A comprehensive checklist and geographic distribution of Tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) in India

A comprehensive checklist and geographic distribution of Tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) in India

Devanshu Gupta

Zoological Survey of India, M–Block, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, India.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9188-4689

Priyanka Ghosh

Zoological Survey of India, M–Block, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, India [1]; University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata - 700019, West Bengal, India [2].

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-8697

Irtiza Wani

Zoological Survey of India, M–Block, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, India.

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3152-0446

Debika Bhunia

Zoological Survey of India, M–Block, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, India.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-0334

Shipra Sonali

Zoological Survey of India, M–Block, New Alipore, Kolkata–700053, West Bengal, India.

https://orcid.org/0009–0000–8416–9046

Vivek Kumar

Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India.

https://orcid.org/0009–0003–8908–1045

ABSTRACT. Based on a comprehensive review of existing literature and examining the specimens, including 11 types that were housed in the Coleoptera Section of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 154 species of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from India are identified. This represents approximately 5.4% of the species diversity of the known tortoise beetles. Photographs of the examined specimens (including type specimens) are also provided. The details of the distribution of all the species across Indian states (including districts and micro-locations) and biogeographic zones are presented. Studying the distribution data of the species reveals that the Western Ghats harbours the highest number of tortoise beetle species (84), followed by the Northeast (58), Deccan Peninsula (51), Himalayas (49), Gangetic plains (34), Islands (12), and Semi-Arid regions (12).

Keywords: Biogeography, diversity, fauna, taxonomy, type specimens

Citation: Gupta, D., Ghosh, P., Wani, I., Bhunia, D., Sonali, S. & Kumar, V. (2025) A comprehensive checklist and geographic distribution of Tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) in India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 11 (in press).

 

The Cassidinae subfamily, encompassing tortoise beetles and leaf-mining beetles, is a remarkably diverse and fascinating group within the Chrysomelidae family. Known for their unique ability to retract their legs and antennae beneath their arched, protective elytra, resembling a turtle's shell, tortoise beetles are found worldwide, with the highest diversity concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions (Borowiec & Moragues, 2005). The first global catalogue of Cassidinae was published by Austrian entomologist Franz Spaeth in 1914, listing 69 species from India. Subsequent efforts by Borowiec (1999) expanded this catalog to include 2,760 species, classified under 12 tribes and 159 genera. Borowiec's catalogue provides comprehensive information for each species, including valid names, synonyms, bibliographic data, type locality, type depositories, distribution, and global range. To date, approximately 3,032 species in 160 genera have been described worldwide (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Maulik's (1919) compilation of the Fauna of British India, including Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Burma (now Myanmar), remains the foundational reference for identifying Indian tortoise beetles, listing 152 species in 16 genera. While many genera have since been revised, information on the distribution and diversity of Indian tortoise beetles remains fragmented. A consolidated catalogue or checklist for Indian Cassidinae is currently lacking. This study aims to address this gap by compiling distribution records of Indian Cassidinae, including an inventory of their occurrence by state and biogeographical zone. We examined 49 species, including 11 type specimens, preserved at the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, and provided accompanying photographs. The article also highlights areas where further faunistic surveys and research are necessary to comprehensively understand the diversity of Cassidinae in India.  

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This checklist is based on a comprehensive review of published literature and tortoise beetle (Cassidinae) specimens housed in the National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Genera and species are listed alphabetically within their respective tribes. For each species, the following information is provided: valid name, junior synonyms, published Indian records (including state, district, and micro-location), relevant references, and global distribution. The checklist primarily adheres to the classification, nomenclature, and global distribution outlined by Borowiec (1999) and Borowiec and Świętojańska (2024). The boundaries of Indian states and union territories are depicted in Figure 1. The specimen registration numbers are provided for the studied specimens, which are housed in the Coleoptera Section of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. We largely follow the approach of Rodgers et al. (2002) on the biogeographic classification of India, which divides the country into the following ten biogeographic zones: the Trans-Himalaya, the Himalaya, the Desert, the Semi-Arid region, the Gangetic Plains, the Deccan Peninsula, the Western Ghats, the Northeast, the Islands, and the Coasts (Fig. 2). In cases where cited references lack precise location data, "India" is used without specifying a specific location. The photographs of type specimens are shown in Figs 9, and 10, while the remaining photographs are shown in Figs 3–8.

RESULTS

Taxonomic hierarchy

Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Cassidinae Gyllenhal, 1813

Tribe Notosacanthini Gressitt, 1952

Genus Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1836

Notosacantha andrewesi (Weise, 1905)

Hoplionota andrewesi Weise, 1905:122. Hoplionota nilgirica Spaeth, 1914c:517.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha bertounesquei Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013

Notosacantha bertounesquei Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013:289.

Distribution in India. Kerala (Cardamom Hills, Ponmundi, Silent Valley National Park, Sirendri-Nilikkal, and Arippa – Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 1. Map of India showing boundaries of states and union territories.

Figure 2. Map of biogeographic zones of India, showing the number of species of tortoise beetles.

Notosacantha bifenestrella (Boheman, 1862)

Hoplionota bifenestrella Boheman, 1862:10.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (“North Kanara” Uttar Kannada – Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha castanea (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota castanea Spaeth, 1913a:507.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (Tura – Borowiec, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha chandrapurensis Świętojańska, Ghate & Marathe, 2001

Notosacantha chandrapurensis Świętojańska, Ghate & Marathe, 2001:489.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Chandrapur, Tadoba Tiger Reserve: Świętojańska et al., 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha cherrapunjiensis Sekerka, 2008

Notosacantha cherrapunjiensis Sekerka, 2008:57.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (Cherrapunjee: Sekerka, 2008).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha circumdata (Wagener, 1881) (Fig. 3A)

Hoplionota circumdata Wagener, 1881:24.

Material examined. 2 specimens without specific locality data attached. [The data label is lost]

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand) (Chen et al., 1986; Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha clura (Spaeth, 1913a)

Hoplionota clura Spaeth, 1913a:511.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri-Hills: Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha corneola (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota corneola Spaeth, 1913a:516.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri-Hills: Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha darjeelingensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991

Notosacantha darjeelingensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:646.

Distribution in India. West Bengal (Bhalukhop, Darjeeling: Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 3. Habitus of the tortoise beetles. A. Notosacantha circumdata (Wagener, 1881); B. Notosacantha maculipennis (Boheman, 1856); C. Basiprionota bimaculata (Thunberg, 1789); D. Basiprionota decemmaculata (Boheman, 1850); E–F. Basiprionota multiplagiata (Wagener, 1881); G. Basiprionota sexmaculata (Boheman, 1850); H. Basiprionota westermanni (Mannerheim, 1844); I. Epistictina viridimaculata (Boheman, 1850).

Notosacantha dembickyi Sekerka, 2008

Notosacantha dembickyi Sekerka, 2008:59.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (Cherrapunjee – Sekerka, 2008).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha dohertyi (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota dohertyi Spaeth, 1913a:488.

Distribution in India. Assam (Sadiya – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha duvivieri (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota duvivieri Spaeth, 1913a:506.

Distribution in India. Jharkhand (Konbir – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha flavicornis (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota flavicornis Spaeth, 1913a:520.

Distribution in India. No exact locality (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha horrifica (Boheman, 1856)

Hoplionota horrifica Boheman, 1856:5.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, “Madras” Chennai – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Philippines, Sri Lanka) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha indicola (Spaeth, 1933)

Hoplionota indicola Spaeth, 1933b:125.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (North Salem – Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha jammuensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991

Notosacantha jammuensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:647.

Distribution in India. Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha lenta (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota lenta Spaeth, 1913a:519.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Dirang: Borowiec, 2009; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Puducherry (Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Madura, Shenbaganur – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha maculipennis (Boheman, 1856) (Fig. 3B)

Hoplionota maculipennis Boheman, 1856:5.

Material examined. 2 specimens without specific locality data attached. [The data label is lost]

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Meghalaya (Shillong, Cherrapunjee, Mawphlang, East Khasi Hills, Jowai – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981); Uttarakhand (Ranikhet, Almora, Dehradun, Bhimtal – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981); West Bengal (Derjeeling, Kalimpong, Rumbe, Bhalukhop – Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha maduraensis Świętojańska, 2006

Notosacantha maduraensis Świętojańska, 2006:122.

Distribution in India. Kerala (Eravikulam) and Tamil Nadu (Madurai– Świętojańska, 2006; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha nathani Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991

Notosacantha nathani Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:649.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Coorg, Mysore) and Kerala (Thekkady) (Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha ochroleuca (Boheman, 1850)

Hoplionota ochroleuca Boheman, 1850:38.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha prominens (Spaeth, 1913a)

Hoplionota prominens Spaeth, 1913a:486.

Distribution in India. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Spaeth, 1913a, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha severini (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota severini Spaeth, 1913a:503.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1913a, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Nokrek National Park – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Thailand) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha tenella (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota tenella Spaeth, 1913a:512. Notosacantha nilgiriensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:652.

Distribution in India. Chhattisgarh (Kalaichelavan & Verma, 2005); Kerala (Kallar Valley, Silent Valley National Park, Punnamala, Eravikulam National Park – Borowiec, 2001); Punjab (Chandigarh – Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Kotagiri – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Malaysia) (Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha tenuicula (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota tenuicula Spaeth, 1913a:505. Notosacantha nepalensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:650.

Distribution in India. Assam (Sadiya – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919), Maharashtra (Khandala “Bombay” – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Meghalaya (Cherrapunjee – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a); Sikkim (Gezing – Borowiec, 2001); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Spaeth, 1913a, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha vicaria (Spaeth, 1913)

Hoplionota vicaria Spaeth, 1913a:490.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Maulik, 1919); Karnataka (Mysore, Coorg – Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Maharashtra (Pune – Rane et al., 2000; Satara – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Notosacantha warchalowskii Świętojańska & Sekerka, 2007

Notosacantha warchalowskii Świętojańska & Sekerka, 2007:691.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Świętojańska & Sekerka, 2007).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Tribe Basiprionotini Gressitt, 1952 (1914)

Genus Basiprionota Chevrolat, 1836

Basiprionota bimaculata (Thunberg, 1789) (Fig. 3C)

Cassida bimaculata Thunberg, 1789:86. Prioptera impustulata Boheman, 1850:46.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Sikkim, Toong, 31.vii.1959, leg. A.G.K. Menon (1622/H4A).

Distribution in India. Assam (Boheman, 1850; Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Sikkim (Vazirani, 1972; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata – Maulik, 1913).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914c) included as P. bimaculata and P. impustulata and Maulik (1913, 1919) as P. impustulata.

Basiprionota decemstillata (Boheman, 1856)

Prioptera decemstillata Boheman, 1856:9.

Distribution in India. Assam (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); West Bengal (Darjeeling) (Takizawa, 1985a, 1985b; Borowiec & Sekerka, 2010).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Boheman, 1856; Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Basiprionota decemmaculata (Boheman, 1850) (Fig. 3D)

Prioptera decemmaculata Boheman, 1850:60. Prioptera decemmaculata var. fuscicornis Weise, 1897:101. Prioptera decemmaculata ab. cardoni Spaeth, 1925:430. Prioptera decemmaculata ssp. macularia Spaeth, 1925:430. Prioptera pallidicornis Boheman, 1850:61. Prioptera nigricornis Baly, 1863:9, 13.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N.E.F.A., 10.iii.1961, leg. K.C. Jairam (3652/H4A). India, Sikkim, 1 spec. (8913/7), 1 spec. (2894/4), 1 spec. (743/19), 1 spec. (745/19), 1 spec. (2912/7). 1 spec., India, Nagaland, Naga Hills (756/19).

Distribution in India. Assam (Cachar, Sibsagar, Bhalukpong, Umrongso – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990); Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Ankaling – Vazirani, 1972); Meghalaya (Shillong, Tura, Garo Hills, Khasi Hills, Baphakram National Park – Maulik, 1913; Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Nagaland (Naga Hills – Maulik, 1913); Sikkim (Gangtok, Makaibari – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Vazirani, 1972); Tripura (Jampui – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); West Bengal (Siliguri, Darjeeling: Kalimpong, Mundsong, Namthing-Dokapul, Mungpu, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014).

General distribution. Oriental (Myanmar, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec, 1999, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Basiprionota multiplagiata (Wagener, 1881) (Fig. 3E, 3F)

Prioptera multiplagiata Wagener, 1881:28.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Andaman Islands (4261/5).

Distribution in India. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Wagener, 1881; Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Basiprionota prognata (Spaeth, 1925)

Prioptera prognata Spaeth, 1925:433.

Distribution in India. West Bengal (Darjeeling – Spaeth, 1925; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (Myanmar) and Palaearctic (China, India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Sekerka, 2010; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Basiprionota pudica (Spaeth, 1925)

Prioptera pudica Spaeth, 1925:403.

Distribution in India. Assam (Borowiec, 1999, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (China) (Chen et al., 1986; Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Basiprionota sexmaculata (Boheman, 1850) (Fig. 3G)

Prioptera sexmaculata Boheman, 1850:49. Prioptera maculipennis Boheman, 1850:50. Prioptera punctipennis Wagener, 1877:59. Prioptera rugosa Baly, 1863:8, 13. Prioptera maculipennis ssp. reducta Gressitt, 1938:185.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Assam, Lusai Hills, 16.ix.1960, leg. F. Schmid (931/H4A). 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N.E.F.A., 21.v.1961, leg. K.C. Jairamkrishnan (2428/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tura, 1200-1500 ft., Garo Hills, 07.viii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp (6811/H4A).

Distribution in India. Assam (Mangadalai Hills, Lushai Hills, Umrongso – Boheman, 1850; Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Vazirani, 1972; Borowiec, 2001); Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng – Vazirani, 1972); Meghalaya (Garo Hills, Tura – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); West Bengal (Kolkata “Calcutta”, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Boheman, 1850; Maulik, 1919; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 1997; Darjeeling: Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914c) as P. maculipennis and P. sexmaculata; Maulik (1919) as P. punctipennis; Raychaudhuri & Saha (2014) as B. maculipennis.

Basiprionota westermanni (Mannerheim, 1844) (Fig. 3H)

Prioptera westermanni Mannerheim, 1844:864.

Distribution in India. Assam (Umrongso – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1913, 1916); Meghalaya (Jowai, Tura – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Craspedonta Chevrolat, 1836

Craspedonta andrewesi Weise, 1897

Calopepla andrewesi Weise, 1897:97.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (North Kannda, Belgaum – Weise, 1897; Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Craspedonta leayana (Latreille, 1807)

Imatidium leayana Latreille, 1807:50. Calopepla nigriventris Weise, 1897:98. Calopepla leayana insulana Gressitt, 1938:187. Calopepla atritarsis Pic, 1927:21. Calopepla atritarsis var. notaticeps Pic, 1927:22. Calopepla atritarsis ab. dentata Pic, 1927:22.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Kumar et al., 2016); Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Cherapunjii, Khasi Hills, West Garo Hills – Williumnagar: Maulik, 1913, 1919; Basu, 2000a; Kumar et al., 2016); Nagaland (“Assam” Naga Hills – Maulik, 1913); Punjab (Chandigarh) (Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); Sikkim (Pashok – Maulik, 1913, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Yercaud, Sheveroy Hills – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2009); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata, Darjeeling, Namthing, Shitong, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014).

General distribution. Oriental (Laos, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and Palaearctic (China, India, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Craspedonta obscura (Weise, 1897)

Calopepla obscura Weise, 1897:98.

Distribution in India. Assam (Spaeth, 1914c).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Myanmar) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Epistictina Hincks, 1950

Epistictina reicheana (Guérin, 1844) (Fig. 10D)

Calopepla reicheana Guérin, 1844:286. Epistictia selecta Boheman, 1850:13. Epistictia matronula Boheman, 1850:14.

Material examined. 2 spec., without locality data (775-776/9).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Karnataka (Bengaluru – Ghate & Ranade, 2002); Kerala (Periyar Lake, Cardamon Hills, Thatekkad, Quilon, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”, Vellayani, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary – Takizawa, 1983; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Maharashtra (Amba Valley, Raigad – Ghate & Ranade, 2002; Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Kallar, Kotagiri, Niligiri, Kallar, Kumli – Guérin, 1844; Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (Sri Lanka) and Palaearctic (Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Epistictina viridimaculata (Boheman, 1850) (Fig. 3I)

Epistictia viridimaculata Boheman, 1850:945. Epistictia parryi Baly, 1863:8. Epistictia marginata Kirsch, 1875:56. Epistictia viridimaculata var. collaris Weise, 1897:99. Epistictia viridimaculata var. trivandrumensis Maulik, 1913:108.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha Camp, 15.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas (17194/H4A). 2 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tura, 1200–1500 ft., Garo Hills, 15.vii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp (6809/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, 16.viii.1963, leg. A.K. Sen (16216/H4A). 1 spec., India, Sikkim, Lingjok, 20.v.1962, leg. G. Ramakrishna (1626/H4A).

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Assam (Spaeth, 1914c; Vazirani, 1972); Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum” – Maulik, 1913, 1919); Manipur (Ukhrul – Maulik, 1913, 1919); Meghalaya (Shillong, Tura, Garo Hills, Khasi Hills – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Punjab (Maulik, 1919; Vazirani, 1972; Gupta et al., 2019); Sikkim (Maulik, 1913, 1919; Vazirani, 1972); Uttarkhand (Kumaon – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Tista, Mungpu – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Epistictina weisei Spaeth, 1914

Epistictina weisei Spaeth, 1914b: 542.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (North Kanara – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (“Bombay” Mumbai – Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal, 1813

Subtribe Aspidomorphina Chapuis, 1875

Genus Aspidomorpha Hope, 1841

Subgenus Aspidomorpha Hope, 1841

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) amabilis Boheman, 1854 (Fig. 4A)

Aspidomorpha amabilis Boheman, 1854:315. Aspidomorpha halmaherana Spaeth, 1926a:309. Cassida micans: Olivier, 1808:960.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Assam, Mangaldai district, Mazhat, 13.vii.1895, leg.W. R. Yates. 1 spec., India, Assam, 11-15.x.1910 leg. S.W. Kemp. 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Gopkuda Island, Lake Chilka, Orissa, 7–15. viii.1907. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta” (4123/11/H4A), 1 spec. (4222/11/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Sukna, 500 ft., E. Himalayas, 2.ii.1908, leg. Annandale. 1 spec., India, West Bengal (4279/11/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal (3358/11/H4A).

Distribution in India. Odisha (Chilika) and West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata, Sukna, Darjeeling) (Maulik, 1913, 1916; Borowiec, 1999; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Philippines) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) chandrika Maulik, 1918 (Figs 4B, 9B)

Aspidomorpha chandrika Maulik, 1918:322. Aspidomorpha renidens Spaeth, 1926d:118.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, Gibbonland, 02.v.1981, leg. S. Biswas, det. C.R. Basu (17196/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tura, 3500-3900 ft., Garo Hills, 30.viii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6814/H4A). 2 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, 1000–3000 ft. 05.vi.1912, leg. Lord Carmichael, det. H.A. Hafiz & S. Ribeiro (7609/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Ghumti, 4000 ft, 05.vii.1912, leg. Lord Carmichael, det. H.A. Hafiz & S. Ribeiro (7611/H4A).

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, Tura – Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec, 2009); Uttar Pradesh (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec, 2009); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Kolkata – Maulik, 1918, 1919; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 4. Habitus of tortoise beetles. A. Aspidomorpha amabilis Boheman, 1854; B. Aspidomorpha  chandrika Maulik, 1918; C. Aspidomorpha calligera (Fabricius, 1787); D. Aspidomorpha furcata (Thunberg, 1789); E. Aspidomorpha miliaris (Fabricius, 1775); F. Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1792); G. Conchyloctenia nigrovittata (Boheman, 1854); H. Laccoptera chinensis Fabricius, 1798; I. Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855.

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) calligera Boheman, 1854 (Fig. 4C)

Aspidomorpha calligera Boheman, 1854:297. Aspidomorpha dorsata auct.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (8147/12/H4A), 1 spec., Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (8123/12/H4A), 1 spec., Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (8129/12/H4A), 1 spec., Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (3197/8/H4A), 1 spec., Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (2379/8). 1 spec., India, Sikkim, Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (2608/9), 1 spec., Feb. 1918, det. S. Maulik (3198/8). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tura, 1200-1500 ft, Garo Hills, 07.viii.1917, leg. S. W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6848/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Garo, 3500-3900 ft, 30.viii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6851/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, 09.iii.1991, leg. A. K. Sanyal, det. C.R. Basu (16204/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, E. Khasi Hills, Mawblang, 23.iv.1970, leg. G.M. Yasdani, det. R.K. Kacker (16201/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Shillong, 23.iv.1970, leg. N.A., det. C.R. Basu (16202/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Sibsagar, Bhalukpong, Umrongso – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001); Jharkhand (Konbir – Maulik, 1919); Karnataka (North Kannada, Belgaum, Shimoga, Mysore, Coorg – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec, 2001); Meghalaya (Shillong; West Garo Hills, Tura – Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Nagaland (Naga Hills – Maulik, 1919); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Kallar, Kumili, Nilgiri Hills, Mettupalayam – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tripura (Jampui – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttakharand (Dehradun – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kolkata, Siliguri, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The identity of Aspidomorpha dorsata has recently been revised due to a previous misinter-pretation of the type material (Sekerka & Barclay, 2014). The taxon previously identified as A. dorsata (as per Świętojańska, 2001) is now recognized as A. calligera Boheman, 1854 (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) dorsata (Fabricius, 1787)

Cassida dorsata Fabricius, 1787:64. Aspidomorpha fuscopunctata Boheman, 1854:298. Aspidomorpha fuscopunctata ab. corporaali Spaeth, 1926a:308. Aspidomorpha rubrodorsata Boheman, 1854:310.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Umrongso, Bhaulnpong – Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat, Shimoga – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2009); Kerala (Kottayam, Peermade, Pudmudi Hills, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”, Kunchapanay, Vellayani – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001; Maharashtra (Amba Valley – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Tura – Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Kumli, Kotagiri – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Mungpu, Kolkata, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The name Aspidomorpha dorsata now pertains to the taxon formerly known as A. fuscopunctata Boheman, 1854 (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) furcata (Thunberg, 1789) (Fig. 4D)

Cassida furcata Thunberg, 1789:87. Cassida micans Fabricius, 1801:398.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, Deban, 06.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas, det C.R. Basu (17197/H4A). 9 spec., India, Chattisgarh: Bhilai, leg. K.K. Verma, det K. K. Verma (25640/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta” (1982/18/H4A); 07.xii.1928, 1 ex., leg. P. C. Sinha & S.K. Mondal, det. G.I.K. Mars (152/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, 25.viii.1955, leg. D. Mukherjee, det. G. Mathai (10271/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Maulik, 1919); Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelvan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Goa (Borowiec, 2009); Karnataka (Banguluru, North Kannada, Coorg, Mysore, Shimoga, Sulya, Agumbe Ghat, North Kanara – Maulik, 1913 as A. micans; Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec, 1990, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Kerala (Peechi, Kumili, Thenmala, Munnar, Pampadumpara – Maulik, 1919; Visalakshi et al., 1980; Borowiec, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Madhya Pradesh (Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013); Maharashtra (Pune, Amba Valley, “Bombay” Mumbai – Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec, 2009); Meghalaya (Garo Hills – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a); Odisha (Chilika, Daitari, Koenjahr – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Basu & Halder, 1987; Borowiec, 1990); Puducherry (Neffapakkam, Karaikal – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Gangtok – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Tamil Nadu (Kallar, Nadugani, Coimbatore, Chennai, Annamalai Hills, Nilgiri Hills, Mudumalai – Takizawa, 1986; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tripura (Salema – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Sahastradhara – Takizawa, 1985b); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata, Darjeeling, Mirik, South 24 Parganas, Siliguri, Buxa Tiger Reserve: Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The record of this species from Karnataka was identified by Maulik (1913) as A. micans.

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) indica Boheman, 1854

Aspidomorpha indica Boheman, 1854:318. Aspidomorpha egena Boheman, 1854:317. Aspidomorpha sumatrana Spaeth, 1904:74.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sambalpur, 7.xi.1972, leg. J.M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16963/H4A).

Distribution in India. Andhra Pradesh (Samalkot – Maulik, 1919); Arunachal Pradesh (West Kameng, Kalaktang – Vazirani, 1972); Assam (Sibsagar – Borowiec, 1985); Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat – Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Kerala (Ponmudi Hills, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”: Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Thomhyak – Kimoto, 1981); Maharashtra (Satara, Bhimashankar – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, Jaintia Hills – Basu, 2000a); Odisha (Sundargarh – Basu & Halder, 1987); Tamil Nadu (Annamalai Hills, Chennai “Madras”, Sirvani Forest, Nadugani, Nilgiri Hills, Kotagiri – Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Uttarakhand (Boheman, 1854; Mussorie – Borowiec, 1990); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Sukna, Kolkata, Bankura, South 24 Parganas – Maulik, 1919: Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1985, 1990; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines) and Palaearctic (China, Nepal, India, Pakistan) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) inuncta Boheman, 1854 (Fig. 9A)

Aspidomorpha inuncta Boheman, 1854:301. Aspidomorpha spaethi Maulik, 1918:324.

Distribution in India. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Maulik, 1913); Kerala (Malabar, Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary – Spaeth, 1914b, Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Kallar, Nilgiri, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore, Kotagiri, Kunchappanay – Spaeth, 1914b; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1990, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1919) included as A. spaethi.

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) limbipennis Boheman, 1854

Aspidomorpha limbipennis Boheman, 1854:285.

Distribution in India. Assam (Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

 Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) lobata Boheman, 1854

Aspidomorpha lobata Boheman, 1854:289.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Telangana, Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Nagarkurnool, Mallela Theertham Waterfall, 29.xii.2021, leg. Deepa J.

Distribution in India. Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelvan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f; Bilaspur – Chandra et al., 2018e); Goa (Borowiec, 2009); Maharashtra (Pune, Meren – Borowiec, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Changalpattu – Borowiec, 2001); West Bengal (Kolkata – Ghosh et al., 2023); Telangana (new record).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) miliaris (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 4E)

Cassida miliaris Fabricius, 1775:91. Aspidomorpha miliaris ab. flaveola Weise, 1910a:143. Aspidomorpha miliaris ab. inundata Weise, 1910a:143. Cassida quatuordecim-punctata Olivier, 1808:943. Aspidomorpha celebensis Blanchard, 1853:316. Aspidomorpha amplissima Boheman, 1854:260.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Assam, Goalpara, 10.iv.1957, leg. B.K. Tikadar, det. T.G. Vazirani (216/H4A). 1 spec., India, Assam, Tezpur, 01.i.1966, leg. Bhattacharya & A.N.J., det. T.G. Vazirani (4098/H4A). 1 spec., India, Assam, 01.i.1966, leg. Bhattacharya & A.N.J., det. T.G. Vazirani (6037/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, 29.xii.2016, leg. Sunil Gupta & Party (23136/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Bala Mechi River, 03.iv.1996, leg. S.K. Gupta (23339/H4A). 4 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Korea Guru Ghasidas National Park, 22.ix.2013, leg. A. Raha & Party (23824/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Surguja Tara, 16.ix.2012, leg. A. Raha & Party (23825/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Jagdalpur, GGFD Margapara, 06.i.2012, leg. R.P. Gupta & Party (23826/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhantari, Khallan, 16.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta & Party (23827/H4A). 6 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Shaukara, 20.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta & Party (23832/H4A). 5 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Balandehi, 01.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta & Party (23904/H4A); 3 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Parbatiya WF, 07.xi.2011, leg. Anil & Party (23905/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dulli Bahal Forest, 01.xi.2011, leg. Anil & Party (23906/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Latadada, 27.ix.2011, leg. Sunil & Party (23907/H4A). 9 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Kawardha, Sibinikala, 02.ix.2011, leg. S. Gupta & Party (23954/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Balsamundi, 11.ix.2017, leg. S. Gupta & Party (23955/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Balamdehi River, 01.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta & Party (24240/H4A). 4 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Korea, Guru Ghasidas National Park, leg. A. Raha, 22.ix.2013 (23824/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Surguja Tara, leg. A. Raha, 16.ix.2012 (23825/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Jagdalpur, Margapara, 06.i.2012, leg. R.P. Gupta (23826/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Khallan, leg. S. Gupta, 16.x.2011 (23827/H4A). 6 spec., India, Chhattisgarh,Dhamtari, Shaukara, 20.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (23832/H4A). 5 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Balamdehi, leg. S. Gupta 01.x.2011 (23904/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raigarh, Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary, 28.vi.2015, leg. Amitava (28125/H4A). 3 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Parbatiya WF, 07.xi.2011, leg. Anil (23905/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Dulli Bahal F, 01.xi.2011, leg. Anil (23906/H4A). 1 spec., Raipur, India, Chhattisgarh, Latadada, 27.ix.2011, leg. Sunil & Party (23907/H4A); 9 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Kawardha, Sibinikala, 02.ix.2011, leg. S. Gupta (23954/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Kawardha, Balsamundi, 01.ix.2011, leg. S. Gupta (23955/H4A). 3 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, 19.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24145/H4A). 4 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Gaherusigav, 13.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24146/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Khallani, 16.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24147/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Korea Guru Ghasidas National Park, Sadhu Nada, 04.vii.2012, leg. A. Parida (24148/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Korea Guru Ghasidas National Park, Sonhat, 09.ii.2013, leg. A. Parida (24149/H4A). 6 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Sitanadi River, 19.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24240/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Shankar Forest, 20.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24241/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Dulli Bahal forest, 01.xi.2011, leg. Anil (24242/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Balamdehi River, 01.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24243/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Shalebhat, 21.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24244/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, Meehaka, 14.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24245/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Dhamtari, 13.x.2011, leg. S. Gupta (24246/H4A); 21 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, 17.vii.2013, leg. S. Gupta (28512/H4A); 5 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Surguja, Jaigaon, 31.iv.2012, leg. A. Raha (28828/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 17.xi.2011, leg. Anil & Party (28222/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 20.xi.2011, leg. A. Raha & Party (28223/H4A); 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Baranwapara Wildlife Sanctuary Camp, 26.vi.2013, leg. S. Gupta (28236/H4A). 6 spec., India, Jharkhand, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, 24.vii.2021, leg. Chitra J. (28412/H4A); 18 spec., India, Jharkhand, Tapkara Lake, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, 24.vii.2021, leg. Chitra. J. (28501/H4A). 18 spec., India, Jharkhand, Kawardha, Sivnikala, 02.ix.2011, leg. Sumit & Party (28510/H4A). 18 spec., India, Jharkhand, Kawardha, Chilpi, 27.viii.2011, leg. Sumit & Party (28511/H4A). 1 spec., India, Karnataka, Palni Hills, 500.800 ft., 29.ix.1922, leg. S.W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6452/H4A). 10 spec., India, Kerala, S. Malabar, Waliyar Forest, 11.viii.1957, leg. P.S. Nathan (28145/H4A). 4 spec., India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Bassar Road, 07.xii.2011, leg. R.P. Gupta (28829/H4A). 7 spec., India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Dhamtari, 13.x.2011, leg. Sunil & Party (28220/H4A). 6 spec., India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Dhamtari, 19.x.2011, leg. Sunil (28221/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tura, 1200-1500 ft., Garo Hills, 07.viii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6813/H4). 1 spec., India, Odisha, Mandua, Keonjhagarh, leg. K. Rai, 19.xi.1972 (28218/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha, Barahal, Keonjhagarh, 25.xi.1972, leg. K. Rai (28219/H4A). 47 spec., India, Odisha, Silwan, 25.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16598/H4A). 4 spec., India, Odisha, Kashipur 19.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16622/H4A). 19 spec., India, Odisha, Barabhadrapur, 25.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16643/H4A). 25 spec., India, Odisha, Bhetrai, 20.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16660/H4A). 7 spec., India, Odisha, Bangripasi, Chandanpur, 14.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16660/H4A). 12 spec., India, Odisha, Mandua, 31.viii.1994, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16690/H4A). 19 spec., India, Odisha, Barsosan, 27.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16714/H4A). 12 spec., India, Odisha, Barahal, 25.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16715/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha, Jubilee Park, 31.viii.1994, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16727/H4A). 8 spec., India, Odisha, Balangir, 11.xi.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16755/H4A). 7 spec., India, Odisha, Sambalpur, 06.xi.1972, leg. J. M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16756/H4A). 24 spec., India, Odisha, Keonjhar, Gobindapur, 21.ix.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16844/H4A). 5 spec., India, Odisha, Keonjhargarh, Barbhadrapur, 05.ix.1994, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16861/H4A). 3 spec., India, Odisha, Banta Kumari Hill, 06.ii.1974, leg. S. Biswas, det. C.R. Basu (16862/H4A). 1 spec., India, Sikkim, Gazing 30.ix.1959, leg. B. K. Tikadar, det. T. G. Vazirani (215/H4A). 12 spec., India, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 11.vii.1957, leg. P.S. Nathan (28146/H4A). 1 spec., India, Tamil Nadu, Dharamapuri, Senguttai Village, 20.x.2013, leg. R. Venkitashan (27949/H4A). 2 spec., India, Telangana, Amarabad Tiger Reserve, Bhupatipalem Base Camp, 07.xii.2021, leg. Deepa J. (29563/H4A). 1 spec., India, Telangana, Warangal, Pakhal Ecotourism Rest House, 13.ix.2022, leg. J. Dasgupta (30101/H4A). 1 spec., India, Tripura, Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 21.v.2011, leg. J. Majumdar (27981/H4A); 2 spec., India, Tripura, Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, leg. J. Majumdar, 27.xi.2012 (27982/H4A); 2 spec., India, Tripura, Debbari, 17.vi.2013, leg. J. Majumdar (27983/H4A). 2 spec., India, Tripura, 11.viii.2013, leg. D.K.S (27984/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Barrackpore, Harishabha Road., 26.ix.1965, leg. D.B. Chotani (28126/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Howrah, Pashpara, 29.viii.1964, leg. K.R. Rao (28127/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Howrah, Pashpara, 20.viii.1964, leg. K.R. Rao (28128/H4A). 3 spec., India, West Bengal, Howrah, Pashpara, 29.ix.1965, leg. D.B. Chotani (28129/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Howrah, Pashpara 20.viii.1964, leg. K.R. Rao (28130/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Barrackpore, 22.x.1965, leg. D.B. Chotani (28131/H4A). 3 spec., India, West Bengal, Birbhum, Kachujor, Siuri, 08.xi.1994, leg. A.K. Hazra (28132/H4A). 2 spec., India, West Bengal, Barasat, 16.vii.1982, leg. S.K. Haldar (28217/H4A). 2 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, 22.vi.2017, leg. K. Mondal (30837/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Purulia, Raghunathpur, 18.xi.2021, leg. S. Mukherjee (28919/H4A). 8 spec., India, West Bengal, Ganga Jachodi 08.ix.1986, leg. P. Mukherjee, det. C.R. Basu (15465/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Hatirampur, 10.x.1986, leg. P. Mukherjee, det. C.R. Basu (15473/H4A). 5 spec., India, West Bengal, Santragachi, 10.ix.1964, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (15474/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Botanical Garden, Sibpur, 10.xii.1961, leg. K.S.P. & S. Ali, det. C.R. Basu (15479/H4A). 5 spec., India, West Bengal, Mourigram, 10.ix.1964, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (15480/H4A). 2 spec., India, West Bengal, Sonarpur, 28.xi.1961, leg. R.K.V, det. C.R. Basu (15482/H4A). 12 spec., India, West Bengal, Budge Budge, 13.xi.1966, leg. K.V.L. Narayan, det. C.R. Basu (16565/H4A).

Distribution in India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Maulik, 1913), Arunachal Pradesh (Roing – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Assam (Sibsagar, Tezpur – (Maulik, 1913; Vazirani, 1972); Chhattisgarh (Durg, Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, Guru Ghasi Das Natioal Park – Kalaichelvan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018a, 2018c, 2018d, 2018f); Himachal Pradesh (Renuka Lake – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Jharkhand (Ranchi – Maulik, 1919; Chattopadhyay, 2020); Karnataka (Mysore, Bengaluru – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990, 2009); Kerala (Walayar, Vellayani, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary – Borowiec, 1990); Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal – Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013; Gupta & Kushwaha, 2020); Maharashtra (Pune, Loonawala – Borowiec, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Meghalaya (East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Nongph Forest – Maulik, 1919; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Odisha (Bhubaneshwar, Puri, Sambalpur, Balangir, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Cuttack, Mayurbhanj – Borowiec, 1985; Basu & Halder, 1987); Sikkim (Gezing – Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Kallar, Coimbatore, Madurai, Marudamalai Hills, Palni Hills, Anna dist – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1986, 1987; Borowiec, 1990, 2001, 2009); Telangana (new record); Tripura (Jampui – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Bhimtal, Hardiwal-Chilla – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Uttar Pradesh (Mathura – Srivastava, 2015); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata, Malda, Darjeeling, Bankura, Birbhum, Darjeeling, Malda, Kolkata, Howrah, Nadia, South 24 Parganas, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1985b; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam), Palaearctic (China, Japan, India, Nepal, Taiwan), and Australasian (New Guinea) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) musta Spaeth, 1914

Aspidomorpha musta Spaeth, 1914b:545. Aspidomorpha inquinata auct. (only records from continental Asia).

Distribution in India. Andaman and Nicobar (Andaman Islands – Świętojańska, 2001); Assam (Świętojańska, 2001); Tamil Nadu (Kallar – Takizawa, 1986).

General distribution. Oriental (Laos, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) orientalis Boheman, 1856 (Fig. 9C)

Aspidomorpha orientalis Boheman, 1856:107. Aspidomorpha olivacea Wagener, 1881:49. Aspidomorpha orientalis var. olivacea: Maulik, 1919:336.

Material examined. 1 spec., with specific locality data (1031/9).

Distribution in India. Assam (Maulik, 1913; Bhalukpong – Borowiec, 2001); Arunachal Pradesh (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024) Himalaya (Spaeth, 1914c); Meghalaya (Tura – Borowiec, 2001); Punjab (Świętojańska, 2001); Sikkim (Maulik, 1919); Uttarakhand (Bhimtal, Kumaon – Maulik, 1913; Dehradun – Borowiec, 1990); Uttar Pradesh (Świętojańska, 2001); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kolkata – Maulik, 1919; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1792) (Fig. 4F)

Cassida sanctaecrucis Fabricius, 1792:446. Cassida jamaicensis: Olivier, 1790:386. Aspidomorpha bajula Boheman, 1854:288. Aspidomorpha fraterna Baly, 1863:11, 13.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N. E. F. A., 12.v.1966, leg. K. C. Jairam (4380/H4A). 2 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Changlang, Debar, 24.vi.2017, leg. J. Saini & Party (28826/H4A). 2 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, Miao, 01.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas, det. C.R. Basu (17195/H4A). 18 spec., India, Jharkhand, Kolebirra Dam, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, 24.vii.2021, leg. Chitra J. 3 spec., India, Jharkhand, Tapkara Lake, Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary, 24.vii.2021, leg. Chitra. J. (28502/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Tambo, Williamnagar, Garo, 11.iii.1944, leg. B.C. Das, det. C.R. Basu (16200/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, E. Khasi Hills, Mawblong, 23.iv.1970, leg. G. M. Yasdani, det. R.K. Kacker (16201/H4A). 5 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Jharsaguda 31.x.1972, leg. J.M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16552/H4A). 3 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sambalpur, 04.xi.1972, leg. J.M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16558/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sundargarh, 28.x.1972, leg. J.M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16561/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Balangir, 03.xi.1972, leg. J.M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16562/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Jubilee Park, 06.x.1972, leg. K. Rai, det. C.R. Basu (16564/H4A). 3 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Keonjhargarh, Barswan, 13.ix.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16950/H4A). 4 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Titlagarh, 05.x.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16953/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Charbati, 27.ix.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16958/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Mahanadi River, 28.ix.1994, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16959/H4A). 2 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sundargarh, 28.ix.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16960/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Rampur, Durg, 03.iv.1972, leg. S. Gupta (23438/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, 17.vii.2013, leg. S. Gupta & party (28505/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Durg, Saja, 23.viii.2011, leg. Sumit & party (28506/H4A). 9 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Durg, Bhilai, 19.viii.2011, leg. Sumit & party (28507/H4A). 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Rampur, 24.viii.2011, leg. Sumit & party (28509/H4A). 5 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Surguja, Jaigaon, 31.iv.2012, leg. A. Raha & Party (28827/H4A). 4 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Kawardha, Sivnikala, 02.ix.2011, leg. Sunil Gupta & party (28503/H4A). 2 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Kawardha, Chilpi, 27.08.2011, leg. Sunil & party (28504/H4A). 7 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, 08.vi.1978, 7 exs., leg. S.K. Das (29238/H4A). 11 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, 09.vii.1978, leg. S.K. Das (29239/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Coochbehar, South Kharibari, 13.xi.2014, leg. B. Mitra (29555/H4A). 8 spec., India, West Bengal, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Garo Basti near mandir, 23.iii.2018, leg. S. I. Kazmi (29556/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Cachar, Sibsagar, Dikrang Valley, Missamari, Kaziranga, Kampur, Guwahati, Umrongso, Bhalunpong – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Vazirani, 1972; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Chhattisgarh (Durg, Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary – Kalaichelvan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018a, 2018f); Jharkhand (Chattopadhyay, 2020); Karanataka (Bengaluru, North Kannada, Mysore – Chikmaglur – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990); Kerala (Wayanad, Malabar, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”, Trichur – Peechi, Walayar, Silent Valley National Park – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal – Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013; Gupta & Kushwaha, 2020); Meghalaya (Shillong, Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills, Williumnagar, Mawphlong, Jowai, Garo Hills, Balaphakram National Park, Umran – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Maharashtra (Pune, Satara, Wai – Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Odisha (Berhampur, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Basu & Halder, 1987); Punjab, Chandigarh (Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); Sikkim (Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) (Borowiec, 1990); Tripura (Pandabpur – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Dehradun – Takizawa, 1985b); West Bengal (Bankura, Birbhum, “Calcutta” Kolkata, Sukna, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Pedong, Siligurim, Saraghat, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Conchyloctenia Spaeth, 1902

Conchyloctenia nigrovittata (Boheman, 1854) (Fig. 4G)

Cassida nigrovittata Boheman, 1854:34.

Material examined. 1 spec., Nagpur CP, 24.vi.1916.

Distribution in India. Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelvan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Gujarat (Surat – Maulik, 1919; Świętojańska, 2001); Karnataka (Mysore, Kistna – Uppaluru – Borowiec, 1990; Świętojańska, 2001); Maharashtra (Nagpur, Pune – Maulik, 1919; Świętojańska, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003); Punjab (Chandigarh – Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata – Maulik, 1919; Świętojańska, 2001; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Orietnal (India) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Laccoptera Boheman, 1854

Subgenus Laccopteroidea Spaeth, 1952

Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) chinensis Fabricius, 1798 (Fig. 4H)

Cassida chinensis Fabricius, 1798:84. Laccoptera nepalensis Boheman, 1855:76. Laccoptera bohemani Weise, 1910b:42. Laccoptera thunbergi Spaeth, 1914a:15.

Material examined. 6 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, Deban North, 28.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas, det. C.R. Basu (17198/H4A). India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, 3 spec., 28.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas, det. C.R. Basu (17200/H4A). 1 spec., India, Assam, Bishnupur, 23.x.1960, leg. S.N. Prashad, det. K.V.L. N. (1/H4A). 1 spec., India, Sikkim, Chu Funfun, 24.vii.1959, leg. A.G.K. Menon, det. T.G. Vazirani (1623/H4A). 2 spec., India, Sikkim, Gangtok, 16.viii.1959, leg. A.G.K. Menon, det. T.G. Vazirani (1624/H4A). 1 spec., India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, 14.ix.1962, leg. S. Chakraborty, det. K. Rai & B.N. Das (1624/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Shillong, 09.iv.1961, leg. A.K.B.S., det. T. G. Vazirani. (3902/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, 30.iii.1960, leg. S. N. P., det. T.G. Vazirani (3903/H4A). 4 spec., India, Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills, Jowai, 27.ix.1988, leg. V.D. Srivastava, det. C.R. Basu (16209/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills, Jowai, 25.ix.1988, leg. V.D. Srivastava, det. C.R. Basu (16211/H4A). 4 spec., India, Meghalaya, E. Khasi Hills, Shillong, 29.ix.1966, leg. S. Biswas, det. R.K. Kacker (16212/H4A). 2 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Keonjhargarh, Barsuan, 13.ix.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16982/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kalimpong, 17.ix.1959, leg. B.K. Tikadar, det. T.G. Vazirani (214/H4A); 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Tufanganj, 13.viii.1986, leg. T.K. Pal, det. C.R. Basu (1549/H4A).

Distribution in India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1916; Świętojańska, 2001); Assam (Sibsagar, Kaziranga, Umrongso – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 2009); Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Bihar (Katihar – Maulik, 1919); Delhi (Takizawa, 1985a); Goa (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024); Himachal Pradesh (Solan – Takizawa, 1985a); Jharkhand (Ranchi – Chattopadhyay, 2020); Karnataka (Noorth Kannada, Mysore, Agumbe Ghat, Shimoga – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990); Kerala (Wayanad, Malabar, Trichur, Cochin, Kottayam, Peermade, Munnar, Kalar Valley, Pampadumpara, Nellipampathi, Mattupetty, Vellayani, Agasthyamala, Kannur, Calicut, Munnar, Kavilumpara – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur– Borowiec, 1990); Maharashtra (Pune, Ambavane – Borowiec, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Shillong, Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills – Jowari, Mooralong – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1985, 1990; Basu, 2000a); Odisha (Daitari – Jajpur-Koenjahr – Borowiec, 1990); Sikkim (Chufin fun, Gangtok – Maulik, 1919; Vazirani, 1972; Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Salem, Mettupalayam, Annamalai Hills, Nadugani – Maulik, 1913; Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Tripura (Jampui – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Nainital, Bhimtal, Kumaon, Mussorie, Almora, Shivalik Hills, Dehradun, Karnaprayag, Kotdwara – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1985a; Borowiec, 1990, 2001); West Bengal (Kolkata “Calcutta”, Mushidabad, Darjeeling, Mungpu, Pashok, Kalimpong, Siliguri, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1985b, 1989; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and Palaearctic (India, Nepal, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 2001; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Basu (1984), Takizawa (1985a, 1985b), Borowiec (1990), Raychaudhuri & Saha (2014) as L. quadrimaculata. Sekerka & Świętojańska (2024) have clarified the identity of Laccoptera chinensis, recognized as the taxon that was previously named Laccoptera nepalensis Boheman, 1855.

Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855 (Figs 41, 9D)

Laccoptera quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855:64.

Material examined. 1spec., India, Nilgiri (398/13). 1 spec., India, S. India, Coorg, 1943, leg. F. Hannyngtoh, det. S. Maulik (3356/H1); 1 spec., 1943 (1963/19).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Karnataka (North Kannada, Mysore, Coorg, Mercara, Chikmagalur, Shimoga – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Kerala (Wayanad, Kottayam, Peermade, Thatekkad, Munar, Kotagiri, Silent Valley National Park – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990, 2001, 2009; Maharashtra (Pune – Mulshi Lake, Malavali, Koyna – Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Tamil Nadu (Mettupalayam, Nilgiri Hills, Annamalai, Kallar – Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Orietnal (India, Sri Lanka) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) tredecimpunctata (Fabricius, 1801)

Cassida tredecimpunctata Fabricius, 1801:398. Aspidomorpha philippinensis Blanchard, 1853:321.

Distribution in India. Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Maulik, 1913), Assam (Sibsagar: Maulik, 1913); Bihar (Katihar – Maulik, 1913); Karnataka (South Kanada – Maulik, 1919); Kerala (Cochin, Silent Valley National Park: Maulik, 1919); Meghalaya (Shillong – Maulik, 1913); Sikkim (Maulik, 1913); Tamil Nadu (Kumli, Nadugani – Takizawa, 1986; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Uttarakhand (Nainital, Bhimtal, Kumaon – Maulik, 1913); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata, Murshidabad, Siliguri, Darjeeling, Mungpu – Maulik, 1913).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines and Thailand) and Palaearctic (China, India) (Borowiec, 2001; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Laccoptera (Orphnodella) foveolata (Boheman, 1856) (Fig. 5A)

Cassida foveolata Boheman, 1856:116.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Maharashtra, Pune, viii.1999, leg. H.V. Ghate (18073/H4A, 18074/H4A).

Distribution in India. Northern India (Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (Sinhgarh, Pune – Lonavala, Bhushi Dam – Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar) (Świętojańska, 2001; Ranade et al., 2004; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Laccoptera (Orphnodella) jawalagiriana (Spaeth, 1936)

Sindia jawalagiriana Spaeth, 1936:8.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (North Salem, Jawalagiri – Świętojańska, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Subgenus Sindiola Spaeth, 1903

Laccoptera (Sindia) depressa Świętojańska, 2001

Laccoptera (Sindia) depressa Świętojańska, 2001:267.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Mumbai “Bombay”, Khopoli – Świętojańska, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 5. Habitus of tortoise beetles. A. Laccoptera (Orphnodella) foveolata (Boheman, 1856); B. Laccoptera (Sindia) sulcata (Olivier, 1808); C–D. Laccoptera (Sindiola) vigintisexnotata Boheman, 1855; E. Laccoptera (Sindiola) sedecimmaculata (Spaeth, 1901); F. Cassida australica (Boheman, 1855).

Laccoptera (Sindia) sulcata (Olivier, 1808) (Fig. 5B)

Cassida sulcata Olivier, 1808:950. Cassida clathrata Fabricius, 1798:83.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Andra Pradesh, Nagarjunkunda, 18.viii.1965, leg. B. Nath & K.K. Verma, det. K. Rai & B. C. Saha (25768/H4A). 4 spec., India, Andra Pradesh, Nagarjun Kund Survey, 20.x.1965, leg. B. Nath, det. K. Rai & B. C. Saha (3265/H4A). 2 spec., India, Andra Pradesh, 23.x.1963, leg. B. Nath, det. K. Rai & R. K. K. (3388/H4A). 2 spec., Nagarjun Konda, India, Andra Pradesh, 01.xi.1963, leg. B. Nath, det. K. Rai (3490/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Chhattisgarh (Bilaspur – Chandra et al., 2018e); Kerala (Malabar – Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar – Rehekuri Sanctuary – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003); Puducherry (Karaikal – Borowiec, 1990; Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990); Tamil Nadu (“Madras” Chennai, Pudukkotai, Coimbatore – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990); West Bengal (Kolkata “Calcutta”, Malda, Murshidabad, Borio – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Takizawa (1985b), Borowiec (1990), and Takizawa & Kimoto (1990) are included as S. clathrata.

Laccoptera (Sindiola) meghalayaensis Świętojańska, 2001

Laccoptera (Sindiola) meghalayaensis Świętojańska, 2001:280.

Distribution in India. Assam (Umrongso) and Meghalaya (Tura) (Świętojańska, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Laccoptera (Sindiola) novemdecimnotata Boheman, 1855

Laccoptera (Sindiola) novemdecimnotata Boheman, 1855:67.

Distribution in India. Assam (Boheman, 1855; Spaeth, 1914c).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Malaysia) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Laccoptera (Sindiola) vigintisexnotata Boheman, 1855 (Figs 5C, 5D)

Laccoptera vigintisexnotata Boheman, 1855:66.

Material examined. 6 spec., India, Meghalaya, Garo, Tura, 1200.1500 ft., 15.vii.1917, leg. S. W. Kemp, det. S. Maulik (6818/H4A). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Shillong (8143/12). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Shillong (8146/12). 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, Shillong (8113/12). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”.

Distribution in India. Assam (Sibsagar, Cachar – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1999, 2001); Meghalaya (Shillong, Tura – Maulik, 1913, 1919, Basu, 2000a); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Mungpu, Kolkata – Maulik, 1919; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Subgenus Sindiolina Świętojańska, 2001

Laccoptera (Sindiolina) sedecimmaculata (Spaeth, 1901) (Figs 5E, 10E)

Cassida sedecimmaculata Spaeth, 1901a:119.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N. E. F. A., 25.vi.1961, leg. K.C. Jairamkrishnan, det. K. Rai (2470/H4A). 1 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N.E.F.A., 25.vi.1961, 1 ex., leg. K.C. Jairamkrishnan, det. T.G. Vazirani & B.N. Das (3653/H4A).

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng– Vazirani, 1972); Sikkim (Mungphu) (Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001, 2009; Świętojańska, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (Laos, Myanmar) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal Vietnam) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Nilgiraspis Spaeth, 1932

Nilgiraspis andrewesi (Spaeth, 1914b)

Aspidomorpha andrewesi Spaeth, 1914b:546.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Coorg, Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat – Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Takizawa, 1987); Kerala (Kallar Valley, Pampadumpara, Palakkad, Munnar – Borowiec, 2001); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (Laos, India Thailand) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec, 1999; Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Subtribe Cassidina Gyllenhal, 1813

Genus Cassida Linnaeus, 1758

Cassida andrewesi Weise, 1897

Cassida andrewesi Weise, 1897:11.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Umrongso– Borowiec, 2001); Karnataka (North Kanara, Ammatti – Weise, 1897; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001); Kerala (Peech Dam, Trichur, Kottayam– Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tamil Nadu (Kotagiri– Borowiec, 2001); Uttarakhand (Bhimtal, Barkot– Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida antoni Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1997

Cassida antoni Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1997:278.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, Tura, Nokrek National Park).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida atrosignata Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008

Cassida atrosignata Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008:615.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Mishimi Hills – Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida australica (Boheman, 1855) (Fig. 5F)

Coptocycla australica Boheman, 1855:257.

Material examined. 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Mahanadi, 1255m, 28.iv.1971, leg. A.R. Bhaumik (15560/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, Municipal School Compound, 02.v.1971, leg. A.R. Bhaumik (15562/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, Botanical Garden, 2000m, 11.v.1975, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15562/H4A).

Distribution in India. Jammu & Kashmir (Daksun – Kimoto, 1981); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981), Tamil Nadu (Chennai “Madras”, Shembagnur – Maulik, 1919); Uttarakhand (Chaubattia: Borowiec, 1990); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Howrah, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Spaeth, 1914c; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1985a, 1985b; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 2001, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida avia (Weise, 1897)

Metriona avia Weise, 1897:143.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Belgaum – Weise, 1897; Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Annamalai Hills, Chennai “Madras”, Coimbatore – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida belli Weise, 1897

Cassida belli Weise, 1897:112.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Karnataka (Belgaum – Weise, 1897; Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (Kanheri, Pune – Borowiec, 1990; Ghate et al., 2003).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida belliformis Maulik, 1919 (Figs 6A, 9E)

Cassida belliformis Maulik, 1919:396.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Bhutia Basti, 2000 m, 16.v.1974, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15577/ H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling Chawk, 2000 m 15.v.1974, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15578/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Rangiroom, 2000 m 23.v.1974, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15579/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, Botanical Garden, 2050 m, 16.v.1974, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15580/H4A).

Distribution in India. Sikkim (Lebong), West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Howrah, Kolkata, Singalila National Park) (Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida catenata (Boheman, 1855) (Fig. 6B)

Coptocycla catenata Boheman, 1855: 262.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Calcutta, Dum Dum (4994/8). 1 spec., India, Uttarakhand, Kumaon, Bhimtaal, 4500 ft. 19.22.ix.1908 (598/19).

Distribution in India. South India (Spaeth, 1914c); Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha National Park – Basu, 1984); Assam (Sibsagar – Borowiec, 1985, 1999); Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, Balphakram National
Park – Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Borowiec, 2009); Tripura (Bagma, Shalgara – Basu, 2000b; Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Bhimtal, Kumaon – Maulik, 1913, 1919); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Mungpu, Jalpaiguri, Kolkata – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida cherrapunjiensis Maulik, 1919 (Fig. 9F)

Cassida cherrapunjiensis Maulik, 1919:397.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (Cherrapunjee – Maulik, 1919; Basu, 2000a; Nokrek National Park – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China) Borowiec, 1999, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida circumdata Herbst, 1799 (Figs 6C, 6D, 6E, 10A)

Cassida circumdata Herbst, 1799:268. Cassida circumdata var. dentata Maulik, 1913:114. Metriona circumdata ssp. polilloensis Spaeth, 1933a:505. Metriona circumdata ab. pescadorensis Chujô, 1934:162. Cassida U-fuscum Wiedemann, 1823:74. Cassida trivittata Fabricius, 1801:397. Metriona circumdata ssp. trivittata ab. Baeri Spaeth, 1903:130. Aspidomorpha effusa Boheman, 1854:320. Cassida cuticula Gressitt, 1938:191. Cassida nilgiriensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:642. Coptocycla luzonica: Gemminger & Harold, 1876:3667.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Maharashtra, Nagpur, 10.ii.1955, leg. A.P. Kapur (11947/H4). 2 spec., India, Maharashtra, Pune, 1996, leg. H.V. Ghate (17457-17458/H4a). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta” (826/12), 1 spec., Garia, 01.i.1957, leg. A.P. Kapur (11941/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta” (530/12, 4114/11, 4697/11, 4705/11). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Botanical Garden, 8.xi.1961 (15591/H4A), 2 spec., 10.xi.1961 (15585-15587/H4A), 1 spec., 14.xi.1961 (15589/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands– Borowiec, 1990); Arunachal Pradesh (Bhalukpog – Borowiec, 2001); Assam (Sibsagar– Borowiec, 1985); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelavan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Goa (Borowiec, 2001); Karnataka (Bengaluru, Coorg, Shimoga, Mysore – Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Kerala (Coromandel, Trichy, Vellayani, Perumpadavom, Ezhukone, Karuvarakundu, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”, Kottayam, Kallar Valley, Ponmundi – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal – Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013; Gupta & Kushwaha, 2020); Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Jowai, Tura – Borowiec, 2001); Odisha (Puri, Bhubaneshwar, Balighai near Puri, Daitari, Jajpur, Koenjahr – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1985, 1990; Basu & Halder, 1987); Puducherry (Karaikal – Borowiec, 2001); Rajasthan (Keoladev National Park, Bharatpur – George & Venkatraman, 1986; Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Coimbatore, Madras, Nilgiri Hills-Cherangade, Annamalai Hills, Kallar – Maulik, 1913; Takizawa, 1985b, 1986; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Tripura (Barpathri – Basu et al., 1981; Basu, 2000b; Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttarakhand (Dehradun) (Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b); Uttar Pradesh (Hardoi – Srivastava, 2015); West Bengal (Kolkata “Calcutta”, Bankura, Murshidabad, Nadia – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka) and Palaearctic (China, Japan, India, Nepal, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida cognobilis (Spaeth, 1926)

Cassida cognobilis Spaeth, 1926d:88.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Ulhas Valley, Kahndala – Ghate et al., 2003).

General distribution. Oriental (Sri Lanka, Laos, India, Thailand) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida conchyliata (Spaeth, 1914) (Fig. 6F)

Metriona conchyliata Spaeth, 1914b:564.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Mungphu, Himalayas below 5000ft, 1987.

Distribution in India. Assam (North Lakkimpur – Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Sikkim (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Mungpu, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, China, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec, Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida conspurcata Boheman, 1854

Cassida conspurcata Boheman, 1854:401.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Karnataka (North Kanara – Maulik, 1919); Kerala (Travancore – Boheman, 1854; Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum” – Maulik, 1919); Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Chennai “Madras” – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tripura (Saydabari – Basu et al., 1981).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida dehradunensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991

Cassida dehradunensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:641.

Distribution in India. Uttarakhand (Dehradun – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida delesserti Boheman, 1854 (Figs 6G, 6H)

Cassida delesserti Boheman, 1854:408. Cassida delesserti var. gemella Spaeth, 1914b:55.

Material examined. 3 spec., India, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, leg. A.K. Weld-Downing (1919–1921/H2).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Kerala (Peermade, Pooparai, Palni Hills – Borowiec, Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009); Puducherry (Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Annamalai Hills, Cinchona – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919; Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 6. Habitus of tortoise beetles. A. Cassida belliformis Maulik 1919; B. Cassida catenata (Boheman, 1855); C. D. E. Cassida circumdata Herbst, 1799; F. Cassida conchyliata (Spaeth, 1914); G–H. Cassida delesserti Boheman, 1854; I. Cassida desultrix (Spaeth, 1914).

Cassida desultrix (Spaeth, 1914b) (Fig. 6I)

Metriona desultrix Spaeth, 1914b:566. Metriona desultrix ab. florea Spaeth, 1914b:566.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, May-June, 1912, leg. Lord Carmichael (1900/H2).

Distribution in India. Bihar (Borowiec, 1999); Maharashtra (Khandala – Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Sikkim (Spaeth, 1914b; Borowiec, Borowiec, 1999, 2001); Tamil Nadu (Shembaganm – Maulik, 1919); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Algarh-Labha – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Thailand) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida devalaensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991

Cassida devalaensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991:642.

Distribution in India. Kerala (Ponmundi, Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary – Borowiec, 2001); Maharashtra (Satara – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida dorsonotata Boheman, 1854

Cassida dorsonotata Boheman, 1854:409. Cassida aspectabilis Spaeth, 1914b:557.

Material examined. 4 spec., without locality data, 03.x.1916, leg. S. Kemp (4425/H1, 1071/19, 3372/H1, 3370/H1).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914bc); Karnataka (North Kanara – Maulik, 1919); South India (Borowiec, 1997); Sikkim (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Tamil Nadu (Shenbagnaur, Madura, Nilgiri Hills, Annamalai Hills – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914b) included as C. aspectabilis; Spaeth (1914c) as C. dorsonotata; and Maulik (1919) as C. aspectabilis and C. dorsonotata.

Cassida ellipticollis Spaeth, 1914

Cassida ellipticollis Spaeth, 1914b:558.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Madura, Nilgiri Hills, Kodaikanal, Shembagnur – Spaeth, 1914bc; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida enervis Boheman, 1862

Cassida enervis Boheman, 1862:338.

Material examined. 9 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Eden Garden 19.viii.1968, leg. R.L. Choudhury (15531/H4A). 36 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, 30.iii.1963, leg. S. Munsi (15534/H4A). 36 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Zoo Garden, 31.iii.1960, leg. A.P. Kapur (15540/H4A). 3 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, 30.viii.1960, leg. A.P. Kapur (15541/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Dhapa, 23.viii.1961,leg. S. Ali (15542/H4A). 9 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, Howrah, Sibpur, Botanical Garden, 10.xi.1961, leg. K.R.R. & S. Ali (15544/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, 27.x.1965, leg. K.R.R. (15547/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, 31.viii.1965, leg. K.S.P. & K.V.L. (15549/H4A). 64 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Andul, 28.ix.1964, leg. G.S. Arora (15551/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Hoogly, Pundooah, 29.i.1966, leg. K. S. Pradhan (15550/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Barrackpur, 29.ix.1965, leg. O.B. Chhotani (15559/H4A). 1 spec., India, Uttar Pradesh, Hindon River, W. Ghaziabad, 04.x.1985, leg. C.W. & L.B.O' Brien (17264/H4A).

Distribution in India. Rajmehal, Bengal (Maulik, 1913); Chhattisgarh (Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Gomarda Wildlife Sanctuary – Chandra et al., 2018a, 2018b); Maharashtra (Mumbai “Bombay” – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Punjab (Singh et al., 1985; Gupta et al., 2019); Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Lucknow, Shahjehanpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot – Srivastava, 2015); West Bengal (Kolkata) (Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida exilis Boheman, 1854

Cassida exilis Boheman, 1854:407.

Material examined. 14 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Bhilai, leg. K.K. Verma (25768/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Bihar (Katihar, Purnea – Maulik, 1919); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelavan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Haryana (Badkhal Lake – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Ghosh et al., 2020); Karnataka (Dharwar) (Spaeth, 1914b); Madhya Pradesh (Panna National Park – Borowiec, 2001); Maharashtra (Pune, Ulhas Valley, Khandala, Satara, Wai – Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Puducherry (Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919); Punjab (Ludhiana – Singh et al., 1985; Gupta et al., 2019; Singh & Sharma, 2014); Tamil Nadu (Trichinopoly, Coimbatore, Chennai “Madras”, Salem – Spaeth, 1914b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991 – Borowiec, 2001); Uttarakhand (Narendra Nagar – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (India, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida eximia Borowiec & Ghate, 2004

Cassida eximia Borowiec & Ghate, 2004:250.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Doddabetta Sanctuary, Nilgiri Hills, Udagamandalam, Ooty – Borowiec & Ghate, 2004).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida flavoguttata Spaeth, 1914

Cassida flavoguttata Spaeth, 1914b:555.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Satara, Bhimashankar – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida flavoscutata Spaeth, 1914

Cassida flavoscutata Spaeth, 1914b:556.

Distribution in India. Himalaya (Spaeth, 1914c); Maharashtra (Mumbai “Bombay”, Khandala – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Chennai “Madras” – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919); Tripura (Bagabasa – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); Uttar Pradesh (Borowiec, 1999); Uttarakhand (Badrinath – Borowiec, 2001); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Kurseong, Barway – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida fuscosparsa Boheman, 1854

Cassida fuscosparsa Boheman, 1854:473.

Distribution in India. Assam (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida glabella Boheman, 1854

Cassida glabella Boheman, 1854:428.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida icterica Boheman, 1854

Cassida icterica Boheman, 1854:400. Cassida petulans Spaeth, 1914b:550.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Sikkim, 19.iii.1959, leg. J.A.G.K. Menon (3416/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Himachal Pradesh (Shimla – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Karnataka (Mysore, Shimmoga – Borowiec, 2001); Sikkim (Vazirani, 1972); Tamil Nadu (Shembagnur, Madura, Chennai “Madras”, Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Uttarakhand (Mussoorie, Almora, Chaubattia, Barkot – Boheman, 1854; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914b) Maulik (1919) included as C. petulans.

Cassida ictericiformis Borowiec, 2009

Cassida ictericiformis Borowiec, 2009:476.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Dirang, Bhalukpog) and Meghalaya (Tura) (Borowiec, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida imbecilla (Boheman, 1862)

Coptocycla imbecilla Boheman, 1862:441.

Distribution in India. Punjab and Chandigarh (Pajni & Bansal, 1977).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida informis Boheman, 1862

Cassida informis Boheman, 1862:312.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (North Kanara – Maulik, 1919); Maharashtra (Mumbai “Bombay”, Pune – Lonavla, Amba Valley – Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida justa Spaeth, 1914

Cassida justa Spaeth, 1914b:554.

Distribution in India. Sikkim, Maharashtra (Mumbai “Bombay”, Khandala), Uttarakhand (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024) and West Bengal (Kurseong) (Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida manipuria Maulik, 1923

Cassida manipuria Maulik, 1923:606.

Distribution in India. Manipur (Maulik, 1923).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (China, India, Myanmar) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida mishmiensis Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008

Cassida mishmiensis Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008:612.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Mishimi Hills).

General distribution. Palaearctic (India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida moori Boheman, 1856

Cassida moori Boheman, 1856:124. Cassida (Lordicassis) undecimnotata moori: Spaeth & Reitter, 1926:27.

Distribution in India. North India (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Palaearctic (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida mysorensis Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1996

Cassida mysorensis Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1996:467.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat – Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1996).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India).

Cassida nepalica Medvedev, 1977

Cassida nepalica Medvedev, 1977:265.

Distribution in India. Uttarakhand (Bhimtal – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Palaearctic (India, Nepal) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida nigriventris Boheman, 1854 (Fig. 7A)

Cassida nigriventris Boheman, 1854:30. Cassida pallida Hope, 1831:30. Cassida hopei Spaeth, 1914c:113.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Chhattisgarh: Dhamtari, Gaheur Sighar, 03.iv.1995, leg. S.K. Gupta (23338/H4A). 16 spec., India, West Bengal, Mahanadi, 1255m, 28.iv.1971, leg. A.R. Bhaumik (15565/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Botanical Garden, 16.v.1974, leg. J.K. Jonathan (15569/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Rangpo, 08.iv.1973, leg. H.S. Sharma (15570/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kurseong, 1745m, 15.v.1979, leg. M.S. Shishodia (15571/H4A).

Distribution in India. Indian Himalaya (Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c); Arunachal Pradesh (Dirang – Borowiec, 2009); Assam (Kaziranga, Umrongso – Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 2001); Bihar (Palamou National Park – Borowiec, 2001); Chhattisgarh (Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve – Chandra et al., 2018a,c); Haryana (Kalka), Himachal Pradesh (Shimla, Chopal, Solan, Manali – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1985; Takizawa, 1983, 1985a; Chandra et al., 2021); Karnataka (Shimoga – Borowiec, 1999); Kerala (Kothmanglam – Borowiec, 2009); Meghalaya (Shillong, Tura – Borowiec, 1985, 2001); Odisha (Bhubneshwar – Borowiec, 1985); Sikkim (Gangtok – Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Kumli – Borowiec, 2001); Uttarakhand (Almora, Kumaon, Bhimtal, Dehradun, Sahastradhara, Barkot, Nangaon, Sattal, Bhimtal, Karnaprayag, Mussorie, Rishikesh – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1985, 1990, 2001, 2009); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Gharap, Goomti, Kolkata, Murshidabad – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1999; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida nigrohumeralis Borowiec & Ghate, 2004

Cassida nigrohumeralis Borowiec & Ghate, 2004:247.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Chennai, “Madras”, Annamalai Hills, Cinchona – Borowiec & Ghate, 2004).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 7. Habitus of tortoise beetles. A. Cassida nigriventris Boheman, 1854; B. Cassida obtusata Boheman, 1854; C. Cassida occursans Spaeth, 1914; D. Capellocassis dorsata (Duvivier, 1891); E. Chiridopsis andamanica (Dohrn, 1880); F. Chiridopsis bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1767); G. Chiridopsis mimica (Weise, 1905); H–I. Chiridopsis selecta (Weise, 1905).

Cassida nilgirica Spaeth, 1914

Cassida nilgirica Spaeth, 1914b:549.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Chennai, “Madras”, Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida nysea Spaeth, 1926

Cassida nysea Spaeth, 1926b:13.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Madurai, Kodaikanal, Kalakkadu – Borowiec, 1999, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida obtusata Boheman, 1854 (Fig. 7B)

Cassida obtusata Boheman, 1854:465. Cassida juno Boheman, 1862:324. Cassida pusillula Boheman, 1862:327. Cassida interstitialis Spaeth, 1901b:12. Cassida residua: Weise, 1901:53. Cassida (Odontionycha) picifrons Weise, 1908:259.

Material examined. 10 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Tung, 25.iii.1978, leg. C.R. Basu (15572-15575/H4A).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Guahati – Borowiec, 1985); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelavan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Kerala (Trichur – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Meghalaya (Garo Hills, East Garo Hills – Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a); Sikkim (Takizawa, 1985a; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Uttarakhand (Bhimtal, Kumaon – Maulik, 1919); Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Mungpu, Kolkata, Salt Lake, Nalban – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1919) included as C. pusillula.

Cassida occursans Spaeth, 1914 (Fig. 7C)

Cassida occursans Spaeth, 1914b:560.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Meghalaya, Garo Hills, Tura, 1200-1500ft., 07.viii.1917, leg. S.W. Kemp (6836/H4A). 4 spec., India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills, Umsing, 03.iv.1991, leg. S.K. Saha (16207/H4A). 4 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng, N.E.F.A., 15.v.1961, leg. K.C. Jairamkrishna (2188/H4A). 2 spec., India, Arunachal Pradesh, Namdapha, Hornbill, 14.iv.1981, leg. S. Biswas (17201/H4A).

Distribution in India. Assam (Umrongso – Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001); Arunachal Pradesh (Kameng, Ankaling, Bhalukpog, Namdapha National Park – Vazirani, 1972; Basu, 1984; Borowiec, 2001); Bihar (Borowiec, 1999); Meghalaya (Shillong, West Garo Hills, Tura, Nokrek National Park, Ri-Bhoi, Umsning – Takizawa, 1983; Borowiec, 2001; Basu, 2000a); Sikkim (Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Mungpu, Bathan, Ralie – Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida pagana (Boheman, 1855)

Coptocycla pagana Boheman, 1855:213.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (North Kanara: Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida pacholatkoi Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008

Cassida pacholatkoi Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008:616.

Distribution in India. Meghalaya (Cherrapunjee).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida pauxilla Boheman, 1854

Cassida pauxilla Boheman, 1854:406. Cassida horni Weise, 1901:54.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore – Takizawa, 1985b); West Bengal (Buxa Tiger Reserve – Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Raychaudhuri & Saha (2014) included this species from West Bengal as Cassida horni.

Cassida perplexa (Chen & Zia, 1961)

Taiwania perplexa Chen & Zia, 1961:445.

Distribution in India. Assam (Umroingso – Borowiec, 2001); Meghalaya (Shillong, Tura – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida plausibilis (Boheman, 1862)

Coptocycla plausibilis Boheman, 1862:395. Metriona objecta Spaeth, 1919:203.

Distribution in India. Assam and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida pulvinata Boheman, 1854

Cassida pulvinata Boheman, 1854:440.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Tamil Nadu, Palni Hills, 23.ix.1923, leg. S. Kemp (8961/H4A).

Distribution in India. Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelavan & Verma, 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Puducherry (Karikal), Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Coimbatore, Chennai “Madras”, Palni Hills) (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India)(Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida rati Maulik, 1923

Cassida rati Maulik, 1923:605.

Distribution in India. Manipur (Maulik, 1923).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida ruralis (Boheman, 1862)

Cassida ruralis Boheman, 1862:461.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Belgaum – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Kerala (Peermade – Borowiec, 1990); Meghalaya (Shillong, Khasi Hills – Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia) and Palaearctic (China, Nepal, Taiwan) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida saginata Spaeth, 1914

Cassida saginata Spaeth, 1914b:553.

Distribution in India. Goa (Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Karnataka (Shimoga, Mysore – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Maharashtra (Kanheri, Satara, Bhimashankar – Borowiec, 1990; Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida septemdecimpunctata (Boheman, 1855)

Coptocycla septemdecimpunctata Boheman, 1855:117.

Distribution in India. India (Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida signifera Weise, 1905

Cassida signifera Weise, 1905:123.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida socialis Spaeth, 1926

Cassida socialis Spaeth, 1926d:86.

Distribution in India. Kerala (Barwag, Malabar, Mahe).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida spissa Weise, 1897

Cassida spissa Weise, 1897:112.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Kanara – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida stevensi Sekerka, 2011

Cassida stevensi Sekerka, 2011:499.

Distribution in India. Assam, Sikkim, and West Bengal (Darjeeling – Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley) (Sekerka, 2011; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida stupa Maulik, 1919 (Fig. 10C)

Cassida stupa Maulik, 1919:377.

Distribution in India. West Bengal (Kolkata “Calcutta”, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida subtilis Weise, 1897

Cassida subtilis Weise, 1897:111.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Kanara, Belgaum, Coorg, Mysore – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Kerala (Peermade, Cardamom Hills, Tekkady, Pambayiar – Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Maharashtra (Kanheri – Borowiec, 1990); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Chennai “Madras”, Nadugani, Coonoor, Kodaikanal, Mahabaleshwar – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida varians Herbst, 1799

Cassida varians Herbst, 1799:269. Cassida syrtica Boheman, 1856:129. Cassida rugulosa Boheman, 1856:129. Coptocycla purulenta Boheman, 1862:436. Cassida consors Spaeth, 1938:234.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Bihar: Dinapur, 23.i.1915, leg. Caunte, det., S. Maulik (4101/21). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Balighat, Nr. Puri, 16.viii.1917, leg. N.A & F.G.H., det., Maulik (1079/19). 5 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta”, 11.viii.1954, leg. A. Sarkar (9730/H4, 9734-9738/H4). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, North Bengal, Bhogaon, 22.xii.1909, leg. C. Palva (1068/19). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, 22.xii.1909, leg. C. Palva, det., S. Maulik (1637/19); 1 spec., India, West Bengal, leg. Ranehi Irvine., det., Maulik (18003/18). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata “Calcutta” Dum Dum, leg. G.S. Patterson, det., Maulik (4993/8). 1 spec., det., Maulik (4104/10). 1 spec., 1914, det., S. Maulik (4103/12). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Kolkata, 06.1914, leg. F.H., det., S. Maulik (4098/21).

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Dirang, Etalin – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Assam (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Bihar (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Chhattisgarh (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Himachal Pradesh (Shimla, Solan, Chail, Chopal-Khangna – Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1983, 1985b; Borowiec, 1985; Chandra et al., 2021); Karnataka (Coorg, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat, Mysore, Shimoga – Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Kerala (Cochin, Parambikulam, Kottayam – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Maharashtra (Kanheri, Bhimashankar, Lonavala, Kas, Amboli, Pune – Lonavla, Bhushi Dam – Borowiec, 1990; Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Meghalaya (Shillong, West Garo Hills, Tura, East Khasi Hills, Cherrapunji – Maulik, 1919; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001); Odisha (Balighat); Puducherry (Karaikal – Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990); Punjab (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Sikkim (Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c; Kimoto, 1981); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri, Salem, Annamalai Hills, Kotagiri – Spaeth, 1914b, Spaeth, 1914c. Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Uttarakhand (Almora, Kumaon, Ranikhet, Bhimtal, Uttarkashi, Mussorie, Garhwal, Joshimath, Kumaon, Karnaprayag, Badrinath, Gaurikund, Rishikesh – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Takizawa, 1983, 1985b; Borowiec, 1985, 1999, 2001); Uttar Pradesh (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); West Bengal (Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kalimpong, Ghoom, Pareshnath, Kolkata “Calcutta”, Sarda, Buxa Tiger Reserve – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Borowiec, 1990, 1997; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007; Raychaudhuri & Saha, 2014; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Myanmar, Pakistan) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914bc), Borowiec (1997) and Borowiec (1985) as included as Cassida syrtica.

Genus Capelocassis Spaeth, 1952

Capellocassis dorsata (Duvivier, 1891) (Fig. 7D)

Cassida dorsata Duvivier, 1891:50.

Material examined. 1 specimen from Kanara without further data.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Kotagii, “Madras” Chennai – Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Uttarakhand (Rishikesh – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Chiridopsis Spaeth, 1922

Chiridopsis acutangula (Weise, 1905)

Chirida acutangula Weise, 1905:127.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis andamanica (Dohrn, 1880) (Fig. 7E)

Coptocycla andamanica Dohrn, 1880:370.

Material examined. 3 spec., India, Andaman Islands (5247/5).

Distribution in India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Spaeth, 1914c); Karnataka (Mysore, Coorg – Borowiec, 1990).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1767) (Fig. 7F)

Cassida bipunctata Linnaeus, 1767:578. Cassida sexnotata Fabricius, 1798:82. Coptocycla bipunctipennis Boheman, 1855:118. Coptocycla sexmaculata Boheman, 1855:114. Coptocycla promiscua Boheman, 1855:130.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Chandra et al., 2018f); Karnataka (Bengaluru, Belgaum, Shimoga, Mysore – Maulik, 1913, 1916; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Kerala (Kottayam, Annamalai Hills, Tonslip, Munnar, Kunchapanay, Thiruvananthapuram “Trivandrum”, Thrissur – Maulik, 1916, 1919; Takizawa, 1987; Borowiec, 1990, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Maharashtra (Pune, Satara, Wai – Maulik, 1913, 1916; Borowiec, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007; Pune – Ghate et al., 2003); Odisha (Chatarpur, Ganjam – Maulik, 1913); Puducherry (Karaikal, Neffapakkam – Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tamil Nadu (“Madras” Chennai, Coimbatore, Tirachi, Pudukkottai, Kodaikanal, Madurai, Nilgiri, Manaparas, Annamalai Hills, Mardhumalai, Jawad, Palghat, Walayar, Theni, Madhavaram – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b, 1987; Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1985, 1990, 2001, 2009); West Bengal (“Calcutta” Kolkata – Maulik, 1913).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1913, 1916) included as C. promiscua; Maulik (1916) as Coptocycla bipunctipennis; Maulik (1913) as C. sexmaculata; Maulik (1919) as Chirida bipunctata.

Chiridopsis bistrimaculata (Boheman, 1855)

Coptocycla bistrimaculata Boheman, 1855:112.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Pune, Lonavla, Junnar – Borowiec, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007; Ghate et al., 2003); Kerala (Kottayam – Peermade – Borowiec, 1990); Tamil Nadu (Tharangambadi “Tranquebar” – Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (China, Pakistan) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis ghatei Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2000

Chiridopsis ghatei Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2000:53.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Mysore, Coorg – Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis gregaria (Weise, 1905)

Chirida gregaria Weise, 1905:127.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Coorg – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919); Kerala (Borowiec, 1999); Tamil Nadu (Anamalai Hills, Nilgiri Hills – Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis marginata (Weise, 1901)

Chirida marginata Weise, 1901:52. Cassida ornata Fabricius, 1798:81.

Distribution in India. Puducherry (Karaikal – Borowiec, 2001); South India (Spaeth, 1914c); Tamil Nadu (Pudukotai – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Sri Lanka) (Borowiec, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Spaeth (1914c) included this species from South India as Cassida ornata.

Chiridopsis mimica (Weise, 1905) (Fig. 7G)

Chirida mimica Weise, 1905:210.

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Jamiri-Sessa – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Assam (Kaziranga – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981); Meghalaya (Tura – Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001, 2009); Sikkim (Maulik, 1919; Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 2001, 2009; Nurbong, Mahanuddi Vy., Darjieling – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

General distribution. Oriental and Palaearctic (India, Myanmar) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1919) included material from Sikkim as C. scalaris.

Chiridopsis nigropunctata Borowiec & Ghate, 1999

Chiridopsis nigropunctata Borowiec & Ghate, 1999:103.

Distribution in India. Chhattisgarh (Durg – Kalaichelvan et al., 2005; Chandra et al., 2018f); Maharashtra (Satara, Wai, Mahabaleshwar – Borowiec & Ghate, 1999; Ghate et al., 2003; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis novemkalankita (Maulik, 1919)

Chirida novemkalankita Maulik, 1919:424. Chirida mystica Spaeth, 1919:199.

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Shimoga, Mysore – Takizawa, 1987; Coorg, Mysore – Borowiec, 1990, 2001); Kerala (Travancore – Maulik, 1919; Spaeth, 1919; Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thekkady, Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, Ponmundi – Takizawa, 1983, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Tamil Nadu (Kumli – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis punctata (Weber, 1801)

Cassida punctata Weber, 1801:5. Chirida punctata ssp. indochinensis Spaeth, 1919:199. Cassida punctaria Fabricius, 1801:392.

Distribution in India. N.E. India (Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Indonesia, Laos Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis rubromaculata Borowiec, Ranade, Rane & Ghate, 2001

Chiridopsis rubromaculata Borowiec, Ranade, Rane & Ghate, 2001:361.

Distribution in India. Maharashtra (Rehekuri Sanctuary, Ahmednagar – Ghate et al., 2003).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis scalaris (Weber, 1801)

Cassida scalaris Weber, 1801:51.

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Andaman Islands – Maulik, 1919); Assam (Sibsagar – Borowiec, 1985); Meghalaya (Shillong, Mangaldai, East Garo Hills – Williumnagar, Tura – Maulik, 1919; Basu, 2000a); Tripura (Belonia – Basu, 2000b; Baibeloni – Agarwala & Bhattacharjee, 2012); West Bengal (Gopaldhara, Rungbong Valley – Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, India, Laos Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, India) (Borowiec, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis selecta (Weise, 1905) (Figs 7H, 7I, 10B)

Chirida selecta Weise, 1905:128. Chirida binduta Maulik, 1919:423. Chiridopsis promiscula [sic]: Takizawa, 1980:31.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Kerala, Cochin State, Parambikulam, 16.ix.1914, leg. F.H. Gravely (4049/H4A).

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Coorg, Shimoga, Coorg, Mysore, Nandi Hills); Kerala (Parambikulum, Cochin, Kochi, Pooparai); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Nilgiri Hills, Anaimalai Hills, Coimbatore) (Maulik, 1919; Borowiec, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 1999, 2001, 2009; Borowiec & Ghate, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (India) and Palaearctic (Pakistan) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1919) included this species from Tamil Nadu as C. binduta.

Chiridopsis septemnotata (Boheman, 1855) (Figs 8A, 8B)

Coptocycla septemnotata Boheman, 1855:133.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Meghalaya, West Khasi Hills, Mowing, 03.v.1968, leg. R.K. Varshney, det. C.R. Basu (16230H4A). 1 spec, India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sambalpur, 27.ix.1972, leg. S. Khera, det. C.R. Basu (16965H4A). 3 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Sambalpur, 06.xi.1972, leg. J. M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16966H4A). 2 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Titlagarh, 08.ix.1994, leg. J. M. Julka, det. C.R. Basu (16970H4A).

Distribution in India. Himalaya (Spaeth, 1914c); Assam (Sibsagar, Umrongso – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Borowiec, 1999, 2001); Madhya Pradesh (Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013); Meghalaya (Nokrek National Park, Tura – Borowiec, 1999, 2001; West Khasi Hills; Mawblang – Basu, 2000a); Odisha (Sambalpur, Balangir – Basu & Halder, 1987; Titlagarh – Borowiec, 1999, 2001); Sikkim (Kimoto, 1981); Uttar Pradesh (Mahoba – Srivastava, 2015); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Mungpu, “Calcutta” Kolkata – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Malaysia, Thailand) and Palaearctic (Bhutan, India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis sexplagiata (Spaeth, 1919)

Chirida sexplagiata Spaeth, 1919:198.

Distribution in India. Kerala (Pooparai, Munnar, Eravikulum, Pampadum Shola National Park – Borowiec, 1990, 2009); Puducherry (Karaikal), Tamil Nadu (Shembaganur, Cinchona, Annamalai Hills, Mugar) (Borowiec, 1999, 2001; Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991).

General distribution. Oriental (India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis undecimnotata (Boheman, 1855) (Fig. 8C)

Coptocycla undecimnotata Boheman, 1855:116. Chirida 11-notata var. soluta Weise, 1905a:129.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Karnataka, Belgaum, Talawade, Castle Rock, 3-10.x.1916, leg. S. Kemp det. S. Maulik (4426/H1 4427/H1).

Distribution in India. Karnataka (North Kanara – Maulik, 1919); Kerala (Munnar Kallar Valley, Quilon – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Maharashtra (Pune – Telewadi, Pune – Sinhagrh, Telegaon, Bhimashankar, Lonavala – Maulik, 1919; Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills, Annamalai Hills – Weise, 1905; Spaeth, 1914c; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001).

General distribution. Oriental (India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Chiridopsis ventralis (Boheman, 1855) (Fig. 8D)

Coptocycla ventralis Boheman, 1855:111.

Material examined. 3 spec., det. S. Maulik (3404/13, 3405/13, 3406/13).

Distribution in India. Karnataka (Mysore – Chikmaglur – Borowiec, 1990); Maharashtra (Satara, Wai Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007; Sinhagarh – Ghate et al., 2003); Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills – Maulik, 1919).

General distribution. Oriental (India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Glyphocassis Spaeth, 1914

Glyphocassis trilineata (Hope, 1831) (Fig. 8E)

Cassida trilineata Hope, 1831:30. Glyphocassis trilineata ab. melanosticta Spaeth, 1914b:548. Glyphocassis trilineata szechuana Gressitt, 1952:480.

Material examined. 4 spec., India, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Narmada Road, 9.viii.1960 leg. S. Chakraborty (2876/H4A, 2877/H4A, 2878/H4A, 2879/H4A). 4 spec., India, West Bengal, Darjeeling, May-June, 1912, leg. Lord Carmichel (1872/H4).

Distribution in India. Arunachal Pradesh (Dirang – Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); Assam (Maulik, 1919); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Chandra et al., 2018f); Himachal Pradesh (Solan – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 1985); Madhya Pradesh (Chandra & Kushwaha, 2013); Maharashtra (Maulik, 1919); Meghalaya (Jaintia Hills – Nartiana, Jowai Dawki, East Khasi Hills – Shillong – Basu, 2000a); Punjab, Chandigarh – Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); Sikkim (Spaeth, 1914b, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Kimoto, 1981); Uttarakahnd (Mussoorie, Barkot – Borowiec, 1990, 2001, 2009; Bhimtal – Kimoto, 1981); West Bengal (Darjeeling – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1989).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Nepal) (Chen et al., 1986; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Oocassida Weise, 1897

Oocassida cruenta (Fabricius, 1792) (Fig. 8F)

Cassida cruenta Fabricius, 1792:293. Cassida obscura Fabricius, 1792:295. Cassida unicolor Fabricius, 1801:391.

Material examined. 8 spec., India, Chhattisgarh, Bhilai, leg K.K. Verma’s Donation., det. K.K. Verma (25641/H4A). 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Bhubaneshwar, det. C.R. Basu (16986/H4A). 1 spec., India, West Bengal, Murshidabad (3992/8).

Distribution in India. India (Spaeth, 1914c); Kerala; Odisha (Bhubhneshwar – Basu & Halder, 1987); Puducherry (Neffapakkam, Karaikal – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2001); Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore, Chennai, Kollkar, Madura, Niligiri Hills – Maulik, 1919; Takizawa, 1985b; Coimbatore – Takizawa & Kimoto, 1990; Pudukkotai – Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991); Uttarakhand (Nanital – Maulik, 1913; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024); West Bengal (Murshidabad, “Calcutta” Kolkata, Bhogaon, Murshidabad – Maulik, 1913, 1919; Ghosh et al., 2023).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) and Palaearctic (India, Nepal) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Maulik (1913) included this species from West Bengal as C. obscura.

Oocassida pudibunda (Boheman, 1856) (Fig. 8G)

Cassida pudibunda Boheman, 1856:133.

Material examined. 1 spec., India, Odisha “Orissa”, Bhubaneshwar, det. C.R. Basu (16985/H4A).

Distribution in India. Bihar (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Chandra et al., 2018f); Madhya Pradesh (Rawat & Modi, 1972); Maharashtra (Nagpur – Maulik, 1919; Pune, Pashan – Ghate et al., 2003; Satara, Wai – Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007); Odisha (Bhubhneshwar, Sambalpur – Basu & Halder, 1987); Punjab (Chandigarh – Pajni & Bansal, 1977; Gupta et al., 2019); Uttarakhand (Nainital, Almora – Maulik, 1919; Karnaprayag – Borowiec, 2001); Uttar Pradesh (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2007).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Pakistan) and Palaearctic (Nepal, India) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 8. Habitus of tortoise beetles. A–B. Chiridopsis septemnotata (Boheman, 1855); C. Chiridopsis undecimnotata (Boheman, 1855); D. Chiridopsis ventralis (Boheman, 1855); E. Glyphocassis trilineata (Hope, 1831); F. Oocassida cruenta (Fabricius, 1792); G. Oocassida pudibunda (Boheman, 1856); H. Rhytidocassis indicola (Duvivier, 1892); I. Thlaspida cribrosa (Boheman, 1855).

Genus Rhytidocassis Spaeth, 1941

Rhytidocassis indicola (Duvivier, 1892) (Fig. 8H)

Odontionycha indicola Duvivier, 1892:448. Chirida hina Maulik, 1919:415.

Material examined. 2 spec., India, Maharashtra, Nagpur, 1.vii.1916, leg. E.D. Abreu.

Distribution in India. Chhota Nagpur (Maulik, 1919); Central Province (Nagpur – Maulik, 1919); Chhattisgarh (Durg – Chandra et al., 2018f); Tamil Nadu (Chennai “Madras”, Coimbatore, Madurai – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991; Borowiec, 2009); Maharashtra (Pashan, Baner, Pune – Ghate et al., 2003);

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, India) and Palaearctic (Pakistan) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Ramarks. Maulik (1919) included this species from Chhota Nagpur and Central Provine as C. hina.

Genus Silana Spaeth, 1914

Silana farinosa (Boheman, 1856)

Cassida farinosa Boheman, 1856:146.

Distribution in India. Tamil Nadu (Chennai, Kallar, Nilgiri – Takizawa, 1985b; Borowiec, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (Borneo, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam) (Maulik, 1919; Mohamedsaid, 2006; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Thlaspida Weise, 1899

Thlaspida biramosa (Boheman, 1855)

Thlaspida biramosa Boheman, 1855:408. Thlaspida tristis Weise, 1899:273. Thlaspida formosae Spaeth, 1913b:46. Thlaspida japonica Spaeth, 1914a:17.

Distribution in India. NE India (Borowiec, 2001, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Thlaspida cribrosa (Boheman, 1855) (Fig. 8I)

Coptocycla cribrosa Boheman, 1855:404.

Material examined. 2 spec., det. S. Maulik (765/19, 1989/19).

Distribution in India. Assam (Umrongso), Meghalaya (Khasi Hills, Nokrek National Park) (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919; Basu, 2000a; Borowiec, 2001, 2009).

General distribution. Oriental (Bangladesh, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) and Palaearctic (China, Taiwan) (Borowiec, 1985, 1999, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024; Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Genus Thlaspidosoma Spaeth, 1901

Thlaspidosoma assamensis Spaeth, 1926

Thlaspidosoma assamensis Spaeth, 1926c:58.

Distribution in India. Assam (Patkay) (Spaeth, 1926c; Borowiec, 1999).

General distribution. Oriental (endemic to India) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Excluded species

Seven species from six genera have been excluded from the Indian fauna due to several reasons, primarily misidentification, mislabeling, or historical taxonomic misinterpretations.

Figure 9. Habitus of type/co–type and attached label data. A. Aspidomorpha inuncta Boheman, 1854; B. Aspidomorpha chandrika Maulik, 1918; C. Aspidomorpha orientalis (Boheman, 1856); D. Aspidomorpha quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855 (current valid name: Laccoptera quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855); E. Cassida belliformis Maulik 1919; F. Cassida cherrapunjiensis Maulik 1919.

Notosacantha modesta (Wagener, 1881)

Hoplionota modesta Wagener, 1881:18. Hoplionota nitida Weise, 1915:511. Hoplionota chapuisi Spaeth, 1913a:523.

General distribution. Oriental (Philippines) (Borowiec, 1999; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. This species is endemic to Philippines and records from India (Maulik, 1919) are based on mislabeled specimens (Borowiec, 2009).

Basiprionota decempustulata (Boheman, 1850)

Prioptera decempustulata Boheman, 1850:55. Prioptera decempustulata ab. parumguttata Spaeth, 1925:385. Prioptera decempustulata ssp. borneensis Spaeth, 1925:385.

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos) (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Figure 10. Habitus of type/co–type and attached label data. A. Cassida circumdata var. dentata Herbst, 1799 (current valid name: Cassida circumdata Herbst, 1799); B. Cassida selecta (Weise, 1905) (current valid name: Chiridopsis selecta (Weise, 1905); C. Cassida stupa Maulik 1919; D. Epistictina reicheana (Guérin, 1844); E. Sindia sedecimmaculata Spaeth, 1901 (current valid name: Laccoptera sedecimmaculata Spaeth, 1901).

Remarks. Record from “India orientalis” by Maulik (1919) is based on misinterpreation of terra typica of this taxon. It was described from “Malacca Indiae orientalis”, a region of Malaysia (in XIX Century the term India Orientalis covered the area from true India to Western Indonesia).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) difformis (Motschulsky, 1860)

Deloyala difformis Motschulsky, 1860:27. Deloyala difformis Motschulsky, 1860:27. Aspidomorpha difformis ab. japonica Spaeth in Spaeth & Reitter, 1926:10.

General distribution. Palaearctic (China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Taiwan) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The record of this species from India, specifically West Bengal ("Calcutta" Kolkata - Maulik, 1913), is based on misidentification. Its occurrence in India is considered unlikely given its known general distribution.

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) fusconotata Boheman, 1854

Aspidomorpha fusconotata Boheman, 1854:279.

General distribution. Oriental (Philippines) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The records from India (Spaeth, 1914c; Maulik, 1919) are based on misidentification. This species is endemic to Philippines (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Aspidomorpha (Aspidomorpha) mutilata Boheman, 1854

Aspidomorpha mutilata Boheman, 1854:316. Coptocycla glabrata Boheman, 1855:469. Aspidomorpha mutilata ab. jucunda Spaeth, 1914b:546.

General distribution. Oriental (Indonesia) (Świętojańska, 2001; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. Records of this species from India (West Bengal, "Calcutta" Kolkata; Odisha, Chilika; and Karnataka, Bengaluru – Maulik, 1913) are based on misidentification. This species is only found in Indonesia and the continental state of Malaysia (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Cassida costata Boheman, 1854

Cassida costata Boheman, 1854:150.

General distribution. Palearctic (Sekerka & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. This is a synonym of Palaearctic Hypocassida subferruginea (Schrank, 1776) and was erroneously described from Madras based on the mislabeled specimen (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024). The specimens recorded from Tamil Nadu (Chennai, formerly Madras – Boheman, 1854; Maulik, 1919) have been misidentified.

Cassida vittata Villers, 1789

Cassida vittata Villers, 1789:93. Cassida atlantica Escalera, 1914:535. Cassida oblonga Illiger, 1798:485. Cassida salicorniae Curtis, 1826:127. Cassida dimbakar Maulik, 1923:607.

General distribution. Palaearctic (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

Remarks. The record by Maulik (1923) from India, which identified the species as C. dimbakar, was likely based on an introduced specimen that did not succeed in establishing a population (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024).

DISCUSSION

This catalogue includes 154 valid species of tortoise beetles belonging to 17 genera within 3 tribes of the Cassidinae subfamily, representing 5.07% of the global Cassidinae diversity (Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2024). The Cassidini tribe is the most diverse, encompassing 112 species (13 genera), followed by Notosacanthini (28 species, 1 genus) and Basiprionotini (14 species, 3 genera). Over 41.5.0% (64 species) of these species are endemic to India. The genus Cassida Linnaeus exhibits the highest endemism with 31 endemic species, followed by Notosacantha Chevrolat (17), Chiridopsis Spaeth (7), Laccoptera Boheman (3), Basiprionota Chevrolat (2), Aspidomorpha Hope (1), Epistictina Hincks (1), Capelocassis Spaeth (1), and Thlaspidosoma Spaeth (1). Although 17 genera are recorded from India, over 90.2% of the species diversity is concentrated within just six genera: Cassida Linnaeus (59 species), Notosacantha Chevrolat (29 species), Chiridopsis Spaeth (18 species), Aspidomorpha Hope (14 species), Laccoptera Boheman (11 species), and Basiprionota Chevrolat (8 species) (Table 1). Regarding species descriptions, over 78% of Indian tortoise beetle species have been described by five prominent authors/groups: Boheman (49 species), Spaeth (34 species), Borowiec, Świętojańska & co-workers (22 species), and Weise (14 species) (Fig. 11A). Figure 11B illustrates the decadal description rate of Indian Cassidinae.

The following thirteen species were found to have a wide distribution across all the biogeographic zones of India, Craspedonta leayana (Latreille), Epistictina viridimaculata (Boheman), Cassida nigriventris Boheman, C. obtusata Boheman, C. varians Herbst, Glyphocassis trilineata (Hope), Aspidomorpha (A.) furcata (Thunberg), A. (A.) dorsata (Fabricius), A. (A.) indica Boheman, A. (A.) miliaris (Fabricius), A. (A.) sanctaecrucis (Fabricius), Laccoptera (L.) chinensis Boheman, and L. (L.) tredecimpunctata (Fabricius).

Table 1. Number of genera and species in the tribes of tortoise beetles (Cassidinae) known from India and world.

	World		India
Tribes	Genus	Species	Genus	Species
Basiprionotini	8	94	3	14
Cassidini	93	1677	13	112
Delocraniini	1	3	-	-
Dorynotini	5	53	-	-
Eugenysini	3	34	-	-
Goniocheniini	5	30	-	-
Hemisphaerotini	2	42	-	-
Ischyrosonychini	7	66	-	-
Mesomphaliini	24	553	-	-
Notosacanthini	2	265	1	28
Omocerini	7	148	-	-
Spilophorini	3	67	-	-
	160	3,032	17	154

Table 2. Number of species of tortoise beetles (Cassidinae) in genera from the world and India.

Genera	World	India	Endemic Species
Tribe Notosacanthini Gressitt, 1952
Notosacantha Chevrolat, 1836	271	28	17
Tribe Basiprionotini Gressitt, 1952
Basiprionota Chevrolat, 1836	64	8	2
Craspedonta Chevrolat, 1836	6	3	-
Epistictina Hincks, 1950	5	3	1
Tribe Cassidini Gyllenhal, 1813
Subtribe Aspidomorphina Chapuis, 1875
Aspidomorpha Hope, 1841	202	13	2
Conchyloctenia Spaeth, 1902	17	1	-
Laccoptera Boheman, 1854	67	11	4
Nilgiraspis Spaeth, 1932	1	1	-
Subtribe Cassidina Gyllenhal, 1813
Cassida Linnaeus, 1758	484	59	31
Capelocassis Spaeth, 1952	1	1	1
Chiridopsis Spaeth, 1922	66	18	11
Glyphocassis Spaeth, 1914	3	1	-
Oocassida Weise, 1897	5	2	-
Rhytidocassis Spaeth, 1941	8	1	-
Silana Spaeth, 1914	1	1	-
Thlaspida Weise, 1899	6	2	-
Thlaspidosoma Spaeth, 1901	9	1	1
Total		154	70

Figure 11. Chronological overview of the tortoise beetles in India. A. Number of species, described by various authors; B. Number of species contributed on a decade basis.

Among the Indian biogeographical zones (Rodgers et al., 2002), the Western Ghats exhibit the highest species richness of tortoise beetles with 84 species, followed by the Northeast (58 species), Deccan Peninsula (51 species), Himalaya (49 species), Gangetic Plains (34), Islands (12), and Semi-Arid (12) zones (Fig. 2). No records are available from the desert, Trans-Himalayan, and Coastal India. Table 3 summarizes the species distribution across these zones. Tamil Nadu harbours the most significant proportion of Indian tortoise beetle species, accounting for over 44% (69 species), followed by West Bengal (48 species) (Table 4). Maharashtra (45 species), Assam (44 species), Karnataka (42 species), Meghalaya (42 species), and Kerala (36 species) also show high species diversity. Sikkim (35 species), Uttarakhand (25 species), Arunachal Pradesh (24 species), Chhattisgarh (19 species), and several other states, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Puducherry, Punjab, and Odisha, have recorded between 12 and 19 species. States with relatively lower species occurrences include Uttar Pradesh (10 species), Madhya Pradesh (9 species), Bihar (8 species), and Chandigarh (7 species). Only a few records exist for Delhi (1 species), Rajasthan (1 species), Andhra Pradesh (1 species), Gujarat (1 species), Haryana (2 species), Telangana (2 species), Nagaland (3 species), Jammu and Kashmir (3 species), Himachal Pradesh (6 species), Goa (5 species), Manipur (5 species), and Jharkhand (5 species) (Table 2). No tortoise beetle records are currently available from the Indian States/Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, and Mizoram. Further comprehensive surveys are necessary to accurately assess the overall diversity of tortoise beetles within India.

Table 3. Distribution of tortoise beetles within the biogeographic zones of India.

Species	Trans Himalaya	Himalaya	Desert	Semi-Arid	Western Ghats	Deccan Peninsula	Gangetic Plains	Coast	North-East	Islands
TRIBE NOTOSACANTHINI
Notosacantha andrewesi (Weise, 1905)					+
Notosacantha bertounesquei Borowiec & Le Tirant, 2013					+
Notosacantha bifenestrella (Boheman, 1862)					+
Notosacantha castanea (Spaeth, 1913a)									+
Notosacantha chandrapurensis Świętojańska, Ghate & Marathe, 2001						+
Notosacantha cherrapunjiensis Sekerka, 2008									+
Notosacantha circumdata (Wagener, 1881)
Notosacantha clura (Spaeth, 1913a)					+
Notosacantha corneola (Spaeth, 1913a)					+
Notosacantha darjeelingensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991		+
Notosacantha dembickyi Sekerka, 2008									+
Notosacantha dohertyi (Spaeth, 1913)									+
Notosacantha duvivieri (Spaeth, 1913)						+
Notosacantha flavicornis (Spaeth, 1913)
Notosacantha horrifica (Boheman, 1856)					+
Notosacantha indicola (Spaeth, 1933)					+
Notosacantha jammuensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991		+
Notosacantha lenta (Spaeth, 1913)		+				+
Notosacantha maculipennis (Boheman, 1856)		+							+
Notosacantha maduraensis Świętojańska, 2006					+
Notosacantha nathani Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991					+
Notosacantha ochroleuca (Boheman, 1850)
Notosacantha prominens (Spaeth, 1913a)										+
Notosacantha severini (Spaeth, 1913a)					+	+			+
Notosacantha tenella (Spaeth, 1913a)				+	+	+
Notosacantha tenuicula (Spaeth, 1913a)		+							+
Notosacantha vicarial (Spaeth, 1913a)					+	+				+
Notosacantha warchalowskii Świętojańska & Sekerka, 2007		+
TRIBE BASIPRIONOTINI
Basiprionota bimaculate (Thunberg, 1789)		+					+		+
Basiprionota decemstillata (Boheman, 1856)		+							+
Basiprionota decemmaculata (Boheman, 1850)		+					+		+
Basiprionota multiplagiata (Wagener, 1881)										+
Basiprionota prognata (Spaeth, 1925)		+
Basiprionota pudica (Spaeth, 1925)									+
Basiprionota sexmaculata (Boheman, 1850)		+					+		+
Basiprionota westermanni (Mannerheim, 1844)									+
Craspedonta andrewesi Weise, 1897					+
Craspedonta leayana (Latreille, 1807)		+		+	+	+	+		+
Craspedonta obscura (Weise, 1897)									+
Epistictina reicheana (Guérin, 1844)					+	+
Epistictina viridimaculata (Boheman, 1850)		+		+	+				+
Epistictina weisei Spaeth, 1914					+	+
TRIBE CASSIDINI
Subtribe Aspidoimorphina
Aspidomorpha (A.) amabilis Boheman, 1854						+	+
Aspidomorpha (A.) Chandrika Maulik, 1918		+					+		+
Aspidomorpha (A.) calligera Boheman, 1854		+				+	+		+
Aspidomorpha (A.) dorsata (Fabricius, 1787)
Aspidomorpha (A.) furcata (Thunberg, 1789)		+			+	+	+		+
Aspidomorpha (A.) indica Boheman, 1854		+				+	+		+
Aspidomorpha (A.) inuncta Boheman, 1854					+	+				+
Aspidomorpha (A.) limbipennis Boheman, 1854									+
Aspidomorpha (A.) lobata Boheman, 1854					+	+
Aspidomorpha (A.) miliaris (Fabricius, 1775)		+			+	+	+		+	+
Aspidomorpha (A.) musta Spaeth, 1914					+					+
Aspidomorpha (A.) orientalis Boheman, 1856		+		+			+		+
Aspidomorpha (A.) sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1792)		+		+	+	+			+
Conchyloctenia nigrovittata (Boheman, 1854)				+	+	+	+
Laccoptera (L.) chinensis Fabricius, 1798		+			+	+	+		+	+
Laccoptera (L.) quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855					+	+
Laccoptera (L.) tredecimpunctata Fabricius, 1801)		+			+		+		+	+
Laccoptera (O.) foveolate (Boheman, 1856)					+
Laccoptera (O.) jawalagiriana (Spaeth, 1936)					+
Laccoptera (Sindia) depressa Świętojańska, 2001					+
Laccoptera (Sindia) sulcata (Olivier, 1808)					+	+	+
Laccoptera (Sindiola) meghalayaensis Świętojańska, 2001									+
Laccoptera (Sindiola) novemdecimnotata Boheman, 1855									+
Laccoptera (Sindiola) vigintisexnotata Boheman, 1855		+							+
Laccoptera (Sindiolina) sedecimmaculata (Spaeth, 1901)		+
Nilgiraspis andrewesi (Spaeth, 1914)					+
Subtribe Cassidina
Cassida andrewesi Weise, 1897		+			+				+
Cassida antoni Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1997									+
Cassida atrosignata Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008		+
Cassida australica (Boheman, 1855)		+				+
Cassida avia ( Weise, 1897)					+	+
Cassida belli Weise, 1897					+	+
Cassida belliformis Maulik, 1919		+					+
Cassida catenate (Boheman, 1855)		+							+
Cassida cherrapunjiensis Maulik, 1919									+
Cassida circumdata Herbst, 1799		+		+	+	+	+		+	+
Cassida cognobilis (Spaeth, 1926)					+
Cassida conchyliata (Spaeth, 1914)		+					+		+
Cassida conspurcata Boheman, 1854					+	+			+
Cassida dehradunensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991		+
Cassida delesserti Boheman, 1854					+	+
Cassida desultrix (Spaeth, 1914b)		+			+		+
Cassida devalaensis Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991					+
Cassida dorsonotata Boheman, 1854					+
Cassida ellipticollis Spaeth, 1914					+
Cassida enervis Boheman, 1862				+		+	+
Cassida exilis Boheman, 1854				+	+	+	+
Cassida eximia Borowiec & Ghate, 2004					+
Cassida flavoguttata Spaeth, 1914					+
Cassida flavoscutata Spaeth, 1914		+			+		+		+
Cassida fuscosparsa Boheman, 1854									+
Cassida glabella Boheman, 1854					+
Cassida icterica Boheman, 1854		+			+		+
Cassida ictericiformis Borowiec, 2009		+							+
Cassida imbecilla (Boheman, 1862)				+
Cassida informis Boheman, 1862					+
Cassida justa Spaeth, 1914		+			+
Cassida manipuria Maulik, 1923									+
Cassida mishmiensis Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008									+
Cassida moori Boheman, 1856
Cassida mysorensis Borowiec & Świętojańska, 1996					+
Cassida nepalica Medvedev, 1977		+
Cassida nigriventris Boheman, 1854		+				+	+		+
Cassida nigrohumeralis Borowiec & Ghate, 2004					+	+
Cassida nilgirica Spaeth, 1914					+	+
Cassida nysea Spaeth, 1926					+
Cassida obtusata Boheman, 1854		+			+	+	+		+
Cassida occursans Spaeth, 1914		+					+		+
Cassida pagana (Boheman, 1855)					+
Cassida pacholatkoi Sekerka & Borowiec, 2008									+
Cassida pauxilla Boheman, 1854					+		+
Cassida perplexa (Chen & Zia, 1961)									+
Cassida plausibilis (Boheman, 1862)									+	+
Cassida pulvinate Boheman, 1854					+	+
Cassida rati Maulik, 1923									+
Cassida ruralis (Boheman, 1862)					+	+			+
Cassida saginata Spaeth, 1914					+	+
Cassida septemdecimpunctata (Boheman, 1855)
Cassida signifera Weise, 1905					+
Cassida socialis Spaeth, 1926d					+
Cassida spissa Weise, 1897					+
Cassida stevensi Sekerka, 2011		+							+
Cassida stupa Maulik, 1919							+
Cassida subtilis Weise, 1897					+	+
Cassida varians Herbst, 1799		+			+	+	+		+
Capellocassis dorsata (Duvivier, 1891)		+			+	+
Chiridopsis acutangular (Weise, 1905)					+
Chiridopsis andamanica (Dohrn, 1880)					+					+
Chiridopsis bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1767)					+	+	+
Chiridopsis bistrimaculata (Boheman, 1855)					+	+
Chiridopsis ghatei Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2000					+
Chiridopsis gregaria (Weise, 1905)					+	+
Chiridopsis marginata (Weise, 1901)					+	+
Chiridopsis mimica (Weise, 1905)							+		+
Chiridopsis nigropunctata Borowiec & Ghate, 1999					+
Chiridopsis novemkalankita ( Maulik, 1919)					+
Chiridopsis punctata (Weber, 1801)
Chiridopsis rubromaculata Borowiec, Ranade, Rane & Ghate, 2001						+
Chiridopsis scalaris (Weber, 1801)		+					+		+	+
Chiridopsis selecta (Weise, 1905)					+
Chiridopsis septemnotata (Boheman, 1855)		+				+	+		+
Chiridopsis sexplagiata (Spaeth, 1919)					+	+
Chiridopsis undecimnotata (Boheman, 1855)					+	+
Chiridopsis ventralis (Boheman, 1855)					+
Glyphocassis trilineata (Hope, 1831)		+		+		+			+
Oocassida cruenta (Fabricius, 1792)		+			+	+	+
Oocassida pudibunda (Boheman, 1856)		+		+	+	+
Rhytidocassis indicola (Duvivier, 1892)					+	+
Silana farinose (Boheman, 1856)					+
Thlaspida biramosa (Boheman, 1855)									+
Thlaspida cribrosa (Boheman, 1855)									+
Thlaspidosoma assamensis Spaeth, 1901									+

The biogeographic classification of India follows Rodgers et al. (2002).

 

Table 4. The number of tortoise beetles collected in the Indian states and union territories.

States/Union Territories	Number of Species		States/Union Territories	Number of Species
Tamil Nadu	67		Bihar	8
West Bengal	48		Chandigarh	7
Maharashtra	45		Himachal Pradesh	6
Assam	44		Goa	5
Karnataka	42		Jharkhand	5
Meghalaya	42		Manipur	5
Kerala	36		Jammu and Kashmir	3
Sikkim	35		Nagaland	3
Uttarakhand	25		Haryana	2
Arunachal Pradesh	24		Telangana	2
Chhattisgarh	19		Andhra Pradesh	1
Odisha	13		Delhi	1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	12		Gujarat	1
Puducherry	12		Rajasthan	1
Punjab	12		Dadra and Nagar Haveli	0
Tripura	11		Ladakh	0
Uttar Pradesh	10		Lakshadweep	0
Madhya Pradesh	9		Mizoram	0

AUTHOR′S CONTRIBUTION

The authors confirm their contributions to this paper as follows: D. Gupta: Conceptualization, study design, data compilation, manuscript writing, and overall supervision; P. Ghosh: Data collection, literature review, species distribution mapping, and manuscript drafting; I. Wani: Data validation, geographic distribution analysis, and figure preparation; D. Bhunia: Data organization; S. Sonali: Literature survey and manuscript proofreading; V. Kumar: Data curation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

FUNDING

This research received no specific grant from any funding agencies.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

The specimens listed in this study are deposited in the National Zoological Collection housed at the Coleoptera Sectio of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, and are available from the curator, upon request.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

This study only included arthropod material, and all required ethical guidelines for the treatment and use of animals were strictly adhered to in accordance with international, national, and institutional regulations. No human participants were involved in any studies conducted by the authors for this article.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Dhriti Banerjee, Director of the Zoological Survey of India, for providing all necessary support and facilities for this work. We would also like to thank Dr. Leach Borowiec, Professor at the University of Wroclaw, Poland, for providing critical comments on the manuscript, which significantly improved its quality. This work forms part of the second author’s doctoral thesis, for which she is deeply grateful to the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for research funding in the form of a research fellowship.