Bahrami Eyvanaki, Fariba, Mousavi, Seyed Hamed, Minoonejad, Hooman (2025). Effect of Training Environment on Pain, Stability, Functional Disability, and Motor Control in Swimmers with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. , 10(3), 1272-1280. doi: 10.48311/ijmpp.2025.110578.0
Fariba Bahrami Eyvanaki; Seyed Hamed Mousavi; Hooman Minoonejad. "Effect of Training Environment on Pain, Stability, Functional Disability, and Motor Control in Swimmers with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome". , 10, 3, 2025, 1272-1280. doi: 10.48311/ijmpp.2025.110578.0
Bahrami Eyvanaki, Fariba, Mousavi, Seyed Hamed, Minoonejad, Hooman (2025). 'Effect of Training Environment on Pain, Stability, Functional Disability, and Motor Control in Swimmers with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome', , 10(3), pp. 1272-1280. doi: 10.48311/ijmpp.2025.110578.0
Bahrami Eyvanaki, Fariba, Mousavi, Seyed Hamed, Minoonejad, Hooman Effect of Training Environment on Pain, Stability, Functional Disability, and Motor Control in Swimmers with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. , 2025; 10(3): 1272-1280. doi: 10.48311/ijmpp.2025.110578.0

Effect of Training Environment on Pain, Stability, Functional Disability, and Motor Control in Swimmers with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome

International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention
Article 5, Volume 10, Issue 3, Autumn 2025, Pages 1272-1280    PDF (1.15 M)
Document Type: Original Research
DOI: 10.48311/ijmpp.2025.110578.0
Authors
Fariba Bahrami Eyvanaki1; Seyed Hamed Mousavi* 2; Hooman Minoonejad3
1PhD Candidate in Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Caspian Campus, Tehran, Iran
2PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Injuries and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Sports Injuries and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Aims: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a prevalent issue in swimmers, impacting pain, stability, and motor control. This study compares the effects of various training environments on these outcomes in swimmers with SIS.
Method: Thirty female swimmers with SIS were randomly assigned to land-based training (LBT, n=15) or water-based training (WBT, n=14) groups. Assessments included pain (VAS), stability (Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test), functional disability (DASH), and proprioception (JPS error), measured pre- and post-intervention. The 24-session programs involved progressive stretching and resistance exercises, with intensity adjusted biweekly using the Borg scale (RPE 9–11). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.
Findings: WBT led to greater improvements in pain (ŋ² = 0.94), Y-Balance (ŋ² = 0.89), and functional disability (DASH; ŋ² = 0.31) compared to LBT (all p < 0.01). However, LBT showed superior proprioception with smaller joint position errors in internal rotation, external rotation, and abduction (all p < 0.05).
Conclusion: WBT effectively reduces pain and disability and enhances stability, while LBT  improve proprioception, and combining both approaches may optimize overall rehabilitation and functional recovery in SIS.
 
Keywords
pain; proprioception; swimmers; disability; shoulder impingement syndrome
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