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Showing 17 results for حاجی زاده


Volume 2, Issue 3 (8-2017)
Abstract

The current research is based on the theory of Lucien Goldman The creator of the work of art is the representative of a particular class whose collective thinking turned into a productive work by his author, the comparative-analytical study of the social sources of the poems of Donqle and Hosseini as intellectuals of the popular class. Prodotti explains the presence of collective thought in their mental network by examining the ideals of these two poets. The achievement of this study suggests that both poets have a duty to distinguish and to expand the collective thinking of ideals that are summed up in the land, justice and culture. They succeeded in fulfilling this mission against the society and the people's classes and their lost ideals, and obstacles to achieving these aspirations, which were often the result of malicious foreign policy and, in some cases, the mismanagement of internal leaders. , Identify.

Volume 3, Issue 2 (11-2012)
Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxins are the most known toxic biological compounds, which cause neuroparalysis. The enzymatic activity of these enzymes causes the inhibition of acetylcholine release. The aim of this study is the recombinant production and high purification of BoNT/A light chain and evaluation of its enzymatic activity. The sequence of this target gene was obtained from NCBI. After codon usage optimization for E. coli, the final gene sequence was ordered for  the synthesis on pET28a (+). The recombinant expression vector was transformed into host cell E.coli BL21 (DE3). The expression process was performed under standard conditions. In order to the protein production in a soluble form, optimization of host cell culturing and protein expression was carried out. The expressed protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and confirmed by specific antibody.In this study, the high yield expression in soluble form was obtained at OD = 0.5, in 0.5 mM IPTG at 18°C in 18 hours. Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the BoNT/A light chain.The results indicated that the light chain of BoNT/A was produced in soluble form, and the purification process was performed with high quality so that the final protein was acquired with 98% purity index.

Volume 5, Issue 2 (No.2 (Tome 18), (Articles in Persian) 2014)
Abstract

Teaching every language has got its own special hindrances and features. Undoubtedly, teaching Arabic Language in Iranian schools is not excluded from this fact. Some of the hindrances of learning Arabic language are refered to the content order of the school books. Especially teaching Arabic high language in grade one seems to be a difficult job for some reasons such as the students' enterance to a new stage. If the different components of the books' content get realized and catagorized, the understanding and explication would be easier. Thus analizing the content of Arabic high school book in grade one can be an important step towards identification of its weaknesses. This article aims to evaluate the Arabaic high school book in grade one on the basis of content analysis patterns and arrangement criteria relying on Content Analysis Approach, which is a resaerch method for objective, quantitative and organized discription of superficial contents in communications. The research was descriptive-analytic. The results showed that considering These patterns and criteria, this school book has been highly successful in accurately performing the principles of edunation planning and content arrangement.  

Volume 6, Issue 12 (Fall & Winter 2020)
Abstract

 Discussion and research in different rhetorical and semantic aspects of the Quran, and especially the syntactic and rhetorical aspects, have astonished the Quranic researchers of every age. Among these rhetorical issues is the discussion of the Tanwin and its hidden intentions and purposes. This unique phenomenon of the Arabic language, which is widely used in the Holy Quran, has other secondary meanings that are sporadically mentioned in the syntactic books, in addition to its original meaning (indicating indefinite noun). By carefully reflecting on the Quranic verses, it appears that the Tanwin has other implications such as, amongst other things, magnification, reduction, proliferation, diversification, humiliation, generalization. A field survey of the Farsi translations of the Quran shows that most translators have not paid much attention to the Tanwin and its other semantic implications, and have largely meant it to indicate indefinite nouns. In this study, it has been attempted to criticize and analyze the semantic aspects of the Tanwin and its different implications in some of the Quranic verses translation by Abdurrahman Pirani et al. The results show that paying attention to the semantic and implicating dimensions of the Tanwin can be an effective step towards enhancing the semantic levels of Quranic expressions and discovering the rhetorical-semantic layers of this divine book. But this translation, along with many of its more prominent features, does not pay much attention to the secondary meanings of the Tanwin, and this has led to some divergence from some of the sublime meanings and concepts in the Quranic vocabulary.



Volume 7, Issue 28 (Winter 2014)
Abstract

Abstract Text and power theoretical framework for critical interpretation of text In this study we have tried -to comment on the importance of text in social and literary research - to provide a theoretical framework for critical interpretation. Question of this research is : H ow text power does.To answer this question , we will review the theories of power in the humanities and social sciences . Two main theories have been proposed in this field . Rule-based theories in which emphasize power as a physical or class or governmental force. Other theories emphasize power as the discoursive or the lingual that applay Through subjective and desubjective processes. at For this purpose will read the votes of four of the most important contemporary theorists , Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe , Slavoj Žižek and Julia Kristeva until will be given research question. Finally, the responses of these theories will be presented .

Volume 9, Issue 37 (3-2021)
Abstract

Wrestling has been popular since ancient times and it has been associated with many aspects of Iranian culture. In this regard, wrestling has been a physical ritual, and today it is performed at the national, indigenous, and local levels. This study focuses on the myths behind this ritual movement. It is aimed to explain the myths that have been the reason for the meaning, continuity, and the value of this movement as a ritual in Iranian folk culture throughout history via the analytical method. In ancient culture, a person who fought with the destructive forces of nature became the heroic archetype who created livelihood and security in a society and was respected by the people. This challenge with the antagonist also entered the arena of the enemies of Iran, and wrestling was a symbol of the action of the heroes who fought a duel to protect his land and its values; but what was suggested in Iranian culture was that these heroes, whose actions establish the security and order of the society, first, must clear their background as an antagonist, and voluntarily go into the battle with shadows. In Iranian society, this became a value and moral foundation for the heroic archetype and remained in the collective subconscious of the Iranian society, and in the festivals of folk culture where wrestling is held, all these values are projected on the wrestler character. This forms the kind of social identity and cohesion through which viewers receive love and self-fulfillment.
Introduction
Research background
A few research projects been done on wrestling in folk culture. However, in these studies, types of wrestling in folk culture have been studied on a case. In the culture of every city and village, a type of native and local wrestling is common, and most studies have focused on one of these types such as Chokheh wrestling or Gilehmardi wrestling. Qasem Mehrabi et al. (2014) have dealt with the interaction of spectators and wrestlers of Chokheh, and Rahmati and Abbaszadeh (2016) have paid attention to the ability of Gilehmardi wrestling in the development of social participation. Since wrestling has a long history in Iranian culture, it is necessary to conduct research on the values and social beliefs that have led to the continuation of this national, indigenous, and local sport.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
The aim of the present research is to describe the mythology that has caused the continuity, meaning, and value of wrestling in Iranian society throughout history. Therefore, three theories could be indicated in this regard: Jung's archetypal, Campbell's mono-myth, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs to describe these myths through a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. The main question of this study is: what myths are behind this ritual movement activity? Wrestling is probably a movement activity that was intertwined with rituals and represented many myths through ritual performances.
 
 
Discussion
Archaeological evidence with the motif of wrestling and Persian mythology in the cultural context of ancient Iranian society shows that wrestling is a physical activity in a ritual that represents the heroism of prehistoric times that killed monsters to provide security for human life (Campbell, 2005). The monster is a symbol of some destructive natural forces that destroys the security and livelihood of people. The protagonist's combat with natural destructive forces, such as wild animals, becomes a physical habitus in the Iranian culture and takes on a ritual aspect. This ritual physical activity combines with other aspects of Iranian culture so that it is a show for the legitimacy of the king as a provider of security for the people and the wrestling is performed in the celebration of nature revitalization in the spring (Kaptain, 2013). Thus, the wrestling is a symbol of the battle of two opposing forces, one good, and the other evil. It is the ideology of the culture of ancient Iran that the force of good always triumphs over evil by choosing the right manner for battle (Rezai Rad, 2010). Folk literature also tells the story of wrestlers who wrestle with fair behavior, avoiding any inappropriate behavior. Thus, the wrestler is a symbol of the heroic archetype who removes individual and collective needs and has moral principles. The moral foundation of the Iranian hero archetype is Mithraism, at the top of which is the struggle against the inner shadow. The religion of Mithraism is a form of mysticism that teaches its followers the moral and social principles to make the world a better place (Cumont, 1966). According to these teachings of mysticism, the wrestler is also the protector of the social values.
Conclusion
Wrestling is a physical activity that is intertwined with the dimensions of Iranian culture. Iranian myths and beliefs give meaning to this physical activity and its integration with other cultural aspects. The wrestling is not only reminiscent of the hero archetypal actions of the prehistoric time but with its functions, it satisfies the psychological needs of the wrestler and the people. Hence, people project the character and moral qualities of ancient heroes on the wrestler. The inner shadow is the most important opponent of the wrestling, and by overcoming it, he can show the right manner in his behavior through wrestling.
 
References
Rahmati, M. M., & Abbaszadeh, M. (2016). Capability of rural sport; local development & social participation: a case study of Gilehmardi wrestling. Journal of Community Development, 7(1), 59-78.
Campbell, J. (2006). The hero of a thousand faces (translated into Farsi Shadi Khosrow Panah). Mashhad: GolAftab.
Cumont, F. (1966). The Mysteries of Mithra. Routledge.
Kaptan, D. (2014). Achaemenid history XII. The Daskyleion Bullae: seal images from the western Achaemenid empire (translated into Farsi Morteza. Saghebfar). Tehran: Toos.
Rezaei Rad, M. (2011). Fundamentals of political thought in Mazdaean wisdom (in Farsi). Tehran: TarheNou.
 

Volume 11, Issue 2 (3-2020)
Abstract

In Archaeology the Iron Age refers to the period in which the immigration struggle intensified between different ethnic groups. The best data from these immigrant communities are their funerary structures. So that these structures have been seen in many areas of Archaeological where they are occupied. The most prominent funeral feature of these tribes that can be seen in the most entered lands is a circular stone structure on the grave that surrounds the central space or location of the dead. The study area is ​​one of the flooded rivers of Meshgin city that such a system is one of the important factors in the appearance of the ancient sites of this part of Ardabil province. In archaeological surveys, many Iron Age cemeteries were identified and studied in this area. One of the sensible Features for the tombs of these cemeteries is interesting circle-shaped structures that surround the inside of the grave and location of the dead place. This research is worked with brief background of the transmittal rate of such structures in the second and first millennium B.C graves in different parts of the world with looking for the mythological and symbology studies that why and how the circular structures are made in the ancient Iron Age burials of Meshgin Chayi basin. A sociological regard to this topic shows that there have been special belief between Iron Age societies that believe on those due to appearance and continuation of special methods in the dead interment

Volume 15, Issue 10 (1-2016)
Abstract

Ship maneuvering in calm water and waves are important topics to avoid collisions and broaching, therefore reliable ship maneuvering simulations are required for incident analysis and prevention. The maneuverability of planing crafts has been the subject of many research projects during the last few decades. To assess the maneuverability of planing crafts at the early design stage, reliable simulation models are required. Traditionally, these tools have used empiric descriptions of the forces and moments on the planing craft’s hull. However, nowadays new numerical modeling techniques are available enabling more reliable predictions of the maneuvering behaviour of planing crafts. Ship maneuvering performance evaluation is essential in primary design stages. Ship maneuvering calculations, horizontal plane motion control and development of maneuvering simulators need a mathematical description of ship maneuvering. In the recent years, different mathematical models are suggested for maneuvering of displacement vessels that are capable of estimation of vessel maneuvers with acceptable precision. But simulation of planing craft maneuverability through mathematical model is not common yet and is the subject of future research. In this paper different maneuvers are executed through the mathematical model. Then the mathematical model is solved and different maneuvers are simulated. Simulations are validated by model tests. Finally the influence of rudder angle on maneuverability of planing ship is studied. Different between simulation results and experimental are lower than ten percentages. At the end of this paper the effect of the rudder dimension on the tactical diameter of planing ship in turning maneuvering is evaluated.

Volume 18, Issue 4 (7-0)
Abstract

پدیده معنی از موضوعاتی است که از دیر باز اندیشه بشر را به خود مشغول داشته است. نقش علمای مسلمان و عرب در بررسی مسایل مربوط به معنا بسیار حائز اهمیت بوده است. در ابتدا انگیزه اصلی آنها، از روی آوردن به مطالعه زبان، بیشتر انگیزه دینی و حفظ کتاب خدا از تحریف و نیز فهم عمیق قرآن کریم و استخراج احکام شرعی آن بوده است، بنابراین ترس از اختلاف و فساد معنا در تلاوت آیات بزرگ تریـن تأثیر را در پیدایش و روی آوردن علمای مسلمان به مطالعات معنایی داشته است. به همین دلیل کلیه بحث های زبانی علمای مسلمان از همان ابتدا متمرکز بر معانی و مقاصد قرآنی بوده است. لازم به ذکر است که معنی شناسی در میراث عربی و اسلامی در ابتدا به عنوان علمی مستقل با موضوعات و استاندارهای ویژه نبود بلکه معمولا در خلال مباحث زبانی دیگری بررسی می شد. از این رو متاسفانه بسیاری از پژوهشگران معتقدند که معنی شناسی به برکت پژوهش های زبانشناسی نوین شکل گرفته و رشد کرده است و علمای مسلمان هیچ گونه آشنایی با این علم نداشتند و به طور کلی علم معنی شناسی ثمره یی از ثمرات مطالعات زبانشناسی نوین است. اما در واقع پژوهش های معنایی عربی از قرن های سوم، چهارم، و پنجم هجری آغازشده، و به قرن های بعدی امتداد یافته است و این تاریخ زود هنگام به معنای پختگی مطالعات معنایی علمای مسلمان و عرب است. مقاله حاضر در صدد است تا نخست به تبیین تلاش های علمای مسلمان و عرب در مطالعات مربوط به معنا پرداخته و میزان اهتمام آنها را به معنی نشان دهد. سپس برای اثبات اصالت معنا نزد پژوهشگران عرب اعم از لغویها، نحویان و بلاغی ها دلایلی را ارائه داده و بیان کند که معنی شناسی علمی، عربی – اسلامی است که دارای ویژگی ها و مشخصه های خاصی است. در عین حال به این نکته اذعان دارد که علم زبان شناسی در نهادینه کردن روش های تحقیق در زمینه معنی شناسی و تدوین اصول آن نقش برجسته ای دارد. به گونه ای که مطالعات مربوط به معنی، بعد از آن که به طور پراکنده در خلال علوم دیگر بررسی می شد، به فضیلت علم زبان شناسی به علمی مستقل تبدیل شده است. علاوه بر آن پژوهش حاضر با ذکر نمونه هایی، اثبات می کند که علمای عربی و مسلمان در خلال مطالعات زبانی خود به بسیاری از دستاوردهای مطالعات معنایی نوین دست یافته اند و از این جهت می توان معنی شناسی را علمی قدیم دانست که زبانشناسان عربی و مسلمان قرنها پیش به آن پرداخته اند و از سویی می توان آن را علمی جدید به شمار آورد، چرا که اصول و پایه ها و و روش بررسی آن در آغاز قرن بیستم، مشخص و تعریف شده است.

Volume 18, Issue 117 (November 2021)
Abstract

After peaches and plums, apricots are the third most important product of stone fruits, which is popular among consumers because of having high levels of antioxidants. But it is a climacteric and perishable fruit. Using of essential oils in maintaining the quality of fruits and vegetables has a high potential as an alternative to artificial preservatives dangerous to health. Recent advances in nanotechnology, and particularly nano encapsulation of essential oils, is able to overcome existing difficulties.so a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on apricots in three replications to investigate the effect of nano encapsulated rosemary on physico-chemical properties of fruit during storage.
Results showed the amount of fresh and dry weight as well as the percentage of dry matter of fruit decreased during storage and it was more in control fruits than treated ones. The amount of carotenoids and anthocyanins increased rapidly in control fruits compared to treated fruits from the 20th day of storage. the highest amount of phenols are related to harvest day and had a decreasing trend until the end of the storage, so that fruits treated with 1000 mg / L nano encapsulated rosemary had more phenol than the control and other treatments. They also had the highest amount of vitamin C and total carbohydrates at the end of storage, despite their decreasing trend. Fruits treated with rosemary nano encapsulated rosemary had higher antioxidant activity than control at the end of storage. During storage the amount of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of enzymes guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased. At the end of storage period, fruits treated with 1000 mg / L nano encapsulated rosemary had the lowest amount of hydrogen peroxide and the highest activity of enzymes guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, while this trend was opposite in controls.

Volume 18, Issue 120 (February 2021)
Abstract

Nowadays, cold atmospheric pressure plasmas are used as an efficient method in food industries. The advantage of plasma method compared to other method are high productivity, cost-effectiveness and reduction of harmful chemical pollutants. In this study, cold atmospheric
pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma in surface and volumetric treatment mode was produced, and its effect on the physical and chemical properties of saffron was investigated. For this purpose, after the production and characterization of plasma structures including electrode structure, electrical properties and optical emission spectroscopy, the influence of these structures on the physical and chemical properties of saffron was investigated. At first, the effect of surface and volumetric plasma treatment on degradation of Escherichia coli bacteria was investigated. The results showed that surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment with high treatment time has a great effect on inactivation of Escherichia coli. Then, the effect of surface and volume treatments on the main properties of saffron including crocin, picrocrocin and safranal were investigated. The results showed that surface and volumetric plasma treatment increase the main properties of saffron,surprisingly.  Finally, the effect of surface and volumetric plasma treatments on increasing harmful substance in saffron including nitrate and ammonium was investigated. The results showed that volumetric treatment of plasma due to direct processing increase the harmful substances in saffron, including nitrate and ammonium. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that the dielectric barrier discharge in surface treatment mode has advantages against volumetric treatment. The latter suffers from harmful by-products. In this regard, the surface treatment of saffron is  preferable to volumetric

Volume 19, Issue 4 (Winter 2015)
Abstract

Patent troll is a non-practicing entity in domain of inventions which obtain patent ownership without any intention of using it. Patent trolls buy their favored invention and waiting for its infringement from other companies. After infringement and commercializing of the patent, in order to transfer license and its royalty, patent trolls threat companies with litigation. These entities initially were formed and have their central core in United States due to the traits of American system of inventions. Although some lawyers believe that trolls are useful by increasing inventors' motivation and providing capital for them, they have also some negative effects. These drawbacks force legislators and judicial system to pass new legislations and to introduce new ways of redress in related disputes, in order to decreasing or limiting patent trolls activities.
In this paper, the concept of patent trolls is defined and explained and its positive and negative effects are illustrated.

Volume 19, Issue 4 (Winter 2015)
Abstract

Patent troll is a non-practicing entity in the domain of inventions, which obtains patent ownership without any intention of using it. Patent trolls buy their favored invention and waits for its infringement from other companies. After infringement and commercializing of the patent, in order to transfer the license and its royalty, the patent trolls threat companies with litigation. These entities initially were formed and have their central core in the United States due to the traits of the American system of inventions. Although some lawyers believe that trolls are useful by increasing inventors' motivation and providing capital for them, they have also some negative effects. These drawbacks force the legislators and judicial systems to pass new legislations and introduce new ways of redress in the related disputes in order to decreasing or limiting the patent trolls’ activities.In this paper, the concept of patent trolls is defined and explained, and its positive and negative effects are illustrated.

Volume 20, Issue 141 (November 2023)
Abstract

The usage of plant extraction such as tannins, flavonoids & et. as an alternative to fungicidal effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate of  the antifungal effect of Iranian oak Jaft extract after extraction by different methods on Penicillium italicum and (Penicillium digitatum as an indicator of citrus fruit mold spoilage. molds were expossered by different concentrations of oak Jaft extract. The investigated factors including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (mg/ml), minimum lethal concentration (MFC) (mg/ml) and non-growth diameter (mm) were determined by the methods of tube dilution, surface culture and diffusion in agar well (WD). The results showed that different concentrations of aqueous extract had significantly effect (p<0.05) on the non-growth  diameter of molds. The antifungal effect was significantly (p<0.05)increased in concentrations of 40 and 80 mg/ml aqueous extract. In this research, Fludioxionil 25%  poison as a control group showed a significant difference(p<0.05) in molds growth. In general, the extract of Iranian oak Jaft can be used to control the fungal spoilage of citrus fruits.
 

Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract

Introduction:
Northwestern of Iran reveals different geographical appearances including plain, semi dry and mountainous regions. Geographically, east of northwestern of Iran is mountainous with montane valleys that highly attracted societies through history for potential sources and geographical variables. Arjaq Plain is among the most important montane valleys of east of north-west of Iran, of where settlements date to Chalcolithic period. It was only during recent decades that archaeologist considered the regions, while earlier researches and chronologies generally limited to two coasts of Lake Urmia and conclusions generalized to the whole region of northwestern Iran, especially during Iron Age.
Methodology:
 Data of research are consisted of archaeological and geographical ones. The geographical data are collected and analyzed following bibliographic, according geographical researches; while Archaeological data are collected following field works, according archaeological surveys and excavations. The main question of the research is effective cultural, environmental, and geographical variables in formation and development of Shahryeri site. Present research attempts to answer the question considering archaeological surveys and excavations and analysis relying on theories of landscape archaeology that is one of the most important attitudes in recognizing and interpreting behavioral patterns of ancient societies, considering expansion of surficial data. Landscape archaeology is a conceptual, interactional, processual, and interdisciplinary attitude that provide a framework at define patterns, and determining explainable and interpretable behavioral data. Considering landscape archaeology, time and space are significant in investigating archaeological data. Ecological theory of Kennethe F.watt used to study category of location. Kennethe F.watt enjoyed ecological variables of material, energy, space, time, and variation that effected formation, expansion, continuity, and destruction of settlement. He believed that if one could present interaction of these five variables, therefore, all ecological parts integrate in a single theoretical framework.
 
Results and discussion:
 Shahryeri ancient site at Mshkin Shahr is among the most characteristic sites of northwestern of Iran that covers some 200 hectares on a promontory, 1.5 Km east of Pirazmian village at suburbs of Meshkin Shahr and Noqdi County. For the first time, it discovered following surveys of Charles Burney at 1978 at northwestern Iran, where introduced as Qaleh Arjaq. It was only at 1381 that it registered in National heritage list by no. 6162. There have been three seasons of archaeological excavations since 1382 to 1384 under Alireza Hozhabri Nobari.
The site formed and firstly settled following Herding and semi pastoralism subsistence strategy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The most important architectural remains of the periods is an early temple that included an stone wall, mud mortar, mud brick, and monoliths that laid back to the wall. It is semicircular whereas the monoliths positioned in front of each other. There is a 4.5×3 m chamber at west with a platform. It appears it is an adjunct space to the temple that used as tribute chamber and altar.
Three features indicate development at Middle Iron Age at Shahryeri including:
Castle with fortifications: the enclosure covers about 35 hectares area. Length of the wall of castle is 522 m and it is about 0.16-2.5 m thick. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates in the wall, whereas the main gate is located at southernmost of lower city and another gate at east of lower city that is protected by huge walls and two towers. The gate is 5.5 m wide. There is a precipice at northwest of the castle that glorifies the castle and creates a natural enclosure at this part of the castle.
Temple with anthropomorphic monolith: the temple covers about 2200 m with 7 corridors from 15 to 25 m length and 1 to 3 m width. There are some more than 500 anthropomorphic monoliths with 2.3 to 35 cm with different forms, while there are platforms as altar in front of each.
Expansion of cemetery: there are two groups of burials at the cemetery of Shahryeri. The first group, which sums up to 278 burials, is scarce burials around the castle that spread within 5 km radius. The second group consists of a dense cemetery with 200 burials 5 km away from the castle. Distribution of the burials generally is at northwest of the castle and around the temple area and surrounding plains and valleys. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates along the wall, whereas main gate is at southernmost of the lower city and the other entrance is at eat of the lower city that protected by huge walls and two towers. The defensive wall constructed using huge rough stones, while they filled by smaller stones. The enclosure is 140-150 cm thick and reaches to 200 cm next to the entrance.
Ecological potentials to settle societies that Kennethe F.watt classified assessed at landscape of Shahryeri at the phase of formation and development. Results of the formation phase indicate water, soil, availability of mines, weather, accessibility, location at connecting roads, plain and mountain pastures, and natural shelters to protect herds were among the most important factors to locate the landscape of Shahryeri by semi pastoral people of Late Bronze Age. Architectural remains from archaeological excavations, from the same period, affirmatively including pastoral settlements with an early structure of temple and few burials. The phase of development at Middle Iron Age, is coincided to accumulation of wealth following location at main road, flourish of Shahryeri's temple, and collection of tributes from different regions. Archaeological evidences of development of Sharyeri are a 534 m fortification and a temple, with expansion of cemetery to more than 10 hectares. Considering lack of residential area, it appears that people's lifestyle and subsistence strategy were semi pastoralism, whereas the vast cemetery indicates an increase of population across the landscape, however, they partially resided at the castle.
 Conclusion:
 Conclusions indicate that assembling of five factors of material, energy, space, time, and varieties of facilities at the site during Late Bronze Age are caused settlement of the site, whereas flourished at Middle Iron Age for location at main roads and accumulation of wealth in addition to former factors.
 

Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2023)
Abstract

Nowadays, non-linear analysis of structures has become an attractive matter and appears necessary for most structural engineering applications, whereas tendency for more accurate structural analysis has increased by many engineers. In general, nonlinear analysis is divided into two main parts: geometrical and material nonlinearity. In some cases, both nonlinear types are used simultaneously in the analysis process. In this paper, a new Incremental-iterative method for the analysis of truss structures, including both geometric and material nonlinearity behavior, is proposed. Nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved using an Incremental-iterative method based on the displacement control process. The basis of geometric nonlinear process is based on rotational formulation and material nonlinearity is based on tracing the stress-strain relationship for post-buckling behavior of the truss members. In this proposed method, it is assumed that the magnitude of the displacement increment vector to the size of the total displacement vector at the beginning of each load increment, is a fixed value. Based on this idea and thinking, the corresponding equations are written and a new formulation has been developed based on the displacement control scheme, as, by employing a specified displacement, the corresponding load will be obtained. Using fixed incremental displacement algorithm, this paper, proposed a novel method that has a possibility of passing the limit points in the case of highly nonlinear behavior state. The proposed method, is able to pass the limit points including snap-through and snap-back. Some examples are provided for the proposed method and by solving them, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is examined. A limit point refers to the turning point for the equilibrium path of a structure, which can be further considered as the transition point from stable to unstable equilibrium states or vice versa. In analysis of such structures, the simple incremental iterative methods unable to pass this limit points. The simple incremental iterative methods couldn’t trace the equilibrium path after the limit points. For resolving such disadvantages, advanced analysis methods have been developed numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed algorithm, to be highly suitable in predicting nonlinear response of structures with multiple limit points and snap-back points, and trace the equilibrium path accurately. The results show that the method developed in this paper, traces the equilibrium curve as well as the modified arc-length method with a small difference. In spite of the fact that the procedure herein explained is only implemented for truss structures, it is possible to generate the proposed method for other structures. This paper is organized as follows. In the first section, we will have a brief review of nonlinear analysis of trusses, including both geometric and material nonlinearity. A literature review is done and a number of available methods in this field is describe. In the second section we explained the basic concepts in nonlinear analysis. The third section geometric and material nonlinear behavior of trusses are reviewed. Section four is allocated to implementation of proposed method for nonlinear analysis. In section five, the validity of the proposed method is illustrated with some examples.
 


Volume 25, Issue 3 (Fall 2021)
Abstract

Introduction
Space is a social and consequently a political thing, and apart from worldview, ideology and discourse, it cannot be formed and developed, and the ideological framework of the formation forms the ruling policies, which are crystallized in the form of governing discourse. Each of the new forms of government and new patterns of political power introduces its own methods for dividing space, discourse, objects, and people living in space, and how it is used to change over time and use space to give economic and political strategies required for the exercise of power and discourse processes. In Iran, in the last hundred years, with the coming to power of Reza Khan in 1925, the central discourse of the Pahlavi government with the supremacy of the absolute Pahlavi discourse, and by articulating the signs of this discourse with hegemony and domination, represented space and created reasonable spaces. For the first time in history, it emerged as a dominant discourse in the society.
 Methodology
The present study seeks to provide a dialectical analysis of the process of space production in Tehran by identifying the dominant discourses in the period 1925-1941. Hence, it falls into the category of "fundamental" research. On the other hand, the executive path of research is "analytical-exploratory".
 Results and Discussion
The most important dominant discourse in Iran in the twentieth century was formed based on the Pahlavi Absolute Discourse of a complex set of diverse disciplines including the theory of Persian monarchy, traditional patrimonialism, the discourse of development and development in the style of Western modernism, legalism and the people. The discourse emphasized authoritarianism, reform from above, modernist rationality, Iranian nationalism, political centralism, cultural modernism, secularism, and industrial development. The absolutist state that emerged in the light of this discourse sought to move Iranian society and economy from a traditional, pre-capitalist formulation, and do major harm to Groups and culture introduced traditional society with its rationalist, authoritarian, and normative character.
The purpose and scope of Reza Shah's policies were, in practice, cities and urban social classes. On one hand, there were observed development measures and activities to modernize the country in cities, such as the demolition of old neighborhoods and the construction of new streets, and on the other hand, the expansion of government bureaucracy caused a mean for the central government to dominate on people's daily activities. During these years, the most noticeable changes took place in Tehran. The enactment of the Municipal Law in 1309 provided a suitable vehicle for heavy interventions in the old urban fabric; the law of widening and developing the streets and alleys in 1933, the first echo of Hussman urban planning and as a symbol of modernity were revealed. Two cruciform streets tear apart the old fabric of the city, crucifying the old city and separating the elements of urban spaces. The street is considered as a powerful tool in the city and becomes a dominant element that no element can deal with it compared to previous periods.
The discourse of absolute Pahlavi modernism in the form of spatial representation has created a city with a body, image, face and structure different from Tehran's past. In other words, the Pahlavi discourse has represented new spaces through hegemony and domination. Some of the social changes in Tehran in this period that distinguish it from previous periods are social and cultural changes including improving education, building a university, rejecting the hijab, reviving the Persian language by the language of academy, and immigration.
Rural and urban population growth, expansion of government offices and the formation of a new administrative class ; Economic and infrastructural changes, urban planning and architecture, including Tehran city development plan, implementation of Baladieh law, establishment of Bank Melli Iran, construction of Mehrabad airport, emergence of new urban activities and functions, construction of cruciform streets, squares, bazaar  ; Political changes include the emergence of a new bureaucracy, the consolidation of central government power, the formation of a modern army, the concentration of state affairs in the capital, the establishment of new urban divisions, relations with European countries, and their role in governance.
Totalitarian modernism, in order to achieve its enlightened menus, has to consolidate the bureaucratic system. State cities that are already in a semi-independent relationship with the center can only be the executor of the Cairo government bureaucracy in their new affiliate relationship. Following the Pahlavi bureaucratic approach, the city was given priority both as a physical manifestation of the current thinking of the time and as a platform for the forthcoming developments for organizing. Any urban regulation will inevitably lead to a cessation of organ development. On the other hand, with the seriousness of the issue of private property, the necessity of developing a new urban system became more apparent.
Conclusion
The urban plans of the 1930s clearly show how the relationship between the inhabitant and the resident and the relationship between the city and society sought an instrumental relationship, and for this reason, this relationship and through it, development was considered as an external matter and with no worries, they have made a historical break by discarding previous social, economic, and cultural formations.
Without worrying that man achieves being through habitation. The result is not only the physical disintegration of the city, but also the disintegration of the socio-cultural organization. Henceforth, the city is the place of crystallization of socio-cultural and physical-spatial distinctions that arise due to the demand for capital and the mercantile circulation of goods and capital, and through the indiscriminate occupation of land as the main element of trade in opposition to biological methods. It even offers its own climatic conditions.


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