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Aims: The assessment of threats and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure such as urban water infrastructure can, in many cases, significantly reduce vulnerabilities or minimize the consequences of a threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate the components of the contingency and impact severity of human-oriented and natural-based threats in urban water infrastructure.
Instrument and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, a library collection method, including the study of books, research, and domestic and International articles of researchers as well as Internet search was used. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Hazop model and Friedman test, using SPSS 21 software.
Findings: According to the experts, the highest scores were assigned to terrorism acts and suppression, and, ultimately, human error. The most critical type of threat was recognized as chemical attack, military attack, and drought by the Hazop model. The second threat was rocket attacks, earthquakes, and terrorism. The human error ranked next in critical threats. The military attack and drought were recognized as an unacceptable crisis and the probability of a flood, a military attack (ground) and human error were ranked one to three. The impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution were ranked one to three, respectively.
Conclusion: The most critical types of threats are chemical pollution in urban water infrastructure, military attack, and drought and are recognized as unacceptable crisis. The probability of flood, military attack (ground), and human error are ranked one to three, and the impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution are ranked one to three, respectively.
 

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Scapegoatig means the indirect transfer of evil and its disposal for a specific or indefinite period of time. Human had variety philosophies to fight against evil, and has employed common tools such as human, animal, objects, etc. Fore this purpose, the present work attempts to explore different ways of scapegoat by referring to the Sahname of Ferdowsi. To this end, after giving a brief introduction about scapegoating, the reasons of humans resort to scapegoating as well as types of scapegoating in Shahname have been studied. Accordingly, there are two forms of scapegoating (direct and in direct), one in Zahhak’s story, and the other in the story of Rostam and Esphandiyar. The present foundamental research is based on library research method, and has used descriptive analysis method.      

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Talisman and breaking talisman in popular caulture of Jabālbārez
Popular culture include beliefs, customs and rituals that are common among the group of people. And has a place in everyday life. Engaging in culture as a factor to connect people that as an essential factor to influence on the character, cohesion and social solidarity, development, evolution and political change. One can not ignore the role of popular culture in finding to find personal attitudes and tastes. Talisman and breaking talisman is one aspect of popular culture. Talisman is the use of some ambiguous and strange shapes, lines and roles. The wizard writes these shapes and line on pelt and paper for a particular purpose
Jabal barez area located in Jiroft of Kerman province, has an intact popular culture for its impracticable ways and special condition. Talisman and breaking talisman is very in this area. The research is fundamental that the authors have collected the data with field work method
Keywords: folklore, Talisman and breaking talisman , Jabal barez area, Jiroft

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In this paper, friction of the contacted surfaces with random roughness distribution in nano scale has been modeled and simulated. So, firstly the modified friction model, AMM, was derived for the contact of the flat/rough surfaces based on the JKR contact, HK friction model and random distribution of Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model. The results show, modified AMM model predict higher friction force. It is more accurate than the earlier AMM model due to considering of the surface forces. Following, the obtained model was extended for evaluating of friction between a flat particle and the rough surface, and especially for the tip of the atomic force microscopic on the rough surface. Then the effect of geometric parameters of surface such as standard deviation of the asperities height and radius of the asperities peak on the friction between tip and rough surface was done. It was observed that normal load and friction force are increased with growing of the standard deviation of the asperities height while as the friction coefficient will be reduced. Furthermore, the normal load, the friction force, and also the friction coefficient are raised by increasing of the asperity peak radius. Finally, it was observed that variation of standard deviation of the asperity height has more influence on the friction than the radius of the asperity peak

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The political organization of space in Iran is affected, foremost, by the geographical features. The present study has explored the role of geographical features in the formation of local governments in Iran and because of the importance systemic thinking approach in investigating and analyzing the topics and issues of the management, geography and political science fields, the present study is conducted using this approach. Method of the study is descriptive, analytic and inferential and quantitative and qualitative approaches are used in collecting the field data. In the quantitative part, the ideas of forty experts in the field of local government were sought and cited. In the qualitative part, seven scholars in the domain of local government were selected based on the snowball sampling method and were interviewed. In order to examine the effect of the geographical aspect in the formation of local governments in Iran and to prioritize the extent of effects of each of the factors associated with the geographical aspect, the researchers have used the independent samples t-test and Friedman test in SPSS software, respectively. In order to design and draw the cause and effect diagrams based on the systems thinking approach, Vensim software was used and the interview method is utilized to complete the final model. The results of the research indicate that the effects of geographical factors in the formation of local governments in Iran is medium to high and the status of this aspect for constructing local governments in Iran is rather desirable.

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The task of the intake air manifold of gasoline engines is to transfer air, crankcase vapors, blow-by flow, fuel tank vapors, and fuel injected into the passages of the engine cylinder head. This part must be designed in such a way that it can supply the air needed by the car engine in different conditions of its operation with the lowest pressure drop and speed and distribute it equally between the engine cylinders in terms of flow rate and air-fuel ratio. Also, the mixing of oil vapors, blow-by flow and gasoline vapors of the engine is done in it and distributed equally between different cylinders. To achieve this goal, the air manifold needs to be designed in the most optimal way. In this research, the EC5 engine has been examined. The intended engine is designed and simulated in GT-SUITE software and the desired information for this modeling is practically extracted. The model designed in the software has been validated using experimental results. Then, using the desired model, the resonance volume in the air manifold has been investigated. Two engine models have been designed and compared using resonant volume and without using resonant volume in the inlet air manifold. The results of this comparison show that the engine with resonance volume had an increase in power of about 10 kW at engine speed of 6000 rpm