مساله فیض در آثار فارابی؛ از آثار ارسطومآبانه تا مستقل | ||
| اندیشه فلسفی | ||
| Article 4, Volume 3, Issue 1 - Serial Number 9, 1401, Pages 47-57 PDF (933.53 K) | ||
| Document Type: پژوهشی اصیل | ||
| DOI: 10.58209/jpt.3.1.47 | ||
| Author | ||
| حسن احمدیزاده* | ||
| گروه ادیان و فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و زبانهای خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران | ||
| Abstract | ||
| بررسی مساله فیض در متافیزیک فارابی، با دشواریهایی همراه است؛ آیا مساله فیض از آموزههای اصلی متافیزیک فارابی است یا باید آن را جنبهای فرعی تلقی کرد؟ در این بحث با دو مشکل اساسی مواجه هستیم: در انتساب دو رساله به فارابی (فصوصالحکم و عیونالمسایل) که دیدگاههای وی درباره مساله فیض را میتوان پیگرفت، تردید شده است. همچنین، آموزههای متافیزیکی فارابی درخصوص مساله فیض، از رسالهای تا رساله دیگر متفاوت هستند. برخی رسالههای فارابی آموزههای خود او در این بحث را نشان میدهند در حالی که برخی دیگر دیدگاههای ارسطو را مطرح میکنند. مشکل دیگر این است که فارابی مساله فیض را تنها در رسالههای متافیزیکی خود مطرح نمیکند؛ بلکه، در نفسشناسی فلسفیاش نیز او به این مساله میپردازد. برای یافتن برونرفتی از این مشکلات، با بررسی آثاری از فارابی که او در آنها به مساله فیض توجه نموده، سعی خواهیم نمود تا به دیدگاههای خود فارابی بیشتر نزدیک شویم. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| متافیزیک; مساله فیض; عقل; ارسطو; فارابی | ||
| Full Text | ||
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Introduction Abu Nasr Muhammad Al-Farabi, known in the West as Alpharabius, was one of the great Islamic thinkers. Al-Farabi's philosophical and scientific works in different areas, especially his commentaries on Plato and Aristotle, led him to become famous as a Second Teacher. Through these works, we can achieve the principles that are foundations for other works in theoretical and practical wisdom. Of course, some of his books are unavailable to us, and researchers of Al-Farabi's thoughts sometimes have problems. One of the main issues for them is the differences between Al-Farabi's philosophical thoughts and his thoughts that are under the influence of Aristotle [Farabi, 1974: 101-105]. This problem is due to Al-Farabi, in some metaphysical works, having no references to Plato or Aristotle's works. For example, in Al-Jam Bayna Raye Al-Hakimayn, he tries to bring up the philosophy of Plato in a special context. Still, in this work, he does not refer to any new platonic metaphysical interpretations of Plato [Kiankhah, 2014: 149]. In the present article, we want to survey one of Islamic philosophy's main subjects, namely the emanation (Fayz) problem in Al-Farabi's works. We try to achieve his own thoughts on this problem and differentiate them from his Aristotelian thoughts on the problem of emanation. Al-Farabi's Aristotelian works One of Al-Farabi's Aristotelian works is Aghraze ma bad Al-Tabiat. In this book, he tries to explain the main metaphysical subjects in Aristotle's thought, like God, soul, and intellect. Of course, Al-Farabi, in this book, does not want to explain some theological context. He says that for Aristotle, metaphysics is a universal science and does not relate to a special being. Theology is also one of the subjects that we can explain in metaphysics. In Aghraze, Al-Farabi explains the being in Aristotle's Metaphysics and says that in the book lambda, Aristotle noticed the problem of emanation (Fayz). In Lambda, Aristotle describes the first foundation and cause for all beings and how they existed from its emanation. The Philosophy of Aristotle is also one of Aristotelian Al-Farabi's works. This book is not independent but is a section of three books that Al-Farabi began to write by writing the Tahsil Al-Saadat. Of course, he did not write this book only to explain Aristotle's metaphysical ideas. Al-Farabi says that there are beings beyond material beings, and these beings should be surveyed by a special method different from natural methods [Mahdi, 1969: 5]. In his view, this supernatural method should notice the problem of emanation. Al-Jam bayna Raye Al-Hakimayn also is somehow an Aristotelian Al-Farabi book. This important text surveys many metaphysical issues in Plato and Aristotle and tries to show that Intellect is the end of the Soul and the Soul is the end of nature [Farabi, 1974: 60]. In his view, this end in both Intellect and Soul should be understood as emanation. Al-Farabi's attitude in this book is that in metaphysical issues, there are no differences between Plato and Aristotle. Al-Farabi's own works In this section, we want to note some of Al-Farabi's works that he does not claim to explain, only Aristotle's ideas. One of these texts is Ehsa Al-Olum. In this book, he describes the Aristotelian classification for different sciences. In his view, theology includes three subjects: being a being, roots of deduction in secondary sciences, and surveys of immaterial beings [Farabi, 2002: 94]. These immaterial beings have their foundations in a being beyond the martial word. Al-Farabi, in this book, surveys these metaphysical subjects more than Aristotle in his metaphysical writings and also relates these issues to the problem of emanation. Here, he notices that the most important subject in metaphysics is the problem of emanation (Fayz), and in his view, this problem can be proved logically and philosophically. Maybe for this reason, in Al-Farabi's view, all the metaphysics is theology. The second book of Al-Farabi that we survey in this section is Al-Horuf. This book is somehow longer and more detailed than his other metaphysical texts. Of course, this text is more linguistic but is a Farabian work. Here, Al-Farabi tries to show that metaphysics is a science with a special and different language. So, we cannot explain subjects like the problem of emanation by the language of other sciences [Farabi, 1408: 91]. Another Al-Farabi's text is Tahsil Al-Saadat. In this book, he also surveys the different metaphysical subjects and says that in this science, which means metaphysics, we should seek fundamental principles for all beings. In his view, metaphysics is very strongly related to the problem of emanation, so we should understand metaphysics in accordance with this problem. In this respect, metaphysics is joined with theology or the science of God [Farabi, 1995: 91]. So we can say that in the texts in which Al-Farabi explains his views on metaphysical issues, his doctrines include the problem of emanation and God's relation to the material and corporal world. Al-Farabi's attitude to the problem of emanation is contained in many of his books, from moral books to philosophical and also logical ones. Conclusion According to what we said in this article, where Al-Farabi approaches himself to Aristotle's views, he claims that metaphysics is a universal science, so the problem of emanation is one of the sections of this science. However, in Al-Farabi's view, Aristotle did not explain this problem theologically. So, in the texts that Al-Farabi somehow gets away from Aristotle, he claims that he explains the problem of emanation very brightly and more accurately from Aristotle's metaphysical texts. In addition, Al-Farabi, by this problem, can explain and understand some other metaphysical problems that in Aristotle's writings are not explained very brightly. Of course, Al-Farabi, in many subjects, is affected by the Aristotelian approach to metaphysics. Still, in some theological subjects, like the problem of emanation, he tries to explain his view according to his own traditional context. | ||
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