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The aim of this study was to investigat the effect of modifierd starch and maltodextrin as a wall material on the microencapsulation of ginger oil in green tea extract by spray drying method. Ginger oil was encapsulated with modiferd starch, maltodextrin, and mixture of these by ratio(2:1، 1:1، 1:2) .The mean droplet size  of emulsion and Encapsulation efficiency, oil surface, particle size and moisture of microcapsul was evaluated. The results showed that by reducing the Gum Arabic content and increasing Maltodextrin content, the emulsion  particle  size became larger. Encapsulation efficiency  increased and oil surface decreased by the decreas in particle  size  of emulsion  and powder. And the results indicated the lack of effect of rim material on the amount of moisture. A 2:1 and 1:1 blend of Gum Arabic:Maltodextrin offered a protection, better than gum Arabic and maltodextrin .

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In this paper with a comprehensive approach, energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analyses of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) have been performed to produce combined heat and power (CHP) based on solar energy. In order to a plenary survey, after thermodynamic modeling of the ORC, study of flat plate and parabolic through solar collectors (FPC and PTC) and gas-fired boiler as the energy supplier equipments in the independent or combination models; as well as in the open or circulated state of the heat source flow have done. In the open heat source flow state, the outlet flow of heat source at 80 ° C temperature is used in order to provide required heat in different sectors; however, in the circulated flow state, the amount of required primary energy is less than the open heat source flow state. Also, the use of photovoltaic panels to provide the pumping power of cycle is studied. The calculations show that the cost of produced power for this study schale in Iran, from lowest to highest are related to the use of gas-fired boiler, parabolic trough solar collector, photovoltaic panels and flat plate solar collectors respectively. Also, because of the efficient use of energy resources in the combined heat and power generation (open heat source flow) compared to power generation (circulated heat source flow), the energy and exergy efficiencies are increased 8.61% and 8.11% respectively; although the open heat source flow system compared to circulated flow system need to higher investment cost.

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Gums are long chain polysaccharides components with high molecular weight wildly used in the food and many other industries as stabilizer, texture modifier, gelling agent, thickener and emulsifier. The aim of this study was to investigation evaluation of physicochemical and emulsifying properties of protein-free balangu seed (Lallemantia royleana) gum. The results showed, balangu and protein-free balangu were obtained from molecular weight 3120 and 3360 kDa, respectively. Major functional groups were identified from FTIR spectrum of balangu and protein-free balangu, include O-H, C-H, C=O, -COO-, and C-O-C. The results of GC-MS showed that the major monosaccharides specified in Glucose, Galactose, Arabinose, Xylose and Rhamnose. According to the rheological protein-free balangu had the lowest protein content and this led to formation of large oil droplet size and lower emulsion stability. The parameters of Herschel–Bulkley model were showed, the values of coefficients of determinations (R²) were near to 1 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values were lower than 0.4, which indicate the suitability of this model to describe the flow behaviour of samples. Moreover all emulsions represented flow behaviour index values less than 1, which reveals shear thinning behaviour of emulsions, but no significant difference was found between emulsions (p>0.05). On amplitude sweep test, the storage modulus values were greater than loss modulus values in all emulsions, which indicates their elastic behaviour. On frequency sweep test, the storage modulus values were greater than loss modulus values in all emulsions, which confirmed solid like behavior. The indices of power law’s storage modulus balangu and protein-free balangu emulsions had near to zero which reflect high elastic behaviour of emulsion.
 

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Due to the importance of consuming meat and meat products especially sausage and bologna and the adverse effects of using synthetic preservatives used in them, this study aimed to investigate the effect of natural preservative on shelf-life of cooked beefbologna and comparison with sodium nitrite as synthetic preservative. the effect of chitosan (0, 0.5 and 1%) added individually or in combination with CCEO nanoemulsion (0, 1, 2 and 3%) as an alternative for sodium nitrite on microbiological (Total Viable Counts, Coliforms, Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), molds and yeasts), pH and water holding capacity (WHC), of beef bologna stored at 4 °C for 30 days was investigated. The experiment was performed in completely randomized based on factorial in 3 replication. Duncans test at 5% probability level was used to determine the significant difference mean between the data. Results indicated that chitosan addition resulted in significant (p< 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth, so that the lowest microbial counts were obtained in the samples containing both chitosan and CCEO nanoemulsion indicating a possible synergistic effect. Chitosan also improved the WHC and reduced the synersis of the samples during shelf-life respect to the control, while CCEO nanoemulsion had no significant effect on these parameters (p>0.05). The combination of chitosan (1%) with CCEO nanoemulsion (2-3%), which showed the best results, could have a valuable potential for commercial use in order to improve preservation of meat products without the use of nitrites or other synthetic additives.

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Rice is one of the most popular staple food of population. . It can absorb contaminants and heavy metals from the soil and affect human health.. Therefore it is necessary to have information about the heavy metals in rice and intake of them by human. Based on this, heavy metals cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in rice samples were studied from three sources: Iran, Pakistan, India and atomic absorption spectrophotometer The amount of heavy metals of Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni in various rice samples ranged from 0.04±0.008 to 0.40±0.03, 0.19±0.10 to 0.50±0.0, 0.092±0.04 to 1.28±0.1 and 0.19±0.01 to 0.89±0.01 respectively. The highest total heavy metals was observed in Taj mahal and the lowest in Abdalsalam. Estimated daily intake (EDI) value was calculated for different rice types.The concentration of cadmium and lead were above limit of quantification (LOQ) defined by FAO/WHO except one brand, whilst the chromium amount was significantly lower than LOQ. From recent rice consumption data, the estimated daily intakes of toxic compounds were computed for Iranian population. Estimated daily intake (EDI) for all heavy metals through imported and domestic cultivated rice consumption was considerably lower than the ADI.

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. Production and consumption Increased consumption of ready-to-eat foods such as pizzas and reduced daily physical activity has increased the need to reduce calories and dietary fat. In this study, the effect of adding inulin at concentrations of 6 and 7% and kefir at concentrations of 0.6 and 0.7% was investigated and physicochemical tests, color parameters and textural properties of cheese affected by the addition of inulin / Kefirs were examined. The results showed that in the sample with a ratio of inulin to kefir of 10: 1 had the most change in acidity and pH, while increasing the amount of kefir had no effect on acidity, which could be due to the neutral structure of kefir polysaccharide. In the study of cheese dry matter, the addition of inulin / kefir did not show a significant effect on the results (P <0.05). In contrast, the melting area was the highest in the control sample and the lowest in sample B (the lowest ratio of inulin to kefir). In other words, the addition of inulin / kefir did not show any effect on the melting area of the cheese. In examining the color characteristics of mozzarella cheese, by changing the level of inulin to kefir, no change in brightness, a* and b* was observed. However, in general color changes, the most change were observed in sample A and the least color change was observed in control. Also, the addition of inulin and kefir did not have a significant effect on the organoleptic and textural properties of mozzarella cheese. Therefore, it is possible to use this combination in the formulation of mozzarella cheese without making undesirable changes in the product

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Vegetable, fruit and medicinal plant based snacks,  have more acceptance and attractiveness than other ones. Citrus aurantium due to its Functional and nutritional factors, demand to consume it product. The aimed of this study was the production of Citrus aurantium based product which we named it Citrus aurantium Mill pastille. For this purpose, gelatin-pectin Mix Ratio (%5/5,7/3,9/1 and 10)and suger and isomalt was used as sweetner..The results showed by increasing the level of pectin, moisture was decreased, acidity and brix were increased. The results also suggest that texture characteristics with increasing pectin Hardness, Cohesiveness, Springiness and Chewiness increased. According to the results obtained from samples containing isomalt with ratio gelatin 9 pectin 1 a better ability to replace sugar And due to the appropriate nutritional characteristics,The pastilles known as functional food.

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Many studies have been performed on the effect of viscosity on the qualitative characteristics of hot crystallization in the cooking stage of beet factories. In this study, we tried to investigate the effect of newer viscosity reducing agents based on sucrose esters on the quality of cold crystallization in these units. For this purpose, a substance called cisterna which is a sucrose ester as a viscosity reducing agent in four levels  0 , 33, 66 and 100 ppm were used in weak effluent from centrifuge cooking of a beet factory at 55 ° C and its effect on viscosity, crystallization efficiency, color of extracted sugar solution and purity percentage of effluent from centrifuge sample was investigated. The results showed that the addition of this substance reduced the viscosity. Crystallization efficiency increased to 66 ppm and then decreased at higher concentrations. The color of the extracted sugar solution and the purity percentage of the effluent produced by centrifugation and separation of the solid phase from the liquid decreased to this concentration of surfactant and at higher concentrations these parameters increased. In general, the use of these materials in cold crystallization of sugar factories can increase the efficiency and reduce the waste of beet factories

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Today, the production of edible and biodegradable films is one of the growing technologies in advanced societies. The use of these coatings is due to the replacement with polymeric materials and increasing the storage time of food. The main purpose of this study was to produce an edible film of soybeans protein isolate (3 to 7%), glycerol (1 to 3%) and Ziziphorpa capitata essential oil (0 to 1%) in order to create better taste and antimicrobial properties. After preparing the film, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the film (thickness, density, solubility in water and acid, water vapor permeability, transparency, color changes, elongation percentage and tensile strength) were evaluated. After performing the above tests and investigating the effects of independent variables on the dependent variables, the oral film formulation was optimized. The results showed that the optimal formula can be achieved by using 3.54% soy protein isolate, 1% glycerol and 1% cactus essential oil at the level of desirability of 0.624.
 

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