region indicate high interaction and strong systemic connection with other variables. Based on the analysis, it seems that it is necessary for Iran to develop relations with Iraq with a detailed analysis of the current situation and according to Kargosha's predictions about the future, while trying to maintain its share and wealth in common reservoirs and foreign investment in the oil industry in order to transform potential threats into new opportunities and provide maximum benefits by creating cooperation.


 

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Manُ s natural inclination towards rational detection of the surrounding realities, which has been manifested in the forms of oral and visual storytelling about his physical and intellectual experiences throughout history, was allegedly studied in a systematic way by Russian, in tandem with, Anglo- American formalists for the first time ever at the outset of the twentieth century. Then their intellectual legacies passed on to the francophone narratologists through the works of the Prague school structuralists and from the mid- twentiethe century on, were embodied under the rubric of Narratologie and fostered in a very broadr sense including modern literary narratives. However, reviewing certain binary, taxonomic, and typological concepts underlying the structural – narrotological outlook, in this article we have followed up the diverse genealogical lines of the "morphological narrative studies"- especially those based on the linguistically oriented theories- a little bit further beyond their very well acknowledged formalist ones, into the German tradition. We could not have started the venture, had we not drawn briefly on the most fundamental ideas put forward by such outstanding figures in the discipline as Barthes, Genette, Stanzel, Bremond, Ball, Chatman, Prince, Todorov, as well as many others. Finally, we have touched upon the recent developments brought about in the field of narrative studies, directly under the impact of cognitive linguistic pragmatics.

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Introduction: As one of the oldest and the most dynamic branches of political geography, Electoral geography has experienced ups and downs more than other branches of political geography. The objective ontology of the phenomenon of vote and its spatial distribution have linked this branch to spatial approach so that a large proportion of works in the area of Electoral geography have been written based on this approach. With the fall of positivism, the researches of Electoral geography also decreased. On the other hand, domination of descriptive, case, and applied studies without a robust theoretical and philosophical basis on theoretical and basic writings, is the main deficiency of Electoral geography in International and Iranian level. The aim of the present theoretical-fundamental study was to explain the dominant theoretical approaches in Electoral geography.
Conclusion: The Electoral geography can be explored in five theoretical approaches. The first approach is the traditional approach that deals with the spatial patterns of voting in the form of a regional school and human-environment relations. The second one is a spatial-behavioral approach that examines the voting behavior according to the measurement and analysis of key spatial variables based on the spatial school. The third approach is a radical approach that base on radical geography school deals with the theoretical articulation and revealing mechanisms that form Electoral processes. The fourth approach is a location-based approach that focuses on the impact of geographic-historical context on electoral behavior on the basis of the humanistic geography school and structuration theory. And, the fifth approach is a critical approach that criticizes the current approaches to the study of electoral geography and the presesentation of alternative readerships of electoral geography based on schools such as feminism, post-structuralism, and post-modernism.

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Nowadays, countries are required to develop the architectural plans by using vernacular and climatic architectures so that they can provide comfort to residents in addition to protect them from adverse climate factors such as wind, cold, and extreme heat. Vernacular architecture in both Nepal and Iran is seen as a precious model of climate adaptive design. The cold and mountainous climate of these two countries has created special conditions for residents. The purpose of current paper is to record the climatic design patterns of the two countries and to compare them in order to present new approaches derived from the vernacular architecture. From this point of view, this article provides a great help to researchers and designers in this field. Moreover, the present research is derived from library, documentary and statistical sources in an analytical and research method and finally, the conclusion is comparative to the promotional approach and to the practical goals. The results were obtained after collecting, recording, and adjusting the climate design patterns of the two countries. Finally, Nepal's vernacular architectural solutions, which were in line with vernacular and climatic architecture, were presented to guide the vernacular architecture of Iran for the benefit of residents. It is hoped that by using these solutions, we can take a step forward in protecting the environment and saving energy.

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Citric acid is one of the industrial products with extensive applications which are used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and chemical industries. Although to 1965 Aspergillus niger was single strain to production of citric acid but yeasts are good candidate for citric acid production because growth on cheap and disposal substrates such as hydrocarbon and oils, low sensitive to trace elements in raw material. In this study, citric acid producing yeasts were isolated. Among 340 isolated yeast strains from dairy, meat and food products from Isfahan factories on screening media. 12 strains cultivated in citric acid production medium have been chosen for further study. Production of citric acid was determined by colorimetric method and Megazyme kit during 192 hours. One of the isolated yeasts with 55.5 g/g citric acid production along 144 hours after inoculation had the best yield. Biochemical and molecular tests showed that this strain belonged to the species Yarrowia lipolytica, molecular tests confirmed by sequencing; therefore it was named as Y. lipolytica M7 with accession number HM011048 in Genbank..

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Ganoderma lucidum is one of the best-known medicinal mushrooms in the world. It contains substantial amounts of intra- and extracellular secondary metabolites and polysaccharides each with its own specific medicinal and medical uses. The chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is considered one of the important polysaccharides of this fungus. Among the 10 various culture media that were studied, the one containing PDB at 24g/l, peptone at 1g/l, and with the dry weight of cells of 11.6 g/l, the produced CGC of 3.2g/l, and with 27.6 percent CGC in the dry weight of the cells was selected as the suitable culture medium. FTIR analysis was performed for characterization of the produced CGC and its antibacterial properties were studied. The obtained time profile for CGC growth and production was 20 days and, using the logistic growth model and the Lodding-Pipet equation, the calculated specific growth rate of Ganoderma lucidum (μm) and the volumetric productivity for the product were 2.85 g CGC L-1day-and 0.5274 day-1, respectively. The calculations indicated there were high degrees of conformance between the model and the laboratory data related to kinetic characteristics of cell growth (R2= 0.9679) and to CGC production (R2=0.9901). Therefore, the introduced kinetic model can serve as an effective guide to control the fermentation process in industrial production of the valuable CGC polymer.

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One of the most controversial issues in political geography is the role of local government and governance in the urban space. Governance deals with individuals and organizations that are involved in the decision-making and enforcement process. Today, by recognizing the patterns of governance, the city must be managed by them. The transition from idea to action, along with the structural and functional changes of government, require more than just a government, and other actors have an impact on improving the quality of life and well-being of different stakeholder groups. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after examining the concept and different angles of the governance model, proves that in today's cities, the management of the urban system is governed by the governance of local organizations.
The results show that governance at the micro-macro-spatial level is a step towards self-organization of urban communities and fragmentation of government power that requires the involvement of citizens and social groups in addition to government actors. In fact, there are different ways in which local authorities are elected to govern in the world.

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Fiber production in nanoscale prepares high surface contact for fibers and leads to the improvement of their properties with respect to other fibers. A convenient and effective method for nanofiber production with different diameters is electrospinning. Various effective parameters on electrospinning processes, including environmental, equipment, and solution variables can produce fibers with different morphologies. PVA has been used in various fields of applied research because of its high thermal stability, biocompatibility, non-toxic and solubility in water. The published reports indicated that properties of the PVA are improved with the addition of bentonite. In this research, to prepare PVA/nano-bentonite nanofiber membrane, the optimum amounts of three effective variables on the above-mentioned processes were determined. According to the obtained results, the voltage of 11 kV, the feeding rate of 0.5 mL/h and bentonite concentration of 3% w/w were optimum conditions for the process of PVA/nano-bentonite nanofiber composite production. In this condition, the average diameter of produced nanofibers was 243 nm with the standard deviation of 0.0551 and the tensile strength of 7.64 MPa. The results showed that the addition of bentonite to PVA increase intensity of nanofibers and decrease the diameter of nanofibers from 308 nm to 243nm.Therfore, the produced PVA/bentonite nanofiber composite is a good membrane for water treatment.

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Aims: Applying micro-nano structure and biocompatibility methods and technology to produce mortar containing coloured ceramic pigment is a step towards beautiful landscape and urban development.
Methods: The research method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. First, from the analytical-exploratory process, especially in the field of urban planning, and in the field of materials and metallurgy, from the development method, and finally for collecting and analysing information and achievements experimentally (all experimentally), the research reaches numerical results and finally by interpreting qualitative results. Moreover, a little, the research conclusion came to an end.
Findings: Based on the experimental results and the acceptable result of the tests related to the mortar containing micro-nano ceramic pigments that have compressive strength and permeability in cement without additives, the durability of the proposed materials is acceptable. Materials are sustainable in terms of urban development with economic, social, ecosystem benefits, and due to the diversity of colours, these materials are also used in the beautiful landscape.
Conclusion: Eventually, it concluded that using methods and micro-nano structured and biocompatible materials to produce mortar containing ceramic pigment (with coloured ceramic cement) can be a step towards a beautiful landscape urban development.

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Because of the difficulty and importance of meaning selection, multi-meaning words can be considered as criteria of evaluating the strength and weakness of a translator. As these words are correlated with the interpretations of verses, they may lead to different perceptions and therefore, they may reduce the possibility of having similar translations of Quran. Among multiple-meaning words, this text, specifically deals with the word "spirit". It also deals with the analysis of the right meaning of this word in different rules and texts. It, then, analyzes more than 40 Persian translations of Quran about the aforementioned word. In this fashion, the translator makes use of different interpreters’ view points and the dictionaries and skills of evaluating Quran. The results revealed that when the word Spirit is used as an absolute entity and with angels, the intended meaning is the same independent entity which was identified in narrations of Imams and is superior to Gabriel; however, when it is used as a compound noun with another noun or pronoun and as a genitive or noun, it is an arguable concept that although God has placed it in a separate creature which is the highest degree of spirit, it can have lower instances.

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A 12-week feeding trial was carried out in 500 L fiberglass tanks  to evaluate the effect of dietary choline at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg ^-1 levels on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Acipenser baerii (37.67±0.67 g). A semi purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Four isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg^-1) diets were prepared and fed to the fish three times daily to apparent satiation. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline (p<0.05). The best growth performance was observed in fish fed diets containing 2 and 8 g kg ^-1 choline (p<0.05). Fish fed with 2 and 4 g kg ^-1 choline showed higher lipid content compared with the control diet (p<0.05), but not significantly different in body protein (p>0.05). Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results, we recommend adding a 1.5 gkg^-1 choline to commercial diet of juvenile Acipenser baerii.

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"Rokub Al Kawsaj"or no beard man backing up, is a celebration, which was hold to exclaim farewell to winter and arrival of spring. "Sarvato Bost", or kāshmar cypress, is a tree, which has been by Zoroaster from Paradise in Predecessors’ belief, and planted in kāshmar by himself or by Garshāsb. Since the cypress tree was sacred in the eyes of Iranians, they respect this ancient tree. Kāshmar cypress was proud of Xorāsān people until the Mutawakkil Abbāsi era, until it was cutt off by the order of the Caliph. Abu Mansur Saʼālebi; this  has been mentioned in "Simār al qolub fil mozāf wal mansub" to "Rokub Al Kawsaj" and "Sarvato Bost" by two examples in the mentioned book. We intended to affirm Even these books in Arabic heritage, which apparently has no relation with Iran history, can encompass valuable subjects. .

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Objectives: In recent years, the study of the concepts of resilience in different urban areas at different scales has attracted special attention, although the level and number of these studies are very small. Especially in the city of Tehran, which has entered the modern period from traditionl period ,the issue can be considered.
Methods: in the current research , first through library studies in the filed, items related to physical , environmental and social resilience in residential complexes were extracted.then, in these complexes, there are many modes of this type of resilience , which can be achieved by studying and classifying them to the degree of desirability of these complexes. the case study ,studied in this research is kOI No bonyad residential complex, because it is very popular despite the fact that it was built a long time ago .this research is done with interpretive method and in the form of qualitative and quantitative analysis. questionnaire, which was distributed among the residents of this complex to measure the level of physical -environmental and social resilience.
finding: from the findings of this research , it can be seen tha ASP foundation complex(ASP towers)has high level of resilience despite its high construction year.
conclusion: with the investigation done, the patterns used in the complex, which caused its durability , popularity and high resilience , can be used in the design of modern residential complexes so that we can have lasting buildings.

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Research subject: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegnerative disorder with no treatment due to the blood brain barrier (BBB) existence. The cure for this disease is Dopamine a chemical molecule.
Research approach: This study investigates biodegradable naoparticles (NPs) carrying dopamine (DA) across the blood–brain barrier. Ion polymerization and solvent methods were used to achieve this goal. Particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release behavior, at pH 7 were examined.
Main results: The empty nanoparticles and drug-loaded nanoparticles were found to be spherical in shape and fluffy exterior, with mono-modal size distribution and negative zeta-potentials of increasing average sizes 90 to 120 nm simultaneously. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the polymerization of nBCA monomers and encapsulation of DA inside poly (butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA).Thermal characteristics of the copolymer were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Drug loading efficiency was around 25%.The in-vitro drug release profile of DA -loaded PBCA nanoparticles prepared from ion polymerization following solution techniques exhibited a gradual release; more than 20 ٪w/w of the drug was released after 51 h. The results showed that the DA–PBCA nanocapsules could be an effective carrier for hydrophilic agents. In this study, PBCA-NSPs were successfully generated as a delivery system for DA, providing a promising approach to improve the therapy of PDs.