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This article discusses the democratization of access to higher education opportunities in Iran. Access to educational opportunities was studied through exploring the scores the national university entrance exams. The main research question was: "How the inequality in access to higher education opportunities is explained?" To solve this problem, we constructed a theoretical model on the basis of capital theory: Access to higher educational opportunities is the function of modernization of parents’ economic and cultural capital. The results showed that cultural capital weight in access to educational opportunities, is more than that of economic capital.

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Horizontal development of the cities has resulted in much destruction environmentally and economically. The building’s façade acts as a barrier between exterior and interior climatic conditions. There are various methods for improving the energy performance of the building. One of these solutions is the ventilated facades. Open joint ventilated façade (OJVF) is a group of ventilated facades in which the exterior coating material (metallic, ceramic, stone or composite) is arranged in slabs separated by open joints that enable exterior air to enter and leave the cavity all along the wall. This ventilation leads to decreasing moisture and problems of condensation and ensure the health of the wall. In addition to aesthetic and constructive reasons, the main interest in open joint ventilated facades is their ability to reduce cooling thermal loads. This is achieved by the buoyancy effect induced by solar radiation inside the ventilated cavity, where the air can enter or leave freely through the joints. The OJVF is usually classified among the “light weight” or “Advanced Integrated Facades”. They are replacing the conventional facade in many new buildings and particularly in the refurbishment of old ones.
In light weight facades, the exterior light coating material is hanged over the interior wall (insulation, perforated brick or concrete, finish) by means of a metallic-frame structure or metallic bindings, leaving an air gap. The air chamber height can be the whole building height. The main difference between the OJVF and other advanced facades is that, as a rule, the ventilated air chamber is only open to the exterior at the top and at the bottom while, in the OJVF, the exterior coating is placed in an arrangement of tiles or slabs and a series of thin gaps (joints) shaped from slab to slab.
The improved thermal performance of the OJVF under radiation conditions relies on buoyancy: The slabs of the exterior coating are heated up and produce an ascending mass flow of air (by natural convection) that enters and leaves the cavity through the joints. This flow removes part of the heat loads. This phenomenon takes also place if the openings are only at the bottom and top of the facade, but the efficiency is not as high due to the reduced flow and the higher temperatures attained at the upper section of the air gap.
The main question is the effect of the open joints on the thermal performance of the façade in the various times of the year. The main objective of this work is to investigate the thermal and fluid dynamic phenomena taking place in a typical OJVF under solar radiation, and to appoint a methodology to quantify the energy savings produced by an OJVF in contrast to a conventional facade.
The determination of the linked thermal and fluid dynamic behaviour of the flow in the open joint air gap is quite a challenge, compared to the sealed cavity or even the top and bottom ventilated facades. The inlet and outlet flow through the joints all along the facade faces the analytical methods, making compulsory the use of CFD tools to obtain a detailed model. To achieve this aim, both of the open joint and the sealed facade have been simulated in the “Fluent” software.
Two series of tests have been carried out for both OJVF and sealed cavity facade. The first ones are steady state simulations directed to understand the phenomena involved, and the second ones are quasi-steady (unsteady or transient) state simulations to compare the energy performance of both systems. For the first group, two temperature conditions were selected, representing summer (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 30℃) and winter (T_room=24℃, T_ext = 8℃) weather. The (absorbed) solar radiation ranges from 0 to 800 W/m2. The radiation values above 400 W/m2 are high for summer, but not for winter, because the sun inclination is lower. The second group comprises two sets of simulations with the exterior temperature and the solar radiation varying hourly: one for a typical day of summer and another for a typical day of winter. The data used for simulations is produced by the Energyplus software.
Due to the extent of the subject, the study has been developed over a particular set of comparable geometries, and with specific climatic conditions; however, special care has been taken to avoid assumptions limiting its application.The OJVF simulated geometry comprises of four cement board tiles and five joints. Each slab is 70 cm that are separated by joints of 8 mm. The exterior coating layer is separated 0.05 m from the massive wall by the ventilated air cavity. The massive wall is composed of gypsum, a brick layer and exterior insulation with a total thickness of 21 cm. To study the heat transfer problem in the case of a conventional wall, a 3D model with the same dimensions has been created to simulate the convective loop inside the sealed air cavity. The only difference with respect to the OJVF model relies in the exterior coating which is continuous (without joints between slabs).
The CFD model developed to simulate a typical OJVF has enabled a better understanding of the ventilation effect induced by the solar radiation in the air gap of the facade. Velocity profiles, together with temperature and heat flux distributions have been compared with those obtained in a conventional sealed cavity facade.
Velocity profiles show that the air flow in the OJVF is ascending in the whole width and does not form a convective loop as in the sealed cavity facade. Moreover, the profiles show much higher velocity values in the case of OJVF. These two characteristics favour the heat removal from the cavity walls, which is one of the most claimed advantages of OJVF under radiation conditions. The air temperature in the cavity remains lower than in the conventional wall, and the heat transferred to the room is therefore lower.
The model has been also used to compare the thermal performance of both facades for the specific climatic conditions of Tehran and Yazd. The results of the simulations conclude that open-joint ventilated façade _in Tehran and Yazd city which are selected with respect to their solar radiation- can help to achieve substantial energy saving. Therefore using the OJVF in the south facade of the building in the aforementioned climates, considering their simple technology, is more suitable than conventional sealed facades.
The comparison of the energy performance of the specific OJVF and conventional façade analysed in this article shows that the open joint façade results in %20.5 energy saving for Tehran and %12 for Yazd through the south facade
At this point, it is not possible to give a definite criterion, because it is still necessary to evaluate the overall year performance of the specific OJVF geometry for each climate conditions, taking into account building costs and the price of the energy used for heating and cooling. Nevertheless, the data found in this study show that the OJVF could be a more energy efficient system than the conventional sealed facade, and help to reduce the cooling needs, mainly for south orientations in places with hot summers and mild winters.

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Horse is one of the most important themes in epic literature that has always been with the hero from the oldest era and even is sometimes unified with the heroes, and during the time it has taken many functions. In this essay, analyzing verse and prose epics and folklore based on the content analysis method, it became clear that sometimes the horse has a direct bond with water and fertility. In some texts, the horse is considered the symbol of wind, as it is evidently mentioned in Eskandarnameh. On the other hand, horse is sometimes a symbol of death, as the black horse of Aphosh, Shabrang Behzad, and the black horse of Esfandiar are linked to death. Sometimes the horse is unified with demon and fairy, as it is mentioned in the Hamzanameh, Firooz Shahnameh and Darabnameh Tarsosi. The horse of Tahmooreth in Shahnameh is also considered as the devil. Horse in some texts has such an important position for the hero that the selection of the horse is also one of the important stages of hero’s improvement, and sometimes even a horse and the horseman will unify as the hero cannot accomplish his mission without the horse, as Rakhsh and Sheborg Behzad in Shahnameh, and Ashghar, the horse of Boran-Dakht in Hamzanameh and Darabnameh Tarsosi are cases in point.

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In recent years economists have become increasingly interested in Institutionalism. Institutionalism has different branches and encountered some critics. In this article, we first rely on comparative study to review the institutionalism and provide new division in the paradigm and then examine the Searle's critics to institutionalists for their neglect to language as an important institution while it is central to philosophical concerns. Findings of this study indicate that considering language as an institution, this relates institutional theory to the so called discourse theory. Therefore, such a correlation would improve institutional theory.

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Few studies have recently supported the preposition that housing price changes in one location can be affected not only by its history but also by housing price changes in other locations (Ripple effect). There are many reasons why housing price changes in some areas may lead housing price movements in the other areas. The possible causes include structural differences and economic interdependence between areas, migration as well as informational factors. This paper examines spatial effects of house price dynamics within Tehran. The first hypothese is that house prices have started rising first in the north and then spread out over the rest of the city. The second hypothesis is that there is a strong price relationship between contiguous districts. Spatial autoregressive (SAR) and vector error-correction (VEC) models are emplyed to estimate the empirical models using quarterly panel data of Tehran housing markets over the period 1991 to 2006. The results confirms that there is a positive spatial interrelationship among districts. Moreover, the findings indicate the evidence of leading role of the district 1 in the northern half of the city while district 2 seems to have a more prominent effect on the center and the west. Furtheremore, the price interdependence of contiguous districts in the north is seen to be more significant and stronger than the south.

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Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.

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This paper develops a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSDE) model to study Iran's economy. The model considers the dependence of Iran's economy to oil exports. Oil sector and oil export revenues have been modeled as a separate sector and one of the government budget resources, respectively. In this model, like in other New Keynesian DSGE models, firms face nominal rigidities and the intermediate-good sector is monopolistically competitive. Four shocks (productivity, oil revenues, money growth rate and government expenditure) have been introduced as the sources of volatility. The findings show that business cycle moments generated by the model and those of actual statistics from the economy are closely related. The model produces more volatile private investment and less volatile private consumption than non-oil output. Impulse response functions of shocks show that non-oil output increases in response to productivity, oil revenues, money growth rate and government expenditure shocks. Although non-oil output increases in response to government expenditures shocks, crowding- out effect of these expenditures causes output to decrease after some periods.

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Objective: The environmental exposure to Magnetic Fields (MFs) may interact with biological systems. MFs are generated from various sources such as power lines, electric appliances at homes and offices, electrified transportation systems including urban railway systems and diagnostic devices such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). There are some scientific evidences that imply the exposure to MFs are hazardous to our health and increases the rate of some cancers like leukemia. The biological consequences of exposure to MFs have been investigated from a variety of endpoints. However, most studies have been performed in vitro and have examined effects on cellular processes and its malfunction; such studies can be used as evidence of effects in vivo. Materials and Methods: In this study Bone Marrow Stem Cells were grown in the absence and in the presence of a 15 mT Static Magnetic Field for 5 hours in order to determine any changes in cell cycle progression using the count of cells in different phases. The count of cells in a special phase of cell cycle indicates the length of that phase. The Static Magnetic Field was performed using a locally designed MF generator. Results: A significant increase in the number of cells in G0/G1 was observed in comparison with the controls. Also the number of cells in G0/G1 in the cells treated with Hydrogen-Peroxide, as an oxidative agent, was significantly increased in Static MF. Conclusion: Genetic material damages or mal-function of related proteins may cause these halts. Mfs have not enough energy to affect the biological molecules directly but the mechanism of free radical mediators is probable. These kinds of damages (direct or indirect) can permanently bring the cell cycle to a halt.

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In this paper a novel process monitoring scheme for reducing the type І and type ІІ error rates in the monitoring phase is proposed. First, the proposed approach uses an augmented data matrix to implement the process dynamic. Then, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) transformation to the augmented data matrix, and eliminate the outliers using the local outlier factor (LOF) algorithm. Finally, the control limit based on the LOF value of the cleaned data are obtained. In the monitoring phase, if the LOF value of each sample exceeds the control limit, fault has occurred; otherwise, data is normal. The proposed method is applied to fault detection in both a simple multivariate dynamic process and the Tennessee Eastman process.  In both processes, type І and type ІІ error rates are witnessed to reduce by considering the process dynamic and performing the LOF algorithm. Results clearly indicate better performance of the proposed scheme compared to the alternative methods.

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The aim of this study is to investigate analytical and experimental energy absorbing capacity for a hat shape structure with three different boundary conditions. Four layered unidirectional (UD) E-glass fiber /polyester resin was used to construct hat shape beam energy absorber. The length of the composite hat shape was 1m and the thickness was 3mm. Result shows good coloration between experimental energy absorption and the values obtained from the model. The best coloration between experimental and the model is related to [75,0,0,-75] fiber stacking configuration with 0.23% accuracy in clamp-free boundary condition, and the worst coloration between experimental and the model is related to [30,60,-30,-60] fiber stacking configuration with 19.88% accuracy in clamp-free boundary condition.

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Archaeology is growing science that continues to discover the material remains of man; hence, it is the best evidence to understand human relations that too shows close co-operation between the neighboring countries, especially Iran and India (present Pakistan). Right from Bronze Age when man started building a better social organization, archaeology presents positive evidences for economic and technological cooperation to boost their living standards. In the case of Indian Sub-continent, the earlier rural evidences from Kili Gul Muhammad (Kili=Urdu word, stands for "Fort") , Zhob and Loralai valleys of Baluchistan show a continuous growth pattern until they reach to mature stage of Indus Archaeology is growing science that continues to discover the material remains of man; hence, it is the best evidence to understand human relations that too shows close co-operation between the neighboring countries, especially Iran and India (present Pakistan). Right from Bronze Age when man started building a better social organization, archaeology presents positive evidences for economic and technological cooperation to boost their living standards. In the case of Indian Sub-continent, the earlier rural evidences from Kili Gul Muhammad (Kili=Urdu word, stands for "Fort") , Zhob and Loralai valleys of Baluchistan show a continuous growth pattern until they reach to mature stage of Indus Civilization that presented by the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It seems that such urban pattern could not develop without its deep contact with the Bronze Age Culture of Iran, as evidenced from the excavations of Bampur, Tepe Yahya, Tepe Sialk and Tepe Hissar. Hence, according to archaeological evidence, one can say the people of Iranian Plateau and those of its extension into Baluchistan and even in Sindh maintained a close trade and commercial relationship. In the beginning of the 4thMillennium B.C., trade spread simultaneously with the art of pottery and the human effort for having agricultural products, and commerce started between the Western and Eastern world. Barley and wheat from Iran were exported to Egypt and Europe, and millet from India was exported to the West via Iran. Plenty of seals and identical ornaments found in Iran and throughout the vast Indus Basin and the areas of Mesopotamia and Central Asia are evidences of the simultaneous expansion of trade in the Great Iranian Plateau. This article tries to discuss and prove that the gradual progress in this vast basin, especially in ancient sites of Iran and Western India could be possible through road links, such as Silk Road, and it strengthens the claim and leads to the point that this link has been solely through growing trade and commerce. The next point, it will express that this trade not only was responsible for the emergence of the stimuli for the development of simple and original settlement in a section of the proposed area but also developed cultural relations especially in the patterns of urbanization, architecture and arts which is highlighted in two ancient cities, Shahr-i Sokhta in Sistan (Iran) and Mohenjo-daro in Sindh (Pakistan), in 3rd Millennium B.C.

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Beji Barsaq is a traditional cake in Ilam, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and Lorestan cities, made of wheat flour, oil, sugar, eggs, low-fat milk, rose water, baking powder, and various spices (cumin, fennel, and turmeric). The present study aimed to produce a low-fat Beji Barsaq cake with soy protein concentrate (SPC) at the optimal level (3%) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at the level of 0.3, 0.7, and 1%. The rheological analysis results of dough samples showed a significant increase in their viscosity and consistency with increasing fat substitutes. At the constant level of SPI, the amounts of moisture content, specific volume, porosity, and brightness were significantly increased with increasing CMC levels. In contrast, the fat content was significantly decreased. Moreover, stiffness, cohesiveness, and springiness of the cake samples enhanced with increasing CMC levels at constant SPC level. However, this increase in springiness was not significant. After seven days of storage at room temperature, the stiffness of cake samples increased, and their cohesiveness and springiness decreased significantly, which was attributed to the products’ staleness. Sensory analysis results of cake samples showed that T4 sample (%50% fat replaced with 3% SPC+0.7% CMC ) had the best overall acceptability according to opinion of panelists.

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In this study, biodegradable packaging based on gelatin biopolymer (at a concentration of 3% w/w) containing nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (at a concentration of 1% w/w) and saffron extract (at a concentration of 2% v) by evaporation method was synthesized. In this study, physical properties (thickness, transparency, moisture content, solubility and water vapor permeability), mechanical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, structural and transparency properties of films were investigated. After analyzing the data, the results showed that the effect of saffron extract and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on all the studied properties was significant (P <0.05). Addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and saffron extract increased the thickness, improved the mechanical properties and reduced the moisture content, water vapor permeability, transparency, and solubility. Also, nanocomposite films containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles and saffron extract showed antioxidant properties (% 80%) and acceptable antimicrobial effects, especially against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. According to the results of this study, this type of packaging can be suggested as a suitable alternative to synthetic packaging.

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In this research, the mechanical behavior of composites made with polyethylene matrix and wood powder reinforcement have been investigated. In order to improve the mechanical properties, the wood powder has been added to polyethylene at three levels of 30, 40 and 50 wt.%. The material was mixed using an internal mixer Haake and then the material was removed from the mixer and was granulated by a crushing machine. Finally, the granules were molded using an injection molding machine and tensile test specimens were made according to ASTM D638 standard and bending test specimens were made according to ASTM D790 standard. After preparing the specimens, a tensile and flexural test performed on them. The results of the mechanical tests show that the amount of elastic modulus increased with increasing the amount of wood powder so that the highest amount of elastic modulus was observed in the specimens containing 50 wt.% wood powder. Also, the highest strength in the tensile test was observed at the level of 30 wt.% of the wood weight and the highest flexural strength was in the 50% level of wood weight. Also, mechanical tests were simulated using Abaqus software.

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Considering the effect of sports on different aspects of individual and social life and its importance at the national level, the present study seeks to examine the role of mass media (radio, television, magazines and internet) in the tendency of women in Tehran. The research method is based on survey and questionnaire data collected from the women statistical society of Tehran. For that matter, 384 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. They were those practicing in public parks and sports clubs in different part of Tehran. The main method in data analysis was Pearson and structural equation modeling and factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. Giddens and Budrillard were taken into account to explain the subject in a theatrical framework. The results show that there was a relationship between variables (age and level of development of residential area and women tendency to public sports, but there was no relationship between (academic levels, access to of sports facilities). The results also show that there was a direct and significant relationship between the dimension of media function (eduction, information and advertising, personal body management) and the tendency to public sports, among which information and advertising have the highest correlation coefficient i.e. 0/471 and personal body management had the lowest correlation coefficient of 0/171.